Relationship of body perception and stress with obesity, food consumption and eating disorders among working women
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
The influence of body perception and stress on the rising trend of obesity among working women was studied. Body perception, food frequency, stress and anthropometric parameters and body fat were assessed in female teachers aged 30-59 years from five colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab. Body satisfaction perceived as lesser concern with body shape was positively and significantly (p?0.01) correlated with BMI, body weight, waist circumference and body fat. Body dissatisfaction in terms of higher concern with body shape was significantly correlated with lesser consumption frequency of traditional sweets (p?0.05). Body satisfaction was found to be significantly (p?0.01) correlated with uncontrolled eating and emotional eating. Stress level showed a positive and significant (p?0.01) correlation with the consumption of traditional savoury snacks, western fast food and higher frequency of eating out. The stress level was also significantly (p?0.05) correlated with emotional eating. The study concluded that adiposity, eating behaviours and food choices were influenced by stress and a lesser concern about body shape among working women.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Body perception, Body fat, Eating Behaviour, Physical activity, Stress
References
Alberti, S.G., Zimmet, P., Shaw, J. and Grundy,S.M.(2006). Metabolic syndrome: A new world-wide definition. Diabetic Med., 23: 469-480.
Anderson, A., Shapiro, R., Lundgren, D., Spataro, E. and Frye, A. (2002). Self-reported dietary restraint is associated with elevated levels of salivary cortisol. Appetite, 38: 13–17.
Benas, J.S., Uhrlass, D.J. and Gibb, B.E. (2010). Body dissatisfaction and weight-related teasing: A model of cognitive vulnerability to depression among women. J. Behav.Ther. Exp. Psychiatry,41: 352-356.
Boschi, V., Iorio, D., Margiotta, N., D’Orsi, P. and Falconi, C. (2001). The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire in the evaluation of eating behaviour in subjects seeking participation in a dietotherapy programme. Ann.Nutr.Metab.,45: 72-77.
Bryant, J., King, A., Blundell, E. (2008). Disinhibition: its effects on appetite and weight regulation. Obes Rev., 9: 409-419.
Cappelleri, J.C., Bushmakin, A.G., Gerber, R.A., Leidy, N. K., Sexton, C.C., Lowe,M.R.and Karlsson, J. (2009). Psychometric analysis of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21: results from a large diverse sample of obese and non-obese participants. Int. J.Obes.,33: 611-620.
Cinamon, R.G and Rich, Y. (2002). Gender differences in the importance of work and family. Sex Roles, 47: 531-541.
CMEE (2014). Centre for Marketing in Emerging Economics. Cited from: http://iimlcmee.org/food-and-beverage-preference-of-lucknowites-2/.Coffee Consumption in India 2008. Cited from: www.indiacoffee.org.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. and Mermelstein,R.(1983). A global measure of perceived stress. J. Health Soc.Behav., 24: 385-396.
Deeks, A. A. and McCabe, M. P. (2001). Menopausal stage and age and perceptions of body image. Psychol. Health, 16: 367-379.
Dhir, R. and Bains,K.(2014). Anthropometric Profile of Adult Women As Influenced By Dietary Protein and Exercise. J. Human Ecol., 46:73-77.
Epel, E., McEwen, B., Seeman, T., Matthews, K., Castellazzo, G., Brownell, D. (2000). Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat. Psychosom Med., 62: 623-632.
Evans, C. and Dolan, B. (1993). Body Shape Questionnaire: derivation of shortened “alternate forms”. Int. J. Eat.Disord.,13: 315-321.
Finch, L.E. and Tomiyama,A.J.(2014).Stress-induced eating dampens physiological and behavioral stress responses. In: Ronald R. Watson (Ed.), Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of abdominal obesity. New York: Elsevier
Garg, C., Khan, S.A., Ansari, S.H and Garg, M. (2009). Prevalence of obesity in Indian women. Obes. Rev., S 1981.Treat obesity seriously. A Clinical Manual. Chutchill Livingstone, London.
Ghafoorunissa and Krishnaswamy (1994). Fatty acid composition of food items. In: Diet and Heart Disease. National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, pp. 40-51.
Guillain, B.L., Romon, M., Musher-Eizenman, D., Heude, B., Basdevant, A., Charles, M.A. and Fleurbaix-Laventie Ville Santé Study Group. (2009). Cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating: correlations between parent and adolescent. Matern. Child Nutr., 5: 171-178.
Harvard School of Public Nutrition 2014. cited from: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/hpfs/hpfs_qx.htm
Haraldstad, K., Christophersen, K.A., Eide, H., Nativg, G.K. and Helseth, S. (2011). Predictors of health-related quality of life in a sample of children and adolescents: A school survey. J. Clin.Nurs., 20: 3048–3056.
ICMR (2010). Nutrient requirements and recommended dietary recommendations for Indians. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad.
Jacobi, C., Fittig, E. (2010) Psychosocial risk factors for eating disorders. In: Agras, S., editor. The Oxford Handbook of Eating Disorders. USA: Oxford University Press.
James, Philip T., Leach R., Kalamara E. And Shayeghi M. (2001). The worldwide obesity epidemic. Obes Res., 9: 228S-233S.
Joshi, S.R. (2003). Metabolic syndrome - emerging clusters of theIndian phenotype. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 51: 445-446.
Kaur, G., Bains, K. and Kaur,H.(2012). Body composition, dietary intake and physical activity level of sedentary adult Indian women. Food Nutr. Sci., 3: 1577-1585.
Keel, P.K., Baxter, M.G., Heatherton, T.F. and Joiner, T.E. (2007). A 20-year longitudinal study of body weight, dieting, and eating disorder symptoms. ?J.Abnorm. Psychol.,116: 422-432.
Keski-Rahkonen, A., Bulik, C.M., Pietilainen, K.H., Rose, R.J., Kaprio, J. and Rissanen, A. (2007). Eating styles, overweight and obesity in young adult twins. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 61: 822-829.
Kyrou, I., Chrousos, G., Tsigos, C. (2006). Stress, visceral obesity and metabolic complications. Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci., 1083: 77–110.
Lee, M.S. (2013).Women's body image throughout the adult life span: Latent growth modeling and qualitative approaches. M.Sc. Dissertation, Iowa State University, Iowa.
Lesdema, A., Fromentin, G., Daudin, J., Arlotti, A., Vinoy, S., Tome, D., Marsset-Baglieri, A. (2012) Characterization of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire scores of a young French cohort. Appetite, 59: 385–390.
Löffler, A., Luck, T., Then, S., Sikorski, C., Kovacs, P., Böttcher, Y., Breitfeld, J., Tönjes, A., Horstmann, A., Löffler, M. (2015) Eating behaviour in the general population: An analysis of the factor structure of the German version of the three-factor-eating-questionnaire (TFEQ) and its association with the body mass index. PLoS ONE, 10: e0133977.
Martin, J.B. (2010). The development of ideal body image perceptions in the United States. Nutr. Today, 45: 98-110.
Matud, M.P. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles. ?Pers.Individ. Dif., 37:1401-1415.
McLaren, L. and Kuh, D. (2004). Body dissatisfaction in midlife women. J. Women Aging, 16: 35-54.
McLean, A., Barr, I., and Prior, C. (2001). Dietary restraint, exercise, and bone density in young women: Are they related? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33: 1292-1296.
Misra, A., Vikram, N.K., Gupta, R., Pandey, R.M., Wasir, J.S and Gupta, V.P. (2006). Waist circumference cutoff points and action levels for Asian Indians for identification of abdominal obesity. Int. J.Obes., 30: 106-111.
Nande P, Hussain M and Vali S 2009. Influence of obesity on body measurements and composition in adult women belonging to minority community. Ind. J. Nutr. Dietet., 47: 1347-1351.
NFHS -3 (2005-06) National Family Health Survey. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) & ORC MACRO (2007),India, Mumbai.
Ng, D.M. and Jeffery,R.W.(2003). Relationships between perceived stress and health behaviours in a sample of working adults. Health Psychol., 22: 638-642.
Oliver, G., Wardle, J., Gibson, E. (2000). Stress and food choice: a laboratory study. Psychosom Med., 62: 853-865.
Peat, C.M., Peyerl, N.L. and Muehlenkamp, J.J. (2008). Body image and eating disorders in older adults: A review. J. Gen. Psychol.,135: 343–358.
Provencher, V., Drapeau, V., Tremblay, A., Després, P., Lemieux, S. (2003). Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Québec family study. Obes Res., 11: 783-792.
Pruis, A., Janowsky, S. (2010). Assessment of body image in younger and older women. Journal of General Psychology 137:225-238.
Rawana, S. (2013). The relative importance of body change strategies, weight perception, perceived social support, and self-esteem on adolescent depressive symptoms: Longitudinal findings from a national sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75:49-54.
Salbe, D., DelParigi, A., Pratley, E., Drewnowski, A., Tataranni, A. (2004). Taste preferences and body weight changes in an obesity-prone population. Am J Clin Nutr79: 372-378.
Sheehan. T.J., DuBrava, S., DeChello,L.M.and Fang, Z.(2003). Rates of weight change for black and white Americans over a twenty year period. Int. J. Obes., 27: 498–504.
Tiggemann, M. and Lynch,J.E.(2001). Body image across the life span in adult women: The role of self-objectification. Dev. Psychol., 37: 243-253.
Unnikrishnan, A.G., Kalra, S. and Garg, M.K. (2012). Preventing obesity in India: Weighing the options. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab.,16: 4-6.
Warne, J.P. (2009) Shaping the stress response: interplay of palatable food choices, glucocorticoids, insulin and abdominal obesity. Mol. Cell Endocrinol., 300: 137-146.
WHO Expert Consultation (2004). Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet, 363:157-163.
Wiegner, L., Hange, D., Björkelund, C. and Ahlborg, G. (2015). Prevalence of perceived stress and associations to symptoms of exhaustion, depression and anxiety in a working age population seeking primary care - an observational study. BMC Fam. Pract.,16: 38.
Zillman, D. and Bryant, J. (1985).Selective exposure to communication Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp 157-190.
Anderson, A., Shapiro, R., Lundgren, D., Spataro, E. and Frye, A. (2002). Self-reported dietary restraint is associated with elevated levels of salivary cortisol. Appetite, 38: 13–17.
Benas, J.S., Uhrlass, D.J. and Gibb, B.E. (2010). Body dissatisfaction and weight-related teasing: A model of cognitive vulnerability to depression among women. J. Behav.Ther. Exp. Psychiatry,41: 352-356.
Boschi, V., Iorio, D., Margiotta, N., D’Orsi, P. and Falconi, C. (2001). The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire in the evaluation of eating behaviour in subjects seeking participation in a dietotherapy programme. Ann.Nutr.Metab.,45: 72-77.
Bryant, J., King, A., Blundell, E. (2008). Disinhibition: its effects on appetite and weight regulation. Obes Rev., 9: 409-419.
Cappelleri, J.C., Bushmakin, A.G., Gerber, R.A., Leidy, N. K., Sexton, C.C., Lowe,M.R.and Karlsson, J. (2009). Psychometric analysis of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21: results from a large diverse sample of obese and non-obese participants. Int. J.Obes.,33: 611-620.
Cinamon, R.G and Rich, Y. (2002). Gender differences in the importance of work and family. Sex Roles, 47: 531-541.
CMEE (2014). Centre for Marketing in Emerging Economics. Cited from: http://iimlcmee.org/food-and-beverage-preference-of-lucknowites-2/.Coffee Consumption in India 2008. Cited from: www.indiacoffee.org.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. and Mermelstein,R.(1983). A global measure of perceived stress. J. Health Soc.Behav., 24: 385-396.
Deeks, A. A. and McCabe, M. P. (2001). Menopausal stage and age and perceptions of body image. Psychol. Health, 16: 367-379.
Dhir, R. and Bains,K.(2014). Anthropometric Profile of Adult Women As Influenced By Dietary Protein and Exercise. J. Human Ecol., 46:73-77.
Epel, E., McEwen, B., Seeman, T., Matthews, K., Castellazzo, G., Brownell, D. (2000). Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat. Psychosom Med., 62: 623-632.
Evans, C. and Dolan, B. (1993). Body Shape Questionnaire: derivation of shortened “alternate forms”. Int. J. Eat.Disord.,13: 315-321.
Finch, L.E. and Tomiyama,A.J.(2014).Stress-induced eating dampens physiological and behavioral stress responses. In: Ronald R. Watson (Ed.), Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of abdominal obesity. New York: Elsevier
Garg, C., Khan, S.A., Ansari, S.H and Garg, M. (2009). Prevalence of obesity in Indian women. Obes. Rev., S 1981.Treat obesity seriously. A Clinical Manual. Chutchill Livingstone, London.
Ghafoorunissa and Krishnaswamy (1994). Fatty acid composition of food items. In: Diet and Heart Disease. National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, pp. 40-51.
Guillain, B.L., Romon, M., Musher-Eizenman, D., Heude, B., Basdevant, A., Charles, M.A. and Fleurbaix-Laventie Ville Santé Study Group. (2009). Cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating: correlations between parent and adolescent. Matern. Child Nutr., 5: 171-178.
Harvard School of Public Nutrition 2014. cited from: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/hpfs/hpfs_qx.htm
Haraldstad, K., Christophersen, K.A., Eide, H., Nativg, G.K. and Helseth, S. (2011). Predictors of health-related quality of life in a sample of children and adolescents: A school survey. J. Clin.Nurs., 20: 3048–3056.
ICMR (2010). Nutrient requirements and recommended dietary recommendations for Indians. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad.
Jacobi, C., Fittig, E. (2010) Psychosocial risk factors for eating disorders. In: Agras, S., editor. The Oxford Handbook of Eating Disorders. USA: Oxford University Press.
James, Philip T., Leach R., Kalamara E. And Shayeghi M. (2001). The worldwide obesity epidemic. Obes Res., 9: 228S-233S.
Joshi, S.R. (2003). Metabolic syndrome - emerging clusters of theIndian phenotype. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 51: 445-446.
Kaur, G., Bains, K. and Kaur,H.(2012). Body composition, dietary intake and physical activity level of sedentary adult Indian women. Food Nutr. Sci., 3: 1577-1585.
Keel, P.K., Baxter, M.G., Heatherton, T.F. and Joiner, T.E. (2007). A 20-year longitudinal study of body weight, dieting, and eating disorder symptoms. ?J.Abnorm. Psychol.,116: 422-432.
Keski-Rahkonen, A., Bulik, C.M., Pietilainen, K.H., Rose, R.J., Kaprio, J. and Rissanen, A. (2007). Eating styles, overweight and obesity in young adult twins. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 61: 822-829.
Kyrou, I., Chrousos, G., Tsigos, C. (2006). Stress, visceral obesity and metabolic complications. Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci., 1083: 77–110.
Lee, M.S. (2013).Women's body image throughout the adult life span: Latent growth modeling and qualitative approaches. M.Sc. Dissertation, Iowa State University, Iowa.
Lesdema, A., Fromentin, G., Daudin, J., Arlotti, A., Vinoy, S., Tome, D., Marsset-Baglieri, A. (2012) Characterization of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire scores of a young French cohort. Appetite, 59: 385–390.
Löffler, A., Luck, T., Then, S., Sikorski, C., Kovacs, P., Böttcher, Y., Breitfeld, J., Tönjes, A., Horstmann, A., Löffler, M. (2015) Eating behaviour in the general population: An analysis of the factor structure of the German version of the three-factor-eating-questionnaire (TFEQ) and its association with the body mass index. PLoS ONE, 10: e0133977.
Martin, J.B. (2010). The development of ideal body image perceptions in the United States. Nutr. Today, 45: 98-110.
Matud, M.P. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles. ?Pers.Individ. Dif., 37:1401-1415.
McLaren, L. and Kuh, D. (2004). Body dissatisfaction in midlife women. J. Women Aging, 16: 35-54.
McLean, A., Barr, I., and Prior, C. (2001). Dietary restraint, exercise, and bone density in young women: Are they related? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33: 1292-1296.
Misra, A., Vikram, N.K., Gupta, R., Pandey, R.M., Wasir, J.S and Gupta, V.P. (2006). Waist circumference cutoff points and action levels for Asian Indians for identification of abdominal obesity. Int. J.Obes., 30: 106-111.
Nande P, Hussain M and Vali S 2009. Influence of obesity on body measurements and composition in adult women belonging to minority community. Ind. J. Nutr. Dietet., 47: 1347-1351.
NFHS -3 (2005-06) National Family Health Survey. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) & ORC MACRO (2007),India, Mumbai.
Ng, D.M. and Jeffery,R.W.(2003). Relationships between perceived stress and health behaviours in a sample of working adults. Health Psychol., 22: 638-642.
Oliver, G., Wardle, J., Gibson, E. (2000). Stress and food choice: a laboratory study. Psychosom Med., 62: 853-865.
Peat, C.M., Peyerl, N.L. and Muehlenkamp, J.J. (2008). Body image and eating disorders in older adults: A review. J. Gen. Psychol.,135: 343–358.
Provencher, V., Drapeau, V., Tremblay, A., Després, P., Lemieux, S. (2003). Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Québec family study. Obes Res., 11: 783-792.
Pruis, A., Janowsky, S. (2010). Assessment of body image in younger and older women. Journal of General Psychology 137:225-238.
Rawana, S. (2013). The relative importance of body change strategies, weight perception, perceived social support, and self-esteem on adolescent depressive symptoms: Longitudinal findings from a national sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75:49-54.
Salbe, D., DelParigi, A., Pratley, E., Drewnowski, A., Tataranni, A. (2004). Taste preferences and body weight changes in an obesity-prone population. Am J Clin Nutr79: 372-378.
Sheehan. T.J., DuBrava, S., DeChello,L.M.and Fang, Z.(2003). Rates of weight change for black and white Americans over a twenty year period. Int. J. Obes., 27: 498–504.
Tiggemann, M. and Lynch,J.E.(2001). Body image across the life span in adult women: The role of self-objectification. Dev. Psychol., 37: 243-253.
Unnikrishnan, A.G., Kalra, S. and Garg, M.K. (2012). Preventing obesity in India: Weighing the options. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab.,16: 4-6.
Warne, J.P. (2009) Shaping the stress response: interplay of palatable food choices, glucocorticoids, insulin and abdominal obesity. Mol. Cell Endocrinol., 300: 137-146.
WHO Expert Consultation (2004). Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet, 363:157-163.
Wiegner, L., Hange, D., Björkelund, C. and Ahlborg, G. (2015). Prevalence of perceived stress and associations to symptoms of exhaustion, depression and anxiety in a working age population seeking primary care - an observational study. BMC Fam. Pract.,16: 38.
Zillman, D. and Bryant, J. (1985).Selective exposure to communication Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp 157-190.
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Relationship of body perception and stress with obesity, food consumption and eating disorders among working women. (2018). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(3), 1066-1072. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1844
