Assessment of water quality around coal-fired thermal power plant, Bathinda (Punjab), India
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Abstract
In the present study, both the underground and surface water samples around Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Power Plant Bathinda, Punjab, having total installed capacity of 440MW, were analyzed for the physico-chemical parameters viz. pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Total Alkalinity (TA), Carbonate (CO32-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Chloride (Cl-), Phosphate (PO43-), Nitrate (NO3-), Fluoride (F-) and heavy metals such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Lead(Pb), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn). The correlation coefficients (r) among various water quality parameters of studied underground water samples were calculated. The physical and chemical parameters of groundwater are compared with the drinking water quality standards recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) (2012) and World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). On the basis of results obtained in the present study, concentration of Chloride (Cl-), Magnesium (Mg2+), Fluoride (F-) and Total dissolved solids (TDS) observed in ground water of Bathinda varied from 30 to 284 mg/l, 120 to 280 mg/l, 2.66-3.99 mg/l and 620-1439 mg/l, respectively which are exceeding the acceptable limits prescribed by WHO (2017) as well as BIS (2012). Also, the concentration of heavy metals viz. cadmium (0.366 to 0.437 mg/l), and lead (0.193 to 0.353 mg/l) have higher levels than prescribed by WHO and BIS for drinking purpose. Thus, groundwater is not suitable for drinking purposes with prior treatment.
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Keywords
BIS, Drinking Water Quality, Heavy Metals, Thermal Power Plant, WHO
References
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American Public Health Association Inc. (APHA) (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed. New York, USA.
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Asghari, F.B., Mohammadi, A., Dehghani, M.H., Yousefi, M. (2018). Data on assessment of ground water quality with application of ArcGIS in Zanjan, Iran. Data in Brief. 18:375–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.059.
Bansal, J., and Dwivedi, A. K. (2018). Assessment of ground water quality by using Water quality index and physico chemical parameters: review Paper. Int. J of engg, sci. & res.Tech. 7(2): 170-174.
Behailu, T.W., Badessa, T.S., Tewodros, B.A. (2017). Analysis of Physical and Chemical Parameters in Ground Water Used for Drinking around Konso Area, Southwestern Ethiopia. J Anal Bioanal Tech. 8: 379. doi: 10.4172/2155- 9872.1000379.
Berger, T., Peltol, P., Drake, H., and Astrom, M. (2012). Impact of a Fluorine-Rich Granite Intrusion on Levels and Distribution of Fluoride in a Small Boreal Catchment. Aqua. Geochem. 18:77–94. DOI 10.1007/s10498- 011-9151-2, 2012.
Bhalla, A., Singh, G., Kumar, S., Shahi, J.S. and Mehta, D. (2011). Elemental analysis of ground water from different regions of Punjab state (India) using EDXRF technique and the sources of water contamination. In Int Conf Environ Comput Sci. 19:156-164.
Bhatia, D., Parkeek, P., Malik, A., Singh, B., Kumar, R., and Bishnoi, K. (2008). Assessment of Ground Water Quality of Parameters and Correlation Analysis of Tehsil Mandi Dabwali, Sirsa, Haryana, India. Pol. Res. 27: 579-586.
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Deshpande, S.M. and Aher, K.R. (2012). Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking and Agriculture use in Parts of Vaijapur, District Aurangabad, MS, India. J. Chem. Sci. 2(1):25-31.
Deshpande, S.M., Aher, K.R., and Gaikwad, G.D. (2012). Assessment of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking Uses in Warora tehsil, District Chandrapur, India. Int. J. Rec.Tren. Sci. Technol. 4(3): 2249-8109. ISSN 2277-2812 E-ISSN.
Dohare, D., Deshpande, S. and Kotiya, A. (2014). Analysis of Ground Water Quality Parameters: A Review. Res. J. of Engg. Sci. 3(5):26-31. ISSN: 2278-9472.
Durfor, C.N. and Becker, E. (1964). Public water supplied of the 100 largest cities in the U.S., US Geological Survey. Water Supply Paper. 1812: 364.
Edokpayi, J.N., Enitan, A.M., Mutileni, N. and Odiyo, J.O. (2018). Evaluation of water quality and human risk assessment due to heavy metals in groundwater around Muledane area of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Chem. Central J. 12:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0369-y.
Fulekar, M. H., and Dave, J. M. (1991). Release and behavior of Cr, Mn, Ni and Pb in a fly?ash/soil/water environment: Column experiment. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 38: 281–296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207239108710673.
Gulgundi, M.S., and Shetty, A. (2018). Groundwater quality assessment of urban Bengaluru using multivariate statistical techniques. Applied Water Sci. 8:43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0684-z.
Gupta, R.K., Singh, N.T. and Sethi, M. (1994). Ground water quality for irrigation in India. Indian J. Environ Hlth. 36(1): 43-46.
Jaredaa, G., Mahapatraa, S.P., and Dhekneb, P.Y. (2018). Water quality index, heavy metal pollution index and seasonal variation correlation of groundwater of Bailadila iron ore mine area and its peripherals:Dantewada district, Chhattisgarh, India. Desalination and Water Treatment. 101: 7-16. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2018.21632.
Jeyaraj, T., Padmavathy, S., and Jebakumari, S.S.H. (2002). Correlation among water quality parameters for groundwater samples of Bharathi Nagar of Thiruchirappalli City. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 22:755-759.
Kesavan, K.G., and Parameswari, R. (2005). Evaluation of groundwater quality in Kancheepuram. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 25:235-239.
Levy, D.B., Barbarick, K.A., Siemer, E.G., and Sommers, L.E. (1992). Distribution and partitioning of trace metals in contaminated soils near Leadville, Colorado. J. Environ. Qual. 21:185–195.
Meenakshi, Garg, V.K., Kavita, Renuka and Malik, A. (2004). Groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: Focus on fluoride and fluorosis. J. Hazard. Mater. 106: 85-97.
Ministry of Water Resources, Annual Report 2013-14. River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, http://wrmin.nic.in/writereaddata/AR_2013-14.pdf.
Mittal, S., and Arora, S.K. (2014). A Study of Evaluation of Groundwater Quality of Bathinda Region of Punjab. Int. J. Engg. and Innovat. Tech. 4 (1): 149-154.
Mittal, S.K., and Verma, N. (1997). Critical analysis of ground water quality parameters. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 17:426-429.
Moghaddama, A., Moteallemib, A., Joulaeic, F. and Peirovi, R. (2018). A spatial variation study of groundwater quality parameters in the Gonabad Plain using deterministic and geostatistical models. J. of Desalination and Wat. Treat.103:261-269. doi:10.5004/dwt.2018.21614.
Mohapatra, M.S., Mishra, B.K., Giles, D.E., and Singh, P. (2009). Review of fluoride removal from drinking water. J. Environ. Manag. 91(1):67–77. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.015.
Nalawade, P.M., Bholay, A.D., and Mule, M. B. (2012). Assessment of groundwater and surface water quality indices for heavy metals nearby area of Parli thermal power plant. J. Environ. Res. Technol. 2(1):47-51.
Namita Saxena et al., (2017). Evaluation of Water Quality Index for Drinking Purpose in and Around Tekanpur Area, M.P., India. Int. J. of Applied Sci. 12(2):359-370. ISSN- 0973-6077.
Pandey, M. M. (2009) Country Report: India, ‘Indian Agriculture- An Introduction’. Fourth Session of the Technical Committee of APCAEM, Chang Rai, Thailand.
Pandey, S. K. (2014). Coal fly ash: Some aspects of characterization and environmental impacts. J. Environ. Sci. Com. Sci. Engg. Technol. 3: 921–937.
Rabinove, C.J., Long Ford, R.H. and Brook Hart, J.W. (1958). Saline water resource of North Dakota U.S., US Geological Survey. Water Supply Paper. 1428: 72.
Rahi, A. (2011). Punjab: the physicochemistry of groundwater crisis. Int. Ref. Reseach J. 2009– 2011.
Ramesh, K., and Elango, L. (2012). Groundwater quality and its suitability for domestic and agricultural use in Tondiar river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184(6):3887-3899. DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2231-3.
Rao, N.S, Devadas, D.J., and Rao, S.K.V. (2006). Interpretation of groundwater quality using principal component analysis from Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ. Geosci. 13(4):239-259.
Rasouli, F., Pouya, A.K. and Cheraghi, S.A.M. (2012). Hydrogeochemistry and water quality assessment of the Kor–Sivand Basin, Fars province, Iran. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184(8):4861-4877.
Richards, L.A. (1954). (US Salinity Laboratory): Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils, US Department of Agriculture hand book. pp. 60.
Sajitha V. and Vijayamma, S.A. (2016). Study of Physico Chemical Parameters and Pond Water Quality Assessment by using Water Quality Index at Athiyannoor Panchayath , Kerala, India. Emer Life Sci Res. 2(1):46-51, E-ISSN: 2395-6658.
Sarode, D.B., Jadhav, R.N., Khatik, V.A., Ingle, S.T., and Attarde, S.B. (2010). Extraction and Leaching of Heavy Metals from Thermal Power Plant Fly Ash and Its Adm ixtures. Polish J. of Environ. Stud. 19 (6): 1325-1330.
Shalu, Punia, S., and Malik, A. (2015). Hydrochemistry and water quality assessment of groundwater of Bhiwani district, Haryana, India. Envr. Res. 34:21–32.
Sulochana, N., Inbaraj, B.S. and Selvarani, K. (1998). Status of groundwater in a remote village near Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 18(10):739-744.
Tiwana, N.S., Jerath, N., Ladhar, S.S., Singh, G., Paul, R., Dua, D.K. and Parwana, H.K. (2007). State of Environment; Punjab-2007. Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, 243.ISBN: 81-88362-19-0.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2005). Ecological Soil Screening Levels for Lead, Interim Final. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. OWSER Directive 9285:7-70. 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W. Washington, D.C 20460.
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (1954). Diagnosis andlmprovement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Agriculture Handbook No. 60. US. Govt. Printing Office, Washington DC.
Verma, C., Madan, S., and Hussain, A. (2016). Heavy metal contamination of groundwater due to fly ash disposal of coal-fired thermal power plant, Parichha, Jhansi, India. Cogent Eng. 3: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1179243.
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974).hspcb.gov.in/Water_Act_1974.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). Guidelines for drinking water, fourth edition incorporated to the first addendum.
Al-Bassam, A.M. and Al- Rumikhani, Y.A., (2003). Integrated hydrochemical method of water quality assessment for irrigation in arid areas. Application to the jilhaquifer, Saudi Arabia. J. African Earth Sci. 36: 345-356.
American Public Health Association Inc. (APHA) (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed. New York, USA.
American Public Health Association Inc. APHA (2012). Standard Methods for the examination of Water, 22nd Edition, New York, USA.
Asghari, F.B., Mohammadi, A., Dehghani, M.H., Yousefi, M. (2018). Data on assessment of ground water quality with application of ArcGIS in Zanjan, Iran. Data in Brief. 18:375–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.059.
Bansal, J., and Dwivedi, A. K. (2018). Assessment of ground water quality by using Water quality index and physico chemical parameters: review Paper. Int. J of engg, sci. & res.Tech. 7(2): 170-174.
Behailu, T.W., Badessa, T.S., Tewodros, B.A. (2017). Analysis of Physical and Chemical Parameters in Ground Water Used for Drinking around Konso Area, Southwestern Ethiopia. J Anal Bioanal Tech. 8: 379. doi: 10.4172/2155- 9872.1000379.
Berger, T., Peltol, P., Drake, H., and Astrom, M. (2012). Impact of a Fluorine-Rich Granite Intrusion on Levels and Distribution of Fluoride in a Small Boreal Catchment. Aqua. Geochem. 18:77–94. DOI 10.1007/s10498- 011-9151-2, 2012.
Bhalla, A., Singh, G., Kumar, S., Shahi, J.S. and Mehta, D. (2011). Elemental analysis of ground water from different regions of Punjab state (India) using EDXRF technique and the sources of water contamination. In Int Conf Environ Comput Sci. 19:156-164.
Bhatia, D., Parkeek, P., Malik, A., Singh, B., Kumar, R., and Bishnoi, K. (2008). Assessment of Ground Water Quality of Parameters and Correlation Analysis of Tehsil Mandi Dabwali, Sirsa, Haryana, India. Pol. Res. 27: 579-586.
BIS, (2012). Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification (Second Revision). Bur. Indian Stand. IS 10500, 1–11.
Central Electricity Authority, March, 2017. Review of Experience in Strengthening of O&M Practices in Thermal Power Stations in India. Ministry of Power, Government of India website, /http://www.cea.nic.in.
Central electricity authority, October, 2016, Report on fly ash generation at coal/lignite based thermal power stations and its utilization in the country for the year 2015-16.
Deshpande, S.M. and Aher, K.R. (2012). Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking and Agriculture use in Parts of Vaijapur, District Aurangabad, MS, India. J. Chem. Sci. 2(1):25-31.
Deshpande, S.M., Aher, K.R., and Gaikwad, G.D. (2012). Assessment of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking Uses in Warora tehsil, District Chandrapur, India. Int. J. Rec.Tren. Sci. Technol. 4(3): 2249-8109. ISSN 2277-2812 E-ISSN.
Dohare, D., Deshpande, S. and Kotiya, A. (2014). Analysis of Ground Water Quality Parameters: A Review. Res. J. of Engg. Sci. 3(5):26-31. ISSN: 2278-9472.
Durfor, C.N. and Becker, E. (1964). Public water supplied of the 100 largest cities in the U.S., US Geological Survey. Water Supply Paper. 1812: 364.
Edokpayi, J.N., Enitan, A.M., Mutileni, N. and Odiyo, J.O. (2018). Evaluation of water quality and human risk assessment due to heavy metals in groundwater around Muledane area of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Chem. Central J. 12:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0369-y.
Fulekar, M. H., and Dave, J. M. (1991). Release and behavior of Cr, Mn, Ni and Pb in a fly?ash/soil/water environment: Column experiment. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 38: 281–296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207239108710673.
Gulgundi, M.S., and Shetty, A. (2018). Groundwater quality assessment of urban Bengaluru using multivariate statistical techniques. Applied Water Sci. 8:43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0684-z.
Gupta, R.K., Singh, N.T. and Sethi, M. (1994). Ground water quality for irrigation in India. Indian J. Environ Hlth. 36(1): 43-46.
Jaredaa, G., Mahapatraa, S.P., and Dhekneb, P.Y. (2018). Water quality index, heavy metal pollution index and seasonal variation correlation of groundwater of Bailadila iron ore mine area and its peripherals:Dantewada district, Chhattisgarh, India. Desalination and Water Treatment. 101: 7-16. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2018.21632.
Jeyaraj, T., Padmavathy, S., and Jebakumari, S.S.H. (2002). Correlation among water quality parameters for groundwater samples of Bharathi Nagar of Thiruchirappalli City. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 22:755-759.
Kesavan, K.G., and Parameswari, R. (2005). Evaluation of groundwater quality in Kancheepuram. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 25:235-239.
Levy, D.B., Barbarick, K.A., Siemer, E.G., and Sommers, L.E. (1992). Distribution and partitioning of trace metals in contaminated soils near Leadville, Colorado. J. Environ. Qual. 21:185–195.
Meenakshi, Garg, V.K., Kavita, Renuka and Malik, A. (2004). Groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: Focus on fluoride and fluorosis. J. Hazard. Mater. 106: 85-97.
Ministry of Water Resources, Annual Report 2013-14. River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, http://wrmin.nic.in/writereaddata/AR_2013-14.pdf.
Mittal, S., and Arora, S.K. (2014). A Study of Evaluation of Groundwater Quality of Bathinda Region of Punjab. Int. J. Engg. and Innovat. Tech. 4 (1): 149-154.
Mittal, S.K., and Verma, N. (1997). Critical analysis of ground water quality parameters. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 17:426-429.
Moghaddama, A., Moteallemib, A., Joulaeic, F. and Peirovi, R. (2018). A spatial variation study of groundwater quality parameters in the Gonabad Plain using deterministic and geostatistical models. J. of Desalination and Wat. Treat.103:261-269. doi:10.5004/dwt.2018.21614.
Mohapatra, M.S., Mishra, B.K., Giles, D.E., and Singh, P. (2009). Review of fluoride removal from drinking water. J. Environ. Manag. 91(1):67–77. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.015.
Nalawade, P.M., Bholay, A.D., and Mule, M. B. (2012). Assessment of groundwater and surface water quality indices for heavy metals nearby area of Parli thermal power plant. J. Environ. Res. Technol. 2(1):47-51.
Namita Saxena et al., (2017). Evaluation of Water Quality Index for Drinking Purpose in and Around Tekanpur Area, M.P., India. Int. J. of Applied Sci. 12(2):359-370. ISSN- 0973-6077.
Pandey, M. M. (2009) Country Report: India, ‘Indian Agriculture- An Introduction’. Fourth Session of the Technical Committee of APCAEM, Chang Rai, Thailand.
Pandey, S. K. (2014). Coal fly ash: Some aspects of characterization and environmental impacts. J. Environ. Sci. Com. Sci. Engg. Technol. 3: 921–937.
Rabinove, C.J., Long Ford, R.H. and Brook Hart, J.W. (1958). Saline water resource of North Dakota U.S., US Geological Survey. Water Supply Paper. 1428: 72.
Rahi, A. (2011). Punjab: the physicochemistry of groundwater crisis. Int. Ref. Reseach J. 2009– 2011.
Ramesh, K., and Elango, L. (2012). Groundwater quality and its suitability for domestic and agricultural use in Tondiar river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184(6):3887-3899. DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2231-3.
Rao, N.S, Devadas, D.J., and Rao, S.K.V. (2006). Interpretation of groundwater quality using principal component analysis from Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ. Geosci. 13(4):239-259.
Rasouli, F., Pouya, A.K. and Cheraghi, S.A.M. (2012). Hydrogeochemistry and water quality assessment of the Kor–Sivand Basin, Fars province, Iran. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184(8):4861-4877.
Richards, L.A. (1954). (US Salinity Laboratory): Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils, US Department of Agriculture hand book. pp. 60.
Sajitha V. and Vijayamma, S.A. (2016). Study of Physico Chemical Parameters and Pond Water Quality Assessment by using Water Quality Index at Athiyannoor Panchayath , Kerala, India. Emer Life Sci Res. 2(1):46-51, E-ISSN: 2395-6658.
Sarode, D.B., Jadhav, R.N., Khatik, V.A., Ingle, S.T., and Attarde, S.B. (2010). Extraction and Leaching of Heavy Metals from Thermal Power Plant Fly Ash and Its Adm ixtures. Polish J. of Environ. Stud. 19 (6): 1325-1330.
Shalu, Punia, S., and Malik, A. (2015). Hydrochemistry and water quality assessment of groundwater of Bhiwani district, Haryana, India. Envr. Res. 34:21–32.
Sulochana, N., Inbaraj, B.S. and Selvarani, K. (1998). Status of groundwater in a remote village near Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 18(10):739-744.
Tiwana, N.S., Jerath, N., Ladhar, S.S., Singh, G., Paul, R., Dua, D.K. and Parwana, H.K. (2007). State of Environment; Punjab-2007. Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, 243.ISBN: 81-88362-19-0.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2005). Ecological Soil Screening Levels for Lead, Interim Final. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. OWSER Directive 9285:7-70. 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W. Washington, D.C 20460.
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (1954). Diagnosis andlmprovement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Agriculture Handbook No. 60. US. Govt. Printing Office, Washington DC.
Verma, C., Madan, S., and Hussain, A. (2016). Heavy metal contamination of groundwater due to fly ash disposal of coal-fired thermal power plant, Parichha, Jhansi, India. Cogent Eng. 3: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1179243.
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974).hspcb.gov.in/Water_Act_1974.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). Guidelines for drinking water, fourth edition incorporated to the first addendum.
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Assessment of water quality around coal-fired thermal power plant, Bathinda (Punjab), India. (2018). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(3), 915-924. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1809
