Effect of vehicular pollution on Duranta repens L. in Jammu City
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Abstract
Experimental potted plants of Duranta repens has been exposed to air pollution at major traffic crossings-Amphalla chowk, Dogra chowk, Bikram chowk, Satwari chowk of Jammu city and also inside University Campus in the department which has been taken as a reference site. Sets of 10 plants were kept at each site and analyzed for various micro morphological, anatomical and biochemical parameters to assess the changes due to air pollution. Analysis of data revealed that micro-morphological parameters viz. stomatal frequency, epidermal cell frequency increased significantly while others like size of the stomata, epidermal cells and length, breadth ratio of the epidermal cells decreased significantly in plants kept at polluted location. All the anatomical parameters such as thickness of midrib region, midrib adjoining region, spongy tissue, upper epidermis and vascular bundles decreased significantly in exposed plants. Among biochemical parameters chlorophyll b decreases significantly while ascorbic acid increases significantly. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) has also been calculated and found to increase significantly in plants kept at polluted location which indicate that the Duranta repens serve as sink to air pollutants and can be effectively employed for phyto-monitoring auto exhaust pollution along the road side of the busy traffic ways.
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Keywords
Air pollution tolerance index, Anatomical parameters, Biochemical parameters, Duranta repens, Micromorphological parameters, Vehicular pollution
References
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Agarwal, M. (2000). Plants as biomonitors of air pollution. In: M.Yunis. P.S. Srivastava and T.O. Siddiqui (Ed.), Environmental Hazards - Plants and people.CBS Publishers, New Delhi. pp. 404.
Aggarwal, P. (2000). The effect of auto exhaust pollution on leaf surface of Cassia siamea (L.) - a road side tree. Acta Ecol., 22:2.
Ali, S.T., Mahmooduzzafar, Abdin, M.Z. and Iqbal M. (2008). Ontogenetic changes in foliarfeatures and psoralen content of Psoralea corylifolia Linn. exposed to SO2 stress. J. Environ. Biol., 29(5): 661-668.
Bell, J. N. B. (1980). Response of plants to sulphur dioxide. Nature Lond., 284: 399-400
Bhiravamurthy, P.V. and Kumar, P.V. (1983). Air pollution and epidermal traits of Calotropis gigantia (Linn.). R.Br. Ind. J. Air Poll. Cont., 1: 23-26.
Chaudhari, G.N., Rao, N.V. and Inamadar, J.A. (1984). Effects of air pollution on leaf epidermal and architecture of Lycopersicon lycopersicum krast, Var. angurlata. Indian J. Environ. Hlth., 26: 238-243.
Chen, Y. M., Lucas, P.W. and Wellburn, A.R. (1990). Relationships between foliar injury and changes in antioxidant levels in red Norway spruce exposed to acidic mists. Environ. Pollut., 68:1-15.
Dedio., W. (1975). Water relations in wheat leaves as screening tests for drought resistance. Can. J. Plant Sci., 55: 369-378.
Dhindsha, R.S., Dhindsha, P. P. and Thorpe, T.A. (1982). Leaf senescence: Correlation with increase levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of super oxide dismutase and catalase. J. Exp. Bot., 32: 91-101.
Datta, S.C. and Ray, S.S. (1995). APTI value of five different species of higher plants from the metropolis of Calcutta. In: D.D. Chawan (Ed.), Environmental and adaptive biology of plants. Scientific publishers. Jodhpur, pp. 289-294.
Forooq, M. and Beg, M.U. (1980). Effect of aqueous sulphur dioxide on the membrane permeability of common Indian tree leaves. New Botanist, 7 :213-217.
Fluckiger, V.W., Keller, H. F., Oertli, J. J. and Guggenheim, H. (1977). Pollution on leaf and needle surfaces near high way and its effect on stomatal diffusive resistance. Eur. J. For. Path, 7 : 358-367.
Fluckiger, W. and Keller, H. F. (1978). Changes in Contents of beta-carotene, vitamine: “C” in parsley in the vicinity of a high way. Qual. Plants. Pl. Fds. Hum. Nutr, 28 :1-9.
Gupta, S., Bhattacharjee, D., Datta, J.K., Nayek, S. and Satpati, S. (2009). Effect of vehicular lead emissions on biochemical constituents of leaves. Poll. Res., 28 (2) : 157-160.
Hiscox, J. D. and Israelstam, G. F. (1979). A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from tissue without maceration. Can. J. Bot, 57 : 1332-1334.
Hussain, F., Ilahi, I. and Rashid, I. A. (1989). Effect of cement dust on the chlorophyll contents, stomatal clogging and biomass of some selected plants. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res, 32: 542-545.
Jhar, A.K. (1988). Environmental modification of leaf surface traits as induced by pollutants resulting from fossil fuel firing. Environ. Ecol., 6: 781-782.
Karthiyayini, R., Ponnammal, N.R. and Joseph, R. (2005). Air pollution tolerance index of Certain plants of Coimbatore- Ooty highways, near ITI area, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu. Poll Res, 24(4) :801-803.
Kaur, S. (2004). Stomatal responses of lemon (citrus medica ) to exhaust emissions from vehicles using different types of fuel. Poll. Res., 23 (3) : 451-454.
Keller, J. and Schwager, H. (1977). Air pollution and ascorbic acid. Env. J. Forests Pathol,7 : 338-350.
Keller, T. (1986). The electrical conductivity of Norway spruce needle diffusate as affected by air pollutants. Tree Physiol, 1: 85-94.
Khergamker, G. (2011). Manage traffic to reduce pollution. In: Times of India, NewDelhi- Chandigarh Edition, 23rd June, 62 (147): 9.
Krishnamurthy, K.V. and Rajachidambaram, C. (1980). Histological response of plants to atmospheric pollution, A review. Biology, 2: 8-13.
Kumar, N. and Jaishree (1989). Effect of railway tract air pollution on epidermal features of Gomphrena celosiodes Mart. Adv. Plant Sci, 2 (1): 54-57.
Kumari, S.I., Rani, P.U. and Suresh, C.H. (2005). Absorption of automobile pollutants by leaf surfaces of various road side plants and their effect on plant biochemical constituents. Poll Res, 24 (3) : 509-512.
Maury , A.N., Usha and Gupta, R.K. (1989). Responses of Indian Jujuba (Zizyphys jujub Lamk.) to coal smoke pollution. Geobios, 16(5) : 229-231.
Morison, J.I.L. (1998). Stomatal response to increased CO2 concentration. J. of Experimental Botany, 443-452.
Noland, T.L. and Kozlowski, T.T. (1979). Effect of SO2 on stomatal aperture and sulfur uptake of wood angiosperm seedlings. Can. J. Forest Res, 9 : 57-62.
Pal, A., Kulshreshtra, K., Ahmed, K.J. and Junus, M. (2000). Changes in leaf surface structures of two tree species caused by autoexhaust pollution. J. Environ. Biol, 21 (1) : 15-21.
Palaniswamy, M., Gunamani, T. and Swaminathan, K. (1995). Effect of air pollution caused by automobile exhaust gases on crop plants. Proc. Acd Environ. Biol., 4 (2) : 255-260.
Pandey, J. and Pandey, U. (1994). Evolution of air pollution phytotoxicity in a seasonally dry tropical urban environment. Environ. Monit. Assess., 33 (3) : 195-213.
Pratibha and Sharma, M. (2000). Changes In chlorophyll and total free amino acids of gram in response to sulphur dioxide exposure under field conditions. Poll. Res., 19 (1) : 95-97.
Raina, A.K. and Sharma, A. (2003). Effect of vehicular pollution on the leaf micro-morphology, anatomy and chlorophyll contents of Syzygium cumini L. IJEP, 23.(8) : 897-902.
Raina, A.K. and Sharma, A. (2006). Assessment of air pollution and its impact on the leaves of some plant species. Poll. Res., 25 (3): 543-547.
Raina, A.K. and Aggarwal, B. (2004). Effect of vehicular exhaust on some trees in Jammu-II. J. of Industrial Pollution Control, 20.(2) : 229-232.
Raina, A.K. and Bala, C. (2007). Effect of vehicular pollution on Polyalthia longifolia Benth. & HK.f. and Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet in Jammu, J&K. Environment & Ecology, 25S (4): 1103-1109.
Ramakrishnaiah, H. and Somashekar, R.K. (2003). Higher plants as biomonitors of automobiles pollution. Eco.Env and Cons, 9 (3) : 337-343.
Rao, D. N. and LeBlanc, F. (1966). Effects of SO2 on the lichen alga with special reference to chlorophyll. Bryologist, 69: 69-75.
Rao, D. N. (1979). Plant leaf as pollution monitoring device. Fertilizer News May, 25-28.
Raza, S.H., Kumar, V. and Murthy, M.S.R. (1988). Air pollution tolerance index of certain plants of Nacharam industrial area. Hyderabad. Indian J. Bot., II (1) : 91-95.
Sakaki, T., Kondo, N. and Sugahara, K. (1983). Breakdown of photosynthetic pigments and lipids in Spinach leaves with ozone fumigation. Role of activated oxygen. Physiol. Plant, 59: 28-34.
Salgare, S. A. and Iyer, M. P. (1991). Effects of auto-exhaust pollution on the micromorphology of some weeds. In: S.k. Agarwal (Ed.), Automobile pollution. New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House.pp119-134
Salgare, S. A. and Swain, S. (1991). Effect of autoexhaust pollution at Western Express Highway near National Park, Boriveli (East) on the micromorphology of some weed (1- Harvest). J. Biosphere, 3 (1): 8-18.
Salgare, S.A. and Chanderani, A. (1990). Effect of Industrial air pollution from chamber on microbiology of some wild plants. Adv.Plant Sci, 3: 1.
Salgare, S.A. and Acharekar, C. (1991). Effect of ambient air on the leaf anatomy of some wild plants-1. Environ. Biol., 12 (4) : 347-352.
Salgare, S.A. and Rawal, M. (1990). Effect of auto-exhaust pollution at Andheri (west), Bombay on the anatomy of some cultivated plants (monsoon season). J. Ecobiol., 2 (4): 273-280.
Samal, A.C. and Santra, S.C. (2002). Air quality of Kalyani Township (Nadia, West Bengal) and its impact on surrounding vegetation. Indian J. Environ. Hlth, 44(1) : 71-76.
Saxena, L.M. (1985). Air pollution induced changes in foliar pigment and ascorbic acid content in Bougainvillia spectabilis Wild. and Cassia siama Linn. Acta Eco, 7 (1) : 20-24.
Sharma, G.K. and Butler, J. (1975). Envirronmental pollution: Leaf cuticular Patterns in Trifolium pratense L. Ann. Bot., 39 : 1089-1090.
Sibek, S. and Gulyas, S. (1990). Leaf anatomical changes in perishing acaluous oak. Acta Boil., 36: 23-52.
Singh, A. (1977). Practical plant physiology. Kalyani publishers.New Delhi.
Singh, S.K. and Rao, D. N. (1983). Evaluation of plants for their tolerance to air pollution. Proc. Symposium on air pollution control. Indian association for air pollution control. New Delhi. I: 218-224.
Strand, M. (1993). Photosynthetic activity of Scot pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles during winter is affected by exposure to SO2 and NO2 during summer. New Phytol, 23 : 133-141.
Sunitha, M. and Rao, K.V.M. (1997). Air pollution tolerance capacities of selected plant species. J. Indian Bot. Soc, 76 : 95-98.
Swami, A. and Chauhan, D. (2007). Air pollution tolerance index of few plant species affected by auto exhaust pollution around Haridwar. Environment Conservation Journal, 8(3): 9-11.
Swain, S. (1994). Effect of autoexhaust pollution at Western Express Highway near National Park, Boriveli (East) Bombay on the leaf anatomy of some weed. (1- Harvest). Int. J. Mendel, 11 (1and2) : 61-63.
Verma, A. and Singh, S. N. (2006). Biochemical and ultrastructure changes in plant foliage exposed to autopollution. Environ. Monit. Assess., 120 : 585-602.
Wagoner, S. (1975). Leaf cuticular and morphological variations in Plantago lanceolata as indicators of environmental pollution. J.Tennessee Acad. Sci, 50 : 79-83.
Yunus, M., Kulshreshtha, K., Dwivedi, A.K. and Ahmad, K.J. (1982). Leaf surface traits of Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. Ex. Choisy as indicators of air pollution. New Botanist, 9 : 39-45.
Addicot, F.T. (1986). Environmental factors in the physiology of abscission. Pl. Physiol., 43: 1471-1479.
Agarwal, M. (2000). Plants as biomonitors of air pollution. In: M.Yunis. P.S. Srivastava and T.O. Siddiqui (Ed.), Environmental Hazards - Plants and people.CBS Publishers, New Delhi. pp. 404.
Aggarwal, P. (2000). The effect of auto exhaust pollution on leaf surface of Cassia siamea (L.) - a road side tree. Acta Ecol., 22:2.
Ali, S.T., Mahmooduzzafar, Abdin, M.Z. and Iqbal M. (2008). Ontogenetic changes in foliarfeatures and psoralen content of Psoralea corylifolia Linn. exposed to SO2 stress. J. Environ. Biol., 29(5): 661-668.
Bell, J. N. B. (1980). Response of plants to sulphur dioxide. Nature Lond., 284: 399-400
Bhiravamurthy, P.V. and Kumar, P.V. (1983). Air pollution and epidermal traits of Calotropis gigantia (Linn.). R.Br. Ind. J. Air Poll. Cont., 1: 23-26.
Chaudhari, G.N., Rao, N.V. and Inamadar, J.A. (1984). Effects of air pollution on leaf epidermal and architecture of Lycopersicon lycopersicum krast, Var. angurlata. Indian J. Environ. Hlth., 26: 238-243.
Chen, Y. M., Lucas, P.W. and Wellburn, A.R. (1990). Relationships between foliar injury and changes in antioxidant levels in red Norway spruce exposed to acidic mists. Environ. Pollut., 68:1-15.
Dedio., W. (1975). Water relations in wheat leaves as screening tests for drought resistance. Can. J. Plant Sci., 55: 369-378.
Dhindsha, R.S., Dhindsha, P. P. and Thorpe, T.A. (1982). Leaf senescence: Correlation with increase levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of super oxide dismutase and catalase. J. Exp. Bot., 32: 91-101.
Datta, S.C. and Ray, S.S. (1995). APTI value of five different species of higher plants from the metropolis of Calcutta. In: D.D. Chawan (Ed.), Environmental and adaptive biology of plants. Scientific publishers. Jodhpur, pp. 289-294.
Forooq, M. and Beg, M.U. (1980). Effect of aqueous sulphur dioxide on the membrane permeability of common Indian tree leaves. New Botanist, 7 :213-217.
Fluckiger, V.W., Keller, H. F., Oertli, J. J. and Guggenheim, H. (1977). Pollution on leaf and needle surfaces near high way and its effect on stomatal diffusive resistance. Eur. J. For. Path, 7 : 358-367.
Fluckiger, W. and Keller, H. F. (1978). Changes in Contents of beta-carotene, vitamine: “C” in parsley in the vicinity of a high way. Qual. Plants. Pl. Fds. Hum. Nutr, 28 :1-9.
Gupta, S., Bhattacharjee, D., Datta, J.K., Nayek, S. and Satpati, S. (2009). Effect of vehicular lead emissions on biochemical constituents of leaves. Poll. Res., 28 (2) : 157-160.
Hiscox, J. D. and Israelstam, G. F. (1979). A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from tissue without maceration. Can. J. Bot, 57 : 1332-1334.
Hussain, F., Ilahi, I. and Rashid, I. A. (1989). Effect of cement dust on the chlorophyll contents, stomatal clogging and biomass of some selected plants. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res, 32: 542-545.
Jhar, A.K. (1988). Environmental modification of leaf surface traits as induced by pollutants resulting from fossil fuel firing. Environ. Ecol., 6: 781-782.
Karthiyayini, R., Ponnammal, N.R. and Joseph, R. (2005). Air pollution tolerance index of Certain plants of Coimbatore- Ooty highways, near ITI area, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu. Poll Res, 24(4) :801-803.
Kaur, S. (2004). Stomatal responses of lemon (citrus medica ) to exhaust emissions from vehicles using different types of fuel. Poll. Res., 23 (3) : 451-454.
Keller, J. and Schwager, H. (1977). Air pollution and ascorbic acid. Env. J. Forests Pathol,7 : 338-350.
Keller, T. (1986). The electrical conductivity of Norway spruce needle diffusate as affected by air pollutants. Tree Physiol, 1: 85-94.
Khergamker, G. (2011). Manage traffic to reduce pollution. In: Times of India, NewDelhi- Chandigarh Edition, 23rd June, 62 (147): 9.
Krishnamurthy, K.V. and Rajachidambaram, C. (1980). Histological response of plants to atmospheric pollution, A review. Biology, 2: 8-13.
Kumar, N. and Jaishree (1989). Effect of railway tract air pollution on epidermal features of Gomphrena celosiodes Mart. Adv. Plant Sci, 2 (1): 54-57.
Kumari, S.I., Rani, P.U. and Suresh, C.H. (2005). Absorption of automobile pollutants by leaf surfaces of various road side plants and their effect on plant biochemical constituents. Poll Res, 24 (3) : 509-512.
Maury , A.N., Usha and Gupta, R.K. (1989). Responses of Indian Jujuba (Zizyphys jujub Lamk.) to coal smoke pollution. Geobios, 16(5) : 229-231.
Morison, J.I.L. (1998). Stomatal response to increased CO2 concentration. J. of Experimental Botany, 443-452.
Noland, T.L. and Kozlowski, T.T. (1979). Effect of SO2 on stomatal aperture and sulfur uptake of wood angiosperm seedlings. Can. J. Forest Res, 9 : 57-62.
Pal, A., Kulshreshtra, K., Ahmed, K.J. and Junus, M. (2000). Changes in leaf surface structures of two tree species caused by autoexhaust pollution. J. Environ. Biol, 21 (1) : 15-21.
Palaniswamy, M., Gunamani, T. and Swaminathan, K. (1995). Effect of air pollution caused by automobile exhaust gases on crop plants. Proc. Acd Environ. Biol., 4 (2) : 255-260.
Pandey, J. and Pandey, U. (1994). Evolution of air pollution phytotoxicity in a seasonally dry tropical urban environment. Environ. Monit. Assess., 33 (3) : 195-213.
Pratibha and Sharma, M. (2000). Changes In chlorophyll and total free amino acids of gram in response to sulphur dioxide exposure under field conditions. Poll. Res., 19 (1) : 95-97.
Raina, A.K. and Sharma, A. (2003). Effect of vehicular pollution on the leaf micro-morphology, anatomy and chlorophyll contents of Syzygium cumini L. IJEP, 23.(8) : 897-902.
Raina, A.K. and Sharma, A. (2006). Assessment of air pollution and its impact on the leaves of some plant species. Poll. Res., 25 (3): 543-547.
Raina, A.K. and Aggarwal, B. (2004). Effect of vehicular exhaust on some trees in Jammu-II. J. of Industrial Pollution Control, 20.(2) : 229-232.
Raina, A.K. and Bala, C. (2007). Effect of vehicular pollution on Polyalthia longifolia Benth. & HK.f. and Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet in Jammu, J&K. Environment & Ecology, 25S (4): 1103-1109.
Ramakrishnaiah, H. and Somashekar, R.K. (2003). Higher plants as biomonitors of automobiles pollution. Eco.Env and Cons, 9 (3) : 337-343.
Rao, D. N. and LeBlanc, F. (1966). Effects of SO2 on the lichen alga with special reference to chlorophyll. Bryologist, 69: 69-75.
Rao, D. N. (1979). Plant leaf as pollution monitoring device. Fertilizer News May, 25-28.
Raza, S.H., Kumar, V. and Murthy, M.S.R. (1988). Air pollution tolerance index of certain plants of Nacharam industrial area. Hyderabad. Indian J. Bot., II (1) : 91-95.
Sakaki, T., Kondo, N. and Sugahara, K. (1983). Breakdown of photosynthetic pigments and lipids in Spinach leaves with ozone fumigation. Role of activated oxygen. Physiol. Plant, 59: 28-34.
Salgare, S. A. and Iyer, M. P. (1991). Effects of auto-exhaust pollution on the micromorphology of some weeds. In: S.k. Agarwal (Ed.), Automobile pollution. New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House.pp119-134
Salgare, S. A. and Swain, S. (1991). Effect of autoexhaust pollution at Western Express Highway near National Park, Boriveli (East) on the micromorphology of some weed (1- Harvest). J. Biosphere, 3 (1): 8-18.
Salgare, S.A. and Chanderani, A. (1990). Effect of Industrial air pollution from chamber on microbiology of some wild plants. Adv.Plant Sci, 3: 1.
Salgare, S.A. and Acharekar, C. (1991). Effect of ambient air on the leaf anatomy of some wild plants-1. Environ. Biol., 12 (4) : 347-352.
Salgare, S.A. and Rawal, M. (1990). Effect of auto-exhaust pollution at Andheri (west), Bombay on the anatomy of some cultivated plants (monsoon season). J. Ecobiol., 2 (4): 273-280.
Samal, A.C. and Santra, S.C. (2002). Air quality of Kalyani Township (Nadia, West Bengal) and its impact on surrounding vegetation. Indian J. Environ. Hlth, 44(1) : 71-76.
Saxena, L.M. (1985). Air pollution induced changes in foliar pigment and ascorbic acid content in Bougainvillia spectabilis Wild. and Cassia siama Linn. Acta Eco, 7 (1) : 20-24.
Sharma, G.K. and Butler, J. (1975). Envirronmental pollution: Leaf cuticular Patterns in Trifolium pratense L. Ann. Bot., 39 : 1089-1090.
Sibek, S. and Gulyas, S. (1990). Leaf anatomical changes in perishing acaluous oak. Acta Boil., 36: 23-52.
Singh, A. (1977). Practical plant physiology. Kalyani publishers.New Delhi.
Singh, S.K. and Rao, D. N. (1983). Evaluation of plants for their tolerance to air pollution. Proc. Symposium on air pollution control. Indian association for air pollution control. New Delhi. I: 218-224.
Strand, M. (1993). Photosynthetic activity of Scot pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles during winter is affected by exposure to SO2 and NO2 during summer. New Phytol, 23 : 133-141.
Sunitha, M. and Rao, K.V.M. (1997). Air pollution tolerance capacities of selected plant species. J. Indian Bot. Soc, 76 : 95-98.
Swami, A. and Chauhan, D. (2007). Air pollution tolerance index of few plant species affected by auto exhaust pollution around Haridwar. Environment Conservation Journal, 8(3): 9-11.
Swain, S. (1994). Effect of autoexhaust pollution at Western Express Highway near National Park, Boriveli (East) Bombay on the leaf anatomy of some weed. (1- Harvest). Int. J. Mendel, 11 (1and2) : 61-63.
Verma, A. and Singh, S. N. (2006). Biochemical and ultrastructure changes in plant foliage exposed to autopollution. Environ. Monit. Assess., 120 : 585-602.
Wagoner, S. (1975). Leaf cuticular and morphological variations in Plantago lanceolata as indicators of environmental pollution. J.Tennessee Acad. Sci, 50 : 79-83.
Yunus, M., Kulshreshtha, K., Dwivedi, A.K. and Ahmad, K.J. (1982). Leaf surface traits of Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. Ex. Choisy as indicators of air pollution. New Botanist, 9 : 39-45.
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Effect of vehicular pollution on Duranta repens L. in Jammu City. (2011). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 3(2), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v3i2.181
