Chromium (III) induced haematological alterations in Indian common carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.)
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Abstract
The principle source of chromium in water bodies is discharged from industries which use large amount of chromates or dichromates. The freshwater fish, Labeo rohita was used as a model in the present studies to investigate the responses to chromium metal salt contamination in water bodies as it is the most common fish consumed widely in India. Haematological tests were carried out as these are the important diagnostic tools and are equally valuable as indicators of disease or stress due to pollutants and environmental fluctuations. The fish
Labeo rohita were exposed to sublethal concentration of chromium chloride for 10, 20 and 30 days to study alterations in certain haematological parameters. The parameters under study were total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb gm%), total leucocyte count (TLC), differential leucocyte count (DLC) and pack cell volume (PCV). The studies revealed that chromium chloride-treated Labeo rohita exhibited decreased levels of total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobinn (Hb gm%) and PCV whereas, total leucocyte count (TLC) was increased under the
stress of chromium metal The decreased WBC count found after 30 days along with depleted Hb content and RBC count indicate dysfunctioning of haemopoietic systems along with dysleucopoiesis. Leucocytosis observed after 10 and 20 days exposure has been considered to be an adaptation to meet stressful conditions by animals. Increase in macrophages and basophils appears to be protective response during chromium exposure. An increasing trend in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were evident in fish exposed to sublethal doses of chromium chloride when compared with the control.
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Keywords
Labeo rohita, Pollution, Chromium, Fish, Haematology
References
Agarwal, S. J. and Srivastava A. K.(1980). Haematological responses in a freshwater fish to experimental manganese poisoning. Toxicology., 17: 97-100.
Agarwal,V.P., Sandhya K. and Goel, K.A. (1983). Lithium induced haematological and biochemical changes in snake headed fish, Channa punctatus. Ind.J.Zootomy.,10:97-100
Ali, S.S., Hussain, A. and Shakoori, A.R. (2000). Haematological effects of hexavalent chromium in freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus. J.Ecotoxicol.Environ.Monit.,10 (1): 3-10
Adeyemo, O. K. (2007). Haematological Profile of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Exposed to Lead. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences., 7: 163-169.
Antonio.F-F, Jorge, V. F-C., Sofia G-S., Sandra M.M., Joao, C., Pedro M.,Antanio F.F., (2007). Histopathological changes in liver and gill epithelium of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to waterborne copper. Pesq. Vet. Bras., 27 (3) : 103-109.
APHA, (1998). American Public Health Association: Standard methods for examination of water and waste water. 20 th Ed: Lenore SC, Arnold EG and Andrew DE.
Banerjee,V. (1986). Effect of heavy metals poisoning on peripheral haemogram in Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch): Mercuric sulphate (LC50). Comp. Physiol. Ecol., 11 (4) 173-176.
Bhatkar, N. V. (2010). Chromium, nickel and zinc induced alterations in the gills of the fresh water fish Labeo rohita. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci., 2 (2): 234-238.
Bomford, R., Mason S. and Swash M., (1975). In: Hutchison’s clinical methods. The McMillon publishing company,Inc. N,Y.
Briton, C. J., (1963). In: Disorders of the blood, 9th Ed. Churchill, London.
Calabrese, A. L., Thurberg, F. P., Dawson, M.A. and Wenzloff, D. R. (1975). Sublethal physiological stress induced by cadmium and mercury in white flounder, pseudopleuronectes americanus. In ; Sublethal effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic animals. (edt. Koeman, J.H. ; J.J.T.W.T. Strik). Amsterdam: Elsevier., 15-21.
Christy, I. (1995). Respiratory and histopathological responses of Catla catla,exposed to heavy metal,chromium J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit., 5 (4): 263-268.
Dacie, J.V. and Lewis, S. M., (1982). Blood cell morphology in health and disease. In: Practical haematology, 6th edition. Churchill Livingstone, London, UK.
Das, M., Ghosh, N., Chattopadhyay, D., Addya, S. and Chaterjee, G. C. (1988). Effects of acute oral administration of cadmium chloride on uptake of element and control of lipo-peroxidative process in hepatic and renal nuclear fractions of rats. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 27: 449-452.
Dhanapakian, P. and Ramaswamy, V. K.(2001). Toxic effects of copper and zinc mixtures on some haematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Lin). J. Environ. Biol., 22 (2) : 105-111.
Gardner, G. R. and Yeuich, P. P. (1969). Studies on the blood morphology of three estuarine cyprinidontiform fishes. J. fish. Res., Bd. Canada 26: 433-447.
Garg, V.K.,Garg ,S.K. and Tyagi, S.K. (1989). Haematological parameters of fish, Channa punctatus under the stress of manganese. Environ. Ecol., 7: 752-755.
Gill, T. S. and Pant, J. (1987). Haematological and pathological effects of chromium toxicosis in the fresh water fish, Barbus conchonius (Ham.). Water, Air and Soil Pollut.,35:241-250.
Gliess, M. A.(1983). Electrolyte and water balance in plasma and urine in rainbow trout during chronic exposure to some heavy metals. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci., 41:1679-1685.
Goel, K. A., Gupta, K., Wadhwa, S. and Sharma, S.D. (1984). Haematological characteristics of Heteropneustes fossilis under the stress zinc. Sixth All India Congress of Zoology Abst. No. 140.
Goel, K.A. and Gupta, K. (1985). Haematobiochemical characteristics of Heteropneustes fossilis under the stress of zinc. Ind. J. Fish., 32: 256-259.
Grizzle, J. M. (1977). Haematological changes in fingerling channel cat fish exposed to malachite green. Progr. Fish- Cult., 39: 90-93.
Haniffa, M. A. and Porchelvi, M. (1985). Effects of distillery effluents on oxygen consumption of freshwater fish, Sarotherodon mossambicus. J. Environ. Biol., 6: 17-23.
Hota, S. (1995). Toxic effect of arsenic on haemato-biochemical abnormalities in Channa punctatus (Bloch). J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit., 5 (4) 249-255.
Hymavathi, V. and Rao, L. M. (2000). Effect of sublethal concentrations of lead on the haematology and biochemical constituents of Channa punctatus. Bull. Pure & App. Sci., 19 A (1).
Johansson-Sjobeck, M. L. and Larsson, A. (1979). Effect of inorganic lead on delta- amino levulinic acid dehydratase and haematological variables in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Arch. Env. Contam. Toxicol., 8 : 419-431.
Iqbal, M. J., Ali, S.S., Shakoori, A. R., (1997). Toxicity of lead in freshwater fish, Cirrhina mrigala: haematological changes. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit., 2 : 139-143.
Khunayakari, R. P., Tare, V. and Sharma, R.N. (2001). Effects of some trace heavy metals on poecilia reticulata (Peters). J. Environ. Biol., 22 (2) : 141-144.
Kori-Siakpere, O. and Ubogu, E. O. (2008).Sublethal haematological effects of zinc on the freshwater fish, Heteroclarias sp. (Osteichthyes: Clariidae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7 (12) : 2068-2073.
Kothari, S.and Saxena, G. (1997). Cadmium toxicity in the intestinal bulb of a teleost Punctius sophere (Ham). A histoenzymological study. In: Recent advances in fresh water biology, K.S.Rao Amol Pub. New Delhi. pp. 299-313.
Larsson, A., Lethnen, K. J. andHaux C. (1980). Biochemical and haematological effects of a titanium dioxide industrial effluent on fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 25 : 427-435.
Larsson, A. (1975). Some biochemical effects of cadmium on fish : In sublethal effect of toxic chemicals on aquatic animals. Elsevier, Amsterdam. The Netherlands, 3-13.
McLeay, D.S. and Brown, D. A. (1974). Growth stimulation and biochemical changes in juvenile salmon exposed to bleached kraft pulpmill effluent to 200 days. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 27 : 1883-1889.
McLeay, D. J. (1975). Sensitivity of blood cell count in juvenile Coho salmon to stressors including sublethal concentrations of pulp mill effluents and zinc. J. Fish Res., Board, Canada 32: 2357-2364.
Murugesan, A.G. and Haniffa, M.A., (1985). Effect of textile mill effluent on haematological changes of the obligatory air breathing fish Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Proc. Nat. Symp. Asses. Env. Pollut., 121-128.
Nanda, P. and Behera, M.K. (1996). Nickel induced changes in some hemato-biochemical parameters of a cat fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)., 14 (1): 82-85.
Osman, M.M., EL-Fiky S.A., Soheir Y. M. and Abeer, A. I. (2009). Impact of water pollution on histopathological and eletrophoretic characters of Auriochromis niloticus fish. Res.J. Environ. Toxicol., 3 (1) : 9-23.
Panigrahi, A.K. and Mishra, B.N., (1978). Effect of mecury on the morphology of erythrocytes in Anabas scandens. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 23: 784-787
Rana, K.S. and Raizada, S. (2000). Histopathological alterations induced by tannery and textile dyeing effluents in the kidney of Labeo rohita (Ham.). J. Environ. Biol., 21 (4) : 301-304.
Ray, D. and Banerjee, S. K. (1998). Hematological and histopathological changes in Clarias batrachus (Linn) exposed to Nickel and Vanadium. Envi. and Ecol., 16 (1): 151-156.
Roche, H. and Boget, G., (1993). Effects of Cu, Zn and Cr on the activities in vitro of red blood cells of a marine fish, Dicentrachus labrax. Toxicology, 7: 223-229.
Shah, S.L. (2006). Haematological parameters iu tench, Tinca tinca after short term exposure to lead. Journal of Applied Toxicology., 26 (3): 223-228.
Singh,M.P., (1995). Hematological responses in a freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus to experimental copper and chromium poisoning. J.Environ. Biol., 16 : 339- 341.
Srivastava, A. K., Agarwal, S. J. and Chaudhry, H. S. (1979). Effect of chromium on blood of freshwater teleost. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe., 3: 321.
Srivastava, A.K. and Mishra, S. (1979). Blood dyscrasia in a teleost, Colisa fasciatus after acute exposure to sublethal concentration of lead. J. Fish. Boil., 14 : 199-203.
Thakur, G.K. and Pande, P.K. (1990). BHC (Gammaxene) poisoning effect on leucocytes of an air breathing fish Clarias batrachus. J. Environ. Biol., 11 (2) : 105-110.
Vijayamohanan, G., Nair A.,Suryanarayanan H., (2000). Impact of effluent from a TiO2 factory on the peripheral haematology of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). J. Environ. Biol., 21(4) : 293-296.
Vutukuru, S.S., (2005). Acute effects of hexavalent chromium on survival, oxygen consumption, hematological parameters and Some Biochemical Profiles of the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2 (3) : 456-462.
Wepener, V., Van Vaen, J.H.J., Preez, H.H. Du., (1992). The effect of hexavalent chromium at different pH values on the haematology of Tilapia sparrmanii (Cichlidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 161 (2): 375-381
Agarwal,V.P., Sandhya K. and Goel, K.A. (1983). Lithium induced haematological and biochemical changes in snake headed fish, Channa punctatus. Ind.J.Zootomy.,10:97-100
Ali, S.S., Hussain, A. and Shakoori, A.R. (2000). Haematological effects of hexavalent chromium in freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus. J.Ecotoxicol.Environ.Monit.,10 (1): 3-10
Adeyemo, O. K. (2007). Haematological Profile of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Exposed to Lead. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences., 7: 163-169.
Antonio.F-F, Jorge, V. F-C., Sofia G-S., Sandra M.M., Joao, C., Pedro M.,Antanio F.F., (2007). Histopathological changes in liver and gill epithelium of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to waterborne copper. Pesq. Vet. Bras., 27 (3) : 103-109.
APHA, (1998). American Public Health Association: Standard methods for examination of water and waste water. 20 th Ed: Lenore SC, Arnold EG and Andrew DE.
Banerjee,V. (1986). Effect of heavy metals poisoning on peripheral haemogram in Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch): Mercuric sulphate (LC50). Comp. Physiol. Ecol., 11 (4) 173-176.
Bhatkar, N. V. (2010). Chromium, nickel and zinc induced alterations in the gills of the fresh water fish Labeo rohita. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci., 2 (2): 234-238.
Bomford, R., Mason S. and Swash M., (1975). In: Hutchison’s clinical methods. The McMillon publishing company,Inc. N,Y.
Briton, C. J., (1963). In: Disorders of the blood, 9th Ed. Churchill, London.
Calabrese, A. L., Thurberg, F. P., Dawson, M.A. and Wenzloff, D. R. (1975). Sublethal physiological stress induced by cadmium and mercury in white flounder, pseudopleuronectes americanus. In ; Sublethal effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic animals. (edt. Koeman, J.H. ; J.J.T.W.T. Strik). Amsterdam: Elsevier., 15-21.
Christy, I. (1995). Respiratory and histopathological responses of Catla catla,exposed to heavy metal,chromium J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit., 5 (4): 263-268.
Dacie, J.V. and Lewis, S. M., (1982). Blood cell morphology in health and disease. In: Practical haematology, 6th edition. Churchill Livingstone, London, UK.
Das, M., Ghosh, N., Chattopadhyay, D., Addya, S. and Chaterjee, G. C. (1988). Effects of acute oral administration of cadmium chloride on uptake of element and control of lipo-peroxidative process in hepatic and renal nuclear fractions of rats. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 27: 449-452.
Dhanapakian, P. and Ramaswamy, V. K.(2001). Toxic effects of copper and zinc mixtures on some haematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Lin). J. Environ. Biol., 22 (2) : 105-111.
Gardner, G. R. and Yeuich, P. P. (1969). Studies on the blood morphology of three estuarine cyprinidontiform fishes. J. fish. Res., Bd. Canada 26: 433-447.
Garg, V.K.,Garg ,S.K. and Tyagi, S.K. (1989). Haematological parameters of fish, Channa punctatus under the stress of manganese. Environ. Ecol., 7: 752-755.
Gill, T. S. and Pant, J. (1987). Haematological and pathological effects of chromium toxicosis in the fresh water fish, Barbus conchonius (Ham.). Water, Air and Soil Pollut.,35:241-250.
Gliess, M. A.(1983). Electrolyte and water balance in plasma and urine in rainbow trout during chronic exposure to some heavy metals. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci., 41:1679-1685.
Goel, K. A., Gupta, K., Wadhwa, S. and Sharma, S.D. (1984). Haematological characteristics of Heteropneustes fossilis under the stress zinc. Sixth All India Congress of Zoology Abst. No. 140.
Goel, K.A. and Gupta, K. (1985). Haematobiochemical characteristics of Heteropneustes fossilis under the stress of zinc. Ind. J. Fish., 32: 256-259.
Grizzle, J. M. (1977). Haematological changes in fingerling channel cat fish exposed to malachite green. Progr. Fish- Cult., 39: 90-93.
Haniffa, M. A. and Porchelvi, M. (1985). Effects of distillery effluents on oxygen consumption of freshwater fish, Sarotherodon mossambicus. J. Environ. Biol., 6: 17-23.
Hota, S. (1995). Toxic effect of arsenic on haemato-biochemical abnormalities in Channa punctatus (Bloch). J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit., 5 (4) 249-255.
Hymavathi, V. and Rao, L. M. (2000). Effect of sublethal concentrations of lead on the haematology and biochemical constituents of Channa punctatus. Bull. Pure & App. Sci., 19 A (1).
Johansson-Sjobeck, M. L. and Larsson, A. (1979). Effect of inorganic lead on delta- amino levulinic acid dehydratase and haematological variables in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Arch. Env. Contam. Toxicol., 8 : 419-431.
Iqbal, M. J., Ali, S.S., Shakoori, A. R., (1997). Toxicity of lead in freshwater fish, Cirrhina mrigala: haematological changes. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit., 2 : 139-143.
Khunayakari, R. P., Tare, V. and Sharma, R.N. (2001). Effects of some trace heavy metals on poecilia reticulata (Peters). J. Environ. Biol., 22 (2) : 141-144.
Kori-Siakpere, O. and Ubogu, E. O. (2008).Sublethal haematological effects of zinc on the freshwater fish, Heteroclarias sp. (Osteichthyes: Clariidae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7 (12) : 2068-2073.
Kothari, S.and Saxena, G. (1997). Cadmium toxicity in the intestinal bulb of a teleost Punctius sophere (Ham). A histoenzymological study. In: Recent advances in fresh water biology, K.S.Rao Amol Pub. New Delhi. pp. 299-313.
Larsson, A., Lethnen, K. J. andHaux C. (1980). Biochemical and haematological effects of a titanium dioxide industrial effluent on fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 25 : 427-435.
Larsson, A. (1975). Some biochemical effects of cadmium on fish : In sublethal effect of toxic chemicals on aquatic animals. Elsevier, Amsterdam. The Netherlands, 3-13.
McLeay, D.S. and Brown, D. A. (1974). Growth stimulation and biochemical changes in juvenile salmon exposed to bleached kraft pulpmill effluent to 200 days. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 27 : 1883-1889.
McLeay, D. J. (1975). Sensitivity of blood cell count in juvenile Coho salmon to stressors including sublethal concentrations of pulp mill effluents and zinc. J. Fish Res., Board, Canada 32: 2357-2364.
Murugesan, A.G. and Haniffa, M.A., (1985). Effect of textile mill effluent on haematological changes of the obligatory air breathing fish Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Proc. Nat. Symp. Asses. Env. Pollut., 121-128.
Nanda, P. and Behera, M.K. (1996). Nickel induced changes in some hemato-biochemical parameters of a cat fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)., 14 (1): 82-85.
Osman, M.M., EL-Fiky S.A., Soheir Y. M. and Abeer, A. I. (2009). Impact of water pollution on histopathological and eletrophoretic characters of Auriochromis niloticus fish. Res.J. Environ. Toxicol., 3 (1) : 9-23.
Panigrahi, A.K. and Mishra, B.N., (1978). Effect of mecury on the morphology of erythrocytes in Anabas scandens. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 23: 784-787
Rana, K.S. and Raizada, S. (2000). Histopathological alterations induced by tannery and textile dyeing effluents in the kidney of Labeo rohita (Ham.). J. Environ. Biol., 21 (4) : 301-304.
Ray, D. and Banerjee, S. K. (1998). Hematological and histopathological changes in Clarias batrachus (Linn) exposed to Nickel and Vanadium. Envi. and Ecol., 16 (1): 151-156.
Roche, H. and Boget, G., (1993). Effects of Cu, Zn and Cr on the activities in vitro of red blood cells of a marine fish, Dicentrachus labrax. Toxicology, 7: 223-229.
Shah, S.L. (2006). Haematological parameters iu tench, Tinca tinca after short term exposure to lead. Journal of Applied Toxicology., 26 (3): 223-228.
Singh,M.P., (1995). Hematological responses in a freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus to experimental copper and chromium poisoning. J.Environ. Biol., 16 : 339- 341.
Srivastava, A. K., Agarwal, S. J. and Chaudhry, H. S. (1979). Effect of chromium on blood of freshwater teleost. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe., 3: 321.
Srivastava, A.K. and Mishra, S. (1979). Blood dyscrasia in a teleost, Colisa fasciatus after acute exposure to sublethal concentration of lead. J. Fish. Boil., 14 : 199-203.
Thakur, G.K. and Pande, P.K. (1990). BHC (Gammaxene) poisoning effect on leucocytes of an air breathing fish Clarias batrachus. J. Environ. Biol., 11 (2) : 105-110.
Vijayamohanan, G., Nair A.,Suryanarayanan H., (2000). Impact of effluent from a TiO2 factory on the peripheral haematology of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). J. Environ. Biol., 21(4) : 293-296.
Vutukuru, S.S., (2005). Acute effects of hexavalent chromium on survival, oxygen consumption, hematological parameters and Some Biochemical Profiles of the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2 (3) : 456-462.
Wepener, V., Van Vaen, J.H.J., Preez, H.H. Du., (1992). The effect of hexavalent chromium at different pH values on the haematology of Tilapia sparrmanii (Cichlidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 161 (2): 375-381
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Chromium (III) induced haematological alterations in Indian common carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.). (2011). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 3(2), 258-263. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v3i2.192
