A study on the toxicity of 4-nonylphenol on the histopathology of testes of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)
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Abstract
In the present study, the effects of long term exposure (5 and 10 days) of 100 µg/lit 4-NP (nonyphenol) on the testis were investigated in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Histological examination of the testis of fish treated with 100 µg/lit 4-NP for 5 days showed the disintegration of cysts, separation of cells within the cysts, hypertrophy of sertoli cells and vaccuolation in testis. Histological examination of the testis of fish exposed to 100 µg/lit for 10 days showed alteration in structure of the primary spermatocytes. The structure of the spermatocytes changed from spherical to sickle shaped. Hypertrophy of sertoli cell, severe destruction of germ cells (spermatogonia), and vacuole formation was also seen. The study indicated that 4-nonylphenol had marked effects on the histology of testis of C. gariepinus. The severity of effects of fish increased with the time of exposure and it was noticed that there were marked structural changes in the testis exposed to 4-Nonylphenol for long term exposure.
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Keywords
Endocrine disruption, Hypertrophy, 4-nonylphenol, Sertoli cells, Vaccuolation, Spermatocytes
References
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Arukwe, A. and Roe, V.(2008). Molecular and cellular detection of expression of vitellogenin and zonaradiata protein in liver and skin of juvenile salmon (Salmosalar) exposed to nonylphenol. Cell Tissue Res., 331:701-12.
Cardinali, M., Maradonna, F., Olivotto, I., Bortoluzzi, G., Mosconi, G., Polzonetti-Magni, A. M. and Carnevali, O. (2004). Temporary impairment of reproduction in freshwater teleost exposed to nonylphenol. In Reproductive toxicology, 18: 597-604.
Chitra, K. C. and Mathur, P. P. (2004). Vitamin E prevents nonylphenol-induced oxidative stress in testis of rats. In Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 42: 220-223.
Chitra, K.C., Latchoumycandane, C. and Mathur, P. P.(2002).Effect of nonylphenol on the antioxidant system in epididymal sperm of rats.In Archives of toxicology, 76:545-551.
Cionna, C., Maradonna, F., Olivotto, I., Pizzonia, G. and Carnevali, O. (2006).Effects of nonylphenol on juveniles and adults in the grey mullet Liza aurata.Reprod. Toxicol., 22:449–454.
Dubois, W. and Callard, G. V. (1989).Role of the Sertoli cell in spermatogenesis: The Squalus testis model.Fish Physiol. Biochem, 7:221–227.
Guenther, K., Kleist, E. and Thiele, B. (2006).Estrogen?active nonylphenols from an isomer?specific viewpoint: a systematic numbering system and future trends. Anal.Bioanal. Chem., 384: 542–546.
Ishibashi, H., Hirano, M., Matsumura, N., Watanabe, N., Takao, Y. and Arizono, K. (2006).Reproductive effects and bioconcentration of 4-nonylphenol in medaka fish (Oryziaslatipes).Chemosphere, 65:1019–1026.
Jobling, S., Casey, D. T., Rodgers-Gray, J. Oehlmann, U. Schulte-Oehlmann, S. Pawlowski, T. Baunbeck, A. P. Turner and Tyler, C. R, (2003): Comparative response of mollusks and fish to environmental estrogens and an estrogenic effluent. Aquatic Toxicology, 65, 205–220.
Kime, D.E.(1999).A strategy for assessing the effects of xenobiotics on fish reproduction.Sci. Total Environ, 225: 3-11.
Kinnberg, K. and Toft, G.(2003).Effects of estrogenic and antiandrogenic compounds on the testis structure of the adult guppy (Poeciliareticulata). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf., 54:16-24.
Kinnberg.K., Korsgaard, B., Bjerregaard, P., and Jespersen, A.(2000).Effects of nonylphenol and 17b-estradiol on vitellogenin synthesis and testis morphology in male platyfishXiphophorusmaculatus.J. Exp. Biol., 203:171-181.
Kumar, M., Trivedi, S. P., Mishra, A. and Sharma, S.(2007). Histopathological changes in testis of the freshwater fish, Heteropneustesfossilis (Bloch) exposed to liner alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS). J Environ Bio, 28(3):679-684.
Kwak, H.I., Bae, M.O., Lee, M. H., Lee, Y. S., Lee, B.J., Kang, K. S., Chae, C. H., Sung, H.J., Shin, J. S., Kim , J.H., Mar, W.C., Sheen, Y.Y. and Cho, M.H.(2001). Effects of nonylphenol, bisphenol A, and their mixture on the viviparous swordtail fish (Xiphophorushelleri). Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC, 20:787-95.
Lin, L. L and Janz, D. M. (2006).Effects of binary mixtures of xenoestrogens on gonadal development and reproduction in zebrafish.Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands).80: 382-95.
Liney, K.E., Jobling, S., . Shears J.A, Simpson, P. and Tyler, C. R.(2005). Assessing the sensitivity of different life stages for sexual disruption in Roach (Rutilusrutilus) exposed to effluents from wastewater treatment works. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113: 1299–1307.
Loomis, A. K. and Thomas, P.(1999). Binding characteristics of estrogen receptor (ER) in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) testis: different affinity for estrogen and xenobiotics from that of hepatic ER. Biol. Reprod, 61:51-60.
Magliulo, L., Schreibman, M.P., Cepriano, J. and Ling, J. (2002). Endocrine disruption caused by two common pollutants at "acceptable" concentrations. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 24: 71-9.
Matthiessen, P., Arnold, D. ,Johnson,A. C., Pepper, T. J., Pottinger, T. G. and Pullman, K.G.T. (2006). Contamination of headwater streams in the United Kingdom by oestrogenic hormones from livestock farms. Science of the Total Environment, 367: 616–630.
Mekkawy, I.A.A., Mahmoud, U.M. and Sayed, A.H. (2011). Effects of 4- nonylphenol on blood cells of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Tissue Cell, 43: 223– 229.
Nakhala, A. M., Mather, J. P., Janne, O. A. and Bardin, C. W.(1984). Estrogen and androgen receptors in Sertoli, Leydig, myoid and epithelial cells: effects of time in culture and cell density. Endoc.r, 115:121-128.
Popek, W., Dietrich, G., Glogowski, J., Demska-Zakes´, K., Drag-Kozak, E. and Sionkowski, J. (2006). Influence of heavy metals and 4-nonylphenol on reproductive function in fish. Reprod. Biol., 6:175–188.
Rempel, M. A., Reyes, J., Steinert S., Hwang ,W., Armstrong, J., Sakamoto K., Kelley, K. and Schlen, D. (2006). Evaluation of relationships between reproductive metrics, gender and vitellogenin expression in demersal flatfish collected near the municipal wastewater outfall of Orange County, County, California, USA. Aquatic Toxicology, 77: 241–249.
Radhaiah, V., Girija, M. and Rao, K.J. (1987). Changes in selected biochemical parameters in the kidney and blood of the fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters), exposed to heptachlor. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 39:1006–1011.
Rivero, C.L.G., Barbosa, A.C., Ferreira, M.N., Dorea, J.G. and Grisolia, C.K. (2008). Evaluation of genotoxicity and effects on reproduction of nonylphenol in Oreochromisniloticus (Pisces: cichlidae) Ecotoxico.l, 17:732–737.
Shalaby, F. M. and Migeed, H.A.E. (2012).Impact of environmental contaminants on the testis of Oreochromisniloticuswith special reference to ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Lake Manzala (Egypt).J Environ Anal. Toxico, 2:1-8.
Sumpter, J. P. and Jobling, S. (1995). Vitellogenesis as a biomarker for estrogenic contamination of the aquatic environment.Env.Health Perspect.103:173–178
Tabb, M. and Blumberg, B. (2006). New modes of action for endocrine-disrupting chemicals.Mol. Endocrinol, 20:475–82.
Tan, B. L., Kassi, N. M. and Mohd, M. A.(2003). Assessment of pubertal development in juvenile male rats after sub-acute exposure to bisphenol A and nonylphenol.In Toxicology letters, 143:261-270.
Trudeau, V. L., Wade, M. G., Van Der Kraak, G. and Peter, R. E.(1993).Effects of 17b-estradiol on pituitary and testicular function in male goldfish.Can. J. Zool, 71:1131-1135.
U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency.(2000). Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC). Washington, DC: U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency.http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/oscpendo/edspoverview/edstac.htm(accessed September 14, 2006)
Vergilio, C. S., Carvalho, C. E. V. and Melo, E. J. T.(2012).Accumulation and Histopathological effects of mercury chloride after acute exposure in tropical fish Gymnotuscarapo.J Chem Health Risk, 2(4): 1-8.
Vetillard, A. and Bailhache, T. (2006).Effects of 4-n-nonylphenol and tamoxifen on salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone, estrogen receptor and vitellogenin gene expression in juvenile rainbow trout.Toxicol. Sci., 92:537–544.
Weber, L P., Yiannis , K., Hwang, G. S., Niimi, A. J., Janz , D. M. and Metcalfe, C. D.(2002). Increased cellular apoptosis after chronic aqueous exposure to nonylphenol and quercetin in adult medaka (Oryziaslatipes).In Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, 131:51- 59.
Yang, L., Lin, L., Weng, S., Feng, Z. and Luan, T. (2008). Sexually disrupting effects of nonylphenol and diethylstilbestrol on male silver carp (Carassiusauratus)in aquatic microcosms. Ecotox. Environ. Safety, 71:400–411.
Zaccaroni, A., Gamberoni, M., Mandrioli, L., Sirri, R., Mordenti, O., Scaravelli, D., Sarli, G. and Parmeggiani, A.(2009).Thyroid hormones as a potential early biomarker of exposure to 4-nonylphenol in adult male shubunkins (Carassiusauratus).Sci. Total Environ., 407:3301–3306.
Zha, J., Wang, Z., Wang, N. and Ingersoll, C. (2007).Histological alternation and vitellogenin induction in adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) after exposure to ethinylestradiol and nonylp0henol. Chemosphere, 66: 488-95.
Arukwe, A. and Roe, V.(2008). Molecular and cellular detection of expression of vitellogenin and zonaradiata protein in liver and skin of juvenile salmon (Salmosalar) exposed to nonylphenol. Cell Tissue Res., 331:701-12.
Cardinali, M., Maradonna, F., Olivotto, I., Bortoluzzi, G., Mosconi, G., Polzonetti-Magni, A. M. and Carnevali, O. (2004). Temporary impairment of reproduction in freshwater teleost exposed to nonylphenol. In Reproductive toxicology, 18: 597-604.
Chitra, K. C. and Mathur, P. P. (2004). Vitamin E prevents nonylphenol-induced oxidative stress in testis of rats. In Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 42: 220-223.
Chitra, K.C., Latchoumycandane, C. and Mathur, P. P.(2002).Effect of nonylphenol on the antioxidant system in epididymal sperm of rats.In Archives of toxicology, 76:545-551.
Cionna, C., Maradonna, F., Olivotto, I., Pizzonia, G. and Carnevali, O. (2006).Effects of nonylphenol on juveniles and adults in the grey mullet Liza aurata.Reprod. Toxicol., 22:449–454.
Dubois, W. and Callard, G. V. (1989).Role of the Sertoli cell in spermatogenesis: The Squalus testis model.Fish Physiol. Biochem, 7:221–227.
Guenther, K., Kleist, E. and Thiele, B. (2006).Estrogen?active nonylphenols from an isomer?specific viewpoint: a systematic numbering system and future trends. Anal.Bioanal. Chem., 384: 542–546.
Ishibashi, H., Hirano, M., Matsumura, N., Watanabe, N., Takao, Y. and Arizono, K. (2006).Reproductive effects and bioconcentration of 4-nonylphenol in medaka fish (Oryziaslatipes).Chemosphere, 65:1019–1026.
Jobling, S., Casey, D. T., Rodgers-Gray, J. Oehlmann, U. Schulte-Oehlmann, S. Pawlowski, T. Baunbeck, A. P. Turner and Tyler, C. R, (2003): Comparative response of mollusks and fish to environmental estrogens and an estrogenic effluent. Aquatic Toxicology, 65, 205–220.
Kime, D.E.(1999).A strategy for assessing the effects of xenobiotics on fish reproduction.Sci. Total Environ, 225: 3-11.
Kinnberg, K. and Toft, G.(2003).Effects of estrogenic and antiandrogenic compounds on the testis structure of the adult guppy (Poeciliareticulata). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf., 54:16-24.
Kinnberg.K., Korsgaard, B., Bjerregaard, P., and Jespersen, A.(2000).Effects of nonylphenol and 17b-estradiol on vitellogenin synthesis and testis morphology in male platyfishXiphophorusmaculatus.J. Exp. Biol., 203:171-181.
Kumar, M., Trivedi, S. P., Mishra, A. and Sharma, S.(2007). Histopathological changes in testis of the freshwater fish, Heteropneustesfossilis (Bloch) exposed to liner alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS). J Environ Bio, 28(3):679-684.
Kwak, H.I., Bae, M.O., Lee, M. H., Lee, Y. S., Lee, B.J., Kang, K. S., Chae, C. H., Sung, H.J., Shin, J. S., Kim , J.H., Mar, W.C., Sheen, Y.Y. and Cho, M.H.(2001). Effects of nonylphenol, bisphenol A, and their mixture on the viviparous swordtail fish (Xiphophorushelleri). Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC, 20:787-95.
Lin, L. L and Janz, D. M. (2006).Effects of binary mixtures of xenoestrogens on gonadal development and reproduction in zebrafish.Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands).80: 382-95.
Liney, K.E., Jobling, S., . Shears J.A, Simpson, P. and Tyler, C. R.(2005). Assessing the sensitivity of different life stages for sexual disruption in Roach (Rutilusrutilus) exposed to effluents from wastewater treatment works. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113: 1299–1307.
Loomis, A. K. and Thomas, P.(1999). Binding characteristics of estrogen receptor (ER) in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) testis: different affinity for estrogen and xenobiotics from that of hepatic ER. Biol. Reprod, 61:51-60.
Magliulo, L., Schreibman, M.P., Cepriano, J. and Ling, J. (2002). Endocrine disruption caused by two common pollutants at "acceptable" concentrations. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 24: 71-9.
Matthiessen, P., Arnold, D. ,Johnson,A. C., Pepper, T. J., Pottinger, T. G. and Pullman, K.G.T. (2006). Contamination of headwater streams in the United Kingdom by oestrogenic hormones from livestock farms. Science of the Total Environment, 367: 616–630.
Mekkawy, I.A.A., Mahmoud, U.M. and Sayed, A.H. (2011). Effects of 4- nonylphenol on blood cells of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Tissue Cell, 43: 223– 229.
Nakhala, A. M., Mather, J. P., Janne, O. A. and Bardin, C. W.(1984). Estrogen and androgen receptors in Sertoli, Leydig, myoid and epithelial cells: effects of time in culture and cell density. Endoc.r, 115:121-128.
Popek, W., Dietrich, G., Glogowski, J., Demska-Zakes´, K., Drag-Kozak, E. and Sionkowski, J. (2006). Influence of heavy metals and 4-nonylphenol on reproductive function in fish. Reprod. Biol., 6:175–188.
Rempel, M. A., Reyes, J., Steinert S., Hwang ,W., Armstrong, J., Sakamoto K., Kelley, K. and Schlen, D. (2006). Evaluation of relationships between reproductive metrics, gender and vitellogenin expression in demersal flatfish collected near the municipal wastewater outfall of Orange County, County, California, USA. Aquatic Toxicology, 77: 241–249.
Radhaiah, V., Girija, M. and Rao, K.J. (1987). Changes in selected biochemical parameters in the kidney and blood of the fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters), exposed to heptachlor. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 39:1006–1011.
Rivero, C.L.G., Barbosa, A.C., Ferreira, M.N., Dorea, J.G. and Grisolia, C.K. (2008). Evaluation of genotoxicity and effects on reproduction of nonylphenol in Oreochromisniloticus (Pisces: cichlidae) Ecotoxico.l, 17:732–737.
Shalaby, F. M. and Migeed, H.A.E. (2012).Impact of environmental contaminants on the testis of Oreochromisniloticuswith special reference to ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Lake Manzala (Egypt).J Environ Anal. Toxico, 2:1-8.
Sumpter, J. P. and Jobling, S. (1995). Vitellogenesis as a biomarker for estrogenic contamination of the aquatic environment.Env.Health Perspect.103:173–178
Tabb, M. and Blumberg, B. (2006). New modes of action for endocrine-disrupting chemicals.Mol. Endocrinol, 20:475–82.
Tan, B. L., Kassi, N. M. and Mohd, M. A.(2003). Assessment of pubertal development in juvenile male rats after sub-acute exposure to bisphenol A and nonylphenol.In Toxicology letters, 143:261-270.
Trudeau, V. L., Wade, M. G., Van Der Kraak, G. and Peter, R. E.(1993).Effects of 17b-estradiol on pituitary and testicular function in male goldfish.Can. J. Zool, 71:1131-1135.
U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency.(2000). Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC). Washington, DC: U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency.http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/oscpendo/edspoverview/edstac.htm(accessed September 14, 2006)
Vergilio, C. S., Carvalho, C. E. V. and Melo, E. J. T.(2012).Accumulation and Histopathological effects of mercury chloride after acute exposure in tropical fish Gymnotuscarapo.J Chem Health Risk, 2(4): 1-8.
Vetillard, A. and Bailhache, T. (2006).Effects of 4-n-nonylphenol and tamoxifen on salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone, estrogen receptor and vitellogenin gene expression in juvenile rainbow trout.Toxicol. Sci., 92:537–544.
Weber, L P., Yiannis , K., Hwang, G. S., Niimi, A. J., Janz , D. M. and Metcalfe, C. D.(2002). Increased cellular apoptosis after chronic aqueous exposure to nonylphenol and quercetin in adult medaka (Oryziaslatipes).In Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, 131:51- 59.
Yang, L., Lin, L., Weng, S., Feng, Z. and Luan, T. (2008). Sexually disrupting effects of nonylphenol and diethylstilbestrol on male silver carp (Carassiusauratus)in aquatic microcosms. Ecotox. Environ. Safety, 71:400–411.
Zaccaroni, A., Gamberoni, M., Mandrioli, L., Sirri, R., Mordenti, O., Scaravelli, D., Sarli, G. and Parmeggiani, A.(2009).Thyroid hormones as a potential early biomarker of exposure to 4-nonylphenol in adult male shubunkins (Carassiusauratus).Sci. Total Environ., 407:3301–3306.
Zha, J., Wang, Z., Wang, N. and Ingersoll, C. (2007).Histological alternation and vitellogenin induction in adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) after exposure to ethinylestradiol and nonylp0henol. Chemosphere, 66: 488-95.
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A study on the toxicity of 4-nonylphenol on the histopathology of testes of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). (2018). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(2), 676-680. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1765
