Impact of biotic and abiotic factors on lac production and peoples’ livelihood improvement in India-An overview
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Abstract
In India, Madhya Pradesh is the third largest lac producing state after Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, as they contribute 12, 16 and 60%, respectively in total country’s lac production. Lac is produced in ten out of eleven agro-climatic zones of Madhya Pradesh. In total lac production of the state, Baisakhi (Butea monosperma, inoculated in October-November) crop contributes 76% followed by 19% by Katki (Butea monosperma, inoculated in June-July), 3% by Aghani (Schleichera oleosa, inoculated in June-July) and 2% by Jethwi (Schleichera oleosa, inoculated in January-February). Ranchi was leading lac producing district followed by Simdega, Gumla, Khunti of Jharkhand and Seoni district of Madhya Pradesh. Increasing summer temperature up to 45 ?C, the country’s lac production was declined from 20,050 tons in 2003-04 to 16978 tons in 2014-15. In case of biotic factors, Tachardiaephagus tachardiae and Tetrastichus purpureus are the most abundant lac associated parasites and Eublemma amabilis and Pseudohypatopa pulverea are the most destructive key predators of lac insects. By combating these hindrances, lac cultivation generated an employment for 16-160 man days. Lac cultivation produces maximum gross return (Rs. 9,77,600) from 100 Kusum host plants, and the highest Benefit-Cost (6.80) ratio was recorded for Ber-kusumi (Ziziphus mauritiana- Schleichera oleosa) crop in Ranchi, Jharkhand. In this context, the study finds out obstacles in lac production of India and suggests some control measures to improve lac producing peoples’ livelihood.
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Keywords
Employment generation and income generation, Lac production, Laccifer lacca, parasites, predators
References
Anonymous (2006). Annual Climate Summary 2006. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Anonymous (2007). Annual climate summary 2007. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Anonymous (2008). Annual climate summary 2008. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Anonymous (2009). Annual climate summary 2009. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Anonymous (2010). Annual climate summary 2010. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-25
Anonymous (2011). Annual climate summary 2011. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Anonymous (2012). Annual climate summary 2012. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Anonymous (2013). Annual climate summary 2013. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Bhagat, M.L. and Mishra, Y.D. (2002). Abiotic Factors Affecting Lac Productivity. In: Recent Advances in Lac Culture. Kumar, K.K., R. Ramani and K.K. Sharma (Eds.). ILRI, Ranchi, India, pp 64-68.
Bhattacharya, A., Jaiswal, A. K., Singh, J. P., and Goel, S. C. (2008). Management of Lac Insect Predators through IPM based Biorational Approaches. In: Emerging Trends of Researches in Insect Pest Management and Environmental Safety, Goel, S.C. (Ed.). Vol. 1, Uttar Pradesh Zoological Society, India, pp 221-226.
Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, S. and Jaiswal, A. K. (2007). Evaluation of Trichogramma species for the suppression of lepidopteran insect predator, Eublemma amabilis Moore, in lac culture on Flemingia macrophylla. J. Biol. Control., 21: 267-270.
Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, S., Jaiswal, A. K. and Kumar, K. K. (2006). Trichogramma spp. for the management of Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) – a predator of Indian lac insect. Entomon., 31(2): 121-124.
Chattopadhyay, S. (2011). Introduction to lac and lac culture. Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi-834 006 (Jharkhand). 26p.
Glover, P. M. (1937). Lac Cultivation in India. 2nd Edn. Indian Lac Research Institute, Ranchi, India. 147p.
Gogoi, I. and Dutta, B. C. (2000). Seasonal abundance of cotton jassid, Amrasca Biguttula biguttula (Ishida) on Okra. J. Agric. Sci. Soc., 13: 22-26.
IINRG (2014). Network project on conservation of lac insect genetic resources. Namkum, Ranchi. 12p.
IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 976p.
Jaiswal, A.K., Sharma, K.K. and Kumar, K. K. (2006). Importance of lac in socio-economic life of tribals in Ranchi district (Jharkhand). New Agriculturist, 17(1,2): 133-137.
Jaiswal, A. K., Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, S. and Patamajhi, P. (2007). Evaluation of ethofenprox on Chrysopa madestes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): A serious pest of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr). J. Entomol. Res., 31: 113-114.
Jaiswal, A. K., Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, S. and Singh, J.P. (2008). Evaluation of Bacillus thuringlensis Berliner sub sp kurstaki for management of lepidopteran pests of lac insect. Entomon, 33: 65-69.
Jaiswal, A. K., Govind Pal, Singh, J. P. and Bharati Patel. (2011). Study of lac production growth in Jharkhand: district-wise and crop-wise analysis. Indian Forester, 137(11): 1309-1312.
Jaiswal, A.K. and Sharma, K.K. (2011). Lac insect, its development and life cycle. In: Sharma, K.K. and Ramani, R. (eds) Recent advances in lac culture. 22-26pp.
Jaiswal, A.K., Govind Pal, Singh, J.P. and Bharati Patel. (2013). Growth analysis of lac production in Madhya Pradesh. Indian Forester, 139 (5): 448-452.
Khopragade, D., Thomas, M., Pachori, R., Sharma, J.L. and Shrivastava, A. (2012). Farmer participatory trial on the predator management of Lac insect K. lawwi (Kerr) in Anuppur District, Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Tropical Forestry, 28(1&2): 38-45.
Kumar, S., Kumari, V. and Sharma, A.K. (2007). Ant fauna: A potential bio control agent in lac ecosystem. Indian J. Entomol., 69: 359-362.
Malhotra, C. P. (1983). Control of pests of lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) for easy adoption by cultivators. Indian Shellac, 1: 6-7.
Mandal, J.P. and Sarkhel, J. (2014). Cost of lac cultivation and its profitability in Purulia district- A case study. Business Spectrum, IV (1): 1-10.
Meena, S. C., Sharma, K. K., Mohanasundaram, A., Verma, S. and Monobrullah, M. D. (2014). Insect-pest complex of Flemingia semialata Roxb - a bushy host for lac cultivation. The Bioscan, 9(4): 1375-1381.
Mehra, B. P. (1965). Biology of Chrysopa madestes banks (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Indian J. Entomol., 27: 398- 407.
Mehra, B. P. (1966). Biology of Chrysopa laciperda Kimmins. J. Bombay Natl. Hist. Soc., 63: 215-218.
Mishra, Y. D. (2002). Technology of lac cultivation on Kusum. In: Recent Advances in Lac Culture. Kumar, K.K., R. Ramani and K.K. Sharma (Eds.). ILRI, Ranchi, India. 1-290 pp.
Mishra, Y. D., Chaudhary, S.G., Bhattacharya, A. and Kumar, P. (1999b). Advanced broodlac production technology on Kusum. Technical Bulletin No. 1, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Namkum, Ranchi, India. 1-8 pp.
Mishra, Y. D., Sushil, S. N., Sharma, K. K., Bhattacharya, A. and Jaiswal, A. K. (1996). Efficacy of selected organophosphorus insecticides for control of Chrysopa madestes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): A serious sporadic predator of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr). New Agriculturist, 7: 17-20.
Mishra, Y. D., Sushil, S.N., Bhattacharya, A. and Kumar, S., Mallick, A. and Sharma, K. K. (1999a). Intra specific variation in host plants affecting productivity of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr). J. Non-Timber For. Prod., 6:114-117.
Mittler, R. (2006). Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination. Trends Plant Sci., 11: 15-19.
Mohanta J., Dey, D. G. and Mohanty, N. (2014). Studies on lac insect (Kerria lacca) for conservation of biodiversity in Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2 (1): 1-5.
Murugan, M. and Uthamasamy, S. (2001). Dispersal behaviour of cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci (genn.) under cotton based garden land agro ecosystem of Coimbatore. Madras Agric. J., 88: 1-6.
Narayanan, E. S. (1962). Pest of Lac in India. Indian Lac Research Institute, Ranchi, India. 90-133 pp.
Nicholson, J. W. (1925). Some notes on lac cultivation. Indian forester, 51(10): 483-498.
Pal, G. (2009). Impact of scientific lac cultivation training on lac economy: A study in Jharkhand. Agric. Econ. Res. Rev., 22: 139-143.
Pal, G. (2015). Study on methodology for estimation of lac production in India. International Research Journal of Agricultural Economics and Statistics, 6(1): 205-209.
Pal, G. and Yog, R. K. (2014). Socio-economic status of Lac growers in Korba District of Chhattisgarh. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(1): 167-171.
Pal, G., Bhagat, M. L. and Bhattacharya, A. (2009). Economics and resource use efficiency of Lac cultivation in Jharkhand. Indian J. For., 32: 95-98.
Pal, G., Jaiswal, A. K. and Bhattacharya, A. (2011). Lac statistics at a glance 2010. Technical Bulletin No. 01/2011, Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi. 1-24 pp.
Paul, B., Kumar, S. and Das, A. (2013). Lac cultivation and their host trees found in Bastar Forest Division. Plant Sci. Feed, 3 (1): 8-12.
Panickar, B. K. and Patel, J. R. (2001). Population dynamics of different species of thrips on chilli, cotton and pigeon pea. Indian J. Entomol., 63: 170-175.
Patel, K. I., Patel, J. R., Jayani, D. B., Shekh, A. M. and Patel, N. C. (1997). Effect of seasonal weather on incidence and development of major pests of okra Abelmoschus esculentus. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 67: 181-183.
Rahman, M. M., Ahmed, K. N., Karim, K. N. S. and Ali, M. S. (2009). Bionomics of Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major predator of lac insect and its control measure. Bangladesh J. Scient. Ind. Res., 44: 57-64.
Rao, G. G., Rao, S. N. and Ra, V.U.M. (2009). Trends in rainfall and temperature in rain fed India in previous century. In: Global Climate Change and Indian Agriculture: Case Studies from ICAR Network Project, Aggarwal, P. K. (Ed.). ICAR Publication, New Delhi. 71-73 pp.
Shah, T. H., Thomas, M. and Bhandari, R. (2014). Impact of nutrient management in Zizyphus mauritiana (Lamb.) on the survivability of lac insect and the yield of Aghani crop of Kusmi lac. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2 (5): 160-163.
Shah, T. H., Thomas, M. and Bhandari, R. (2015). Lac production, constraints and management: a review. International Journal of Current Research, 7(3): 13652-13659.
Sharma, K. K. (2007). Lac insect-host plant interaction: implications on quantity and quality of lac. In: model training course on advanced lac production, storage and application technology for employment and income generation. Bhattacharya, A., Jaiswal, A. K., Prasad, N. and Pal, G. (Eds.). ILRI, Ranchi, India. 41-48 pp.
Sharma, K. K., Jaiswal, A. K. and Kumar, K. K. (2006). Role of lac culture in biodiversity conservation: issues at stake and conservation strategy. Current Science, 91(1): 894-898.
Sharma, K. K., Kumari, K. and Lakhanpaul, S. (2007). Super parasitism in Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) and its implication on fecundity and resin producing efficiency of its two strains. Entomon J., 32: 33-39.
Sharma, K. K., Ramani, R. and Mishra, Y.D. (1997). An additional list of the host plants of lac insects, Kerria spp. (Tachardidae: Homoptera). J. Non-Timber For. Prod., 4: 151-155.
Sharma, K.K. (2017). Lac insect and plant host. In: Industrial Entomology. Omkar (ed). Springer Nature, Singapore. 157-180 pp.
Singh, J. P., Jaiswal, A. K. and Monobrullah, M. D. (2011a). Safety evaluation of some newer pesticides against lac insect (Kerria lacca) for managing predators. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 81: 465-469.
Singh, J. P., Jaiswal, A. K., Monobrullah, M. D. and Bhattacharya, A. (2009). Response of some selected insecticides on neuropteran predator (Chrysopa lacciperda) of lac insect (Kerria lacca). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 79: 727-731.
Singh, J.P., Jaiswal, A. K., and Monobrullah, M.D. (2011b). Green lacewing (Chrysoperla zastrowi Arabica) incidence on Indian lac insect (Kerria lacca). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 81:1087-1089.
Shrivastava, S. C. (2007). Advanced lac production, storage and application technology for emplacement and income generation. Model training course on advanced lac production, storage and application technology for employment and income generation. Indian Lac Research Institute, Namkum, Ranchi. 64-67pp.
Thomas, M. (2010). Madhya Pradesh: current status of lac production, issues, remedial measures and support system for development. Current issues related to lac production. 35-37 pp.
Toda, S. and Kashio, T. (1997). Toxic effects of pesticides on the larvae of Chrysoperla carnea. Proc. Assoc. Plant Prot., 43: 101-105.
Yogi, R.K., Kumar Alok and Jaiswal, A.K. (2017). Lac, Plant Resins and Gums Statistics 2015: At a Glance. ICAR-Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi (Jharkhand), India. pp-1-72.
Anonymous (2007). Annual climate summary 2007. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Anonymous (2008). Annual climate summary 2008. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Anonymous (2009). Annual climate summary 2009. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Anonymous (2010). Annual climate summary 2010. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-25
Anonymous (2011). Annual climate summary 2011. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Anonymous (2012). Annual climate summary 2012. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Anonymous (2013). Annual climate summary 2013. Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India. 1-24
Bhagat, M.L. and Mishra, Y.D. (2002). Abiotic Factors Affecting Lac Productivity. In: Recent Advances in Lac Culture. Kumar, K.K., R. Ramani and K.K. Sharma (Eds.). ILRI, Ranchi, India, pp 64-68.
Bhattacharya, A., Jaiswal, A. K., Singh, J. P., and Goel, S. C. (2008). Management of Lac Insect Predators through IPM based Biorational Approaches. In: Emerging Trends of Researches in Insect Pest Management and Environmental Safety, Goel, S.C. (Ed.). Vol. 1, Uttar Pradesh Zoological Society, India, pp 221-226.
Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, S. and Jaiswal, A. K. (2007). Evaluation of Trichogramma species for the suppression of lepidopteran insect predator, Eublemma amabilis Moore, in lac culture on Flemingia macrophylla. J. Biol. Control., 21: 267-270.
Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, S., Jaiswal, A. K. and Kumar, K. K. (2006). Trichogramma spp. for the management of Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) – a predator of Indian lac insect. Entomon., 31(2): 121-124.
Chattopadhyay, S. (2011). Introduction to lac and lac culture. Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi-834 006 (Jharkhand). 26p.
Glover, P. M. (1937). Lac Cultivation in India. 2nd Edn. Indian Lac Research Institute, Ranchi, India. 147p.
Gogoi, I. and Dutta, B. C. (2000). Seasonal abundance of cotton jassid, Amrasca Biguttula biguttula (Ishida) on Okra. J. Agric. Sci. Soc., 13: 22-26.
IINRG (2014). Network project on conservation of lac insect genetic resources. Namkum, Ranchi. 12p.
IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 976p.
Jaiswal, A.K., Sharma, K.K. and Kumar, K. K. (2006). Importance of lac in socio-economic life of tribals in Ranchi district (Jharkhand). New Agriculturist, 17(1,2): 133-137.
Jaiswal, A. K., Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, S. and Patamajhi, P. (2007). Evaluation of ethofenprox on Chrysopa madestes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): A serious pest of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr). J. Entomol. Res., 31: 113-114.
Jaiswal, A. K., Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, S. and Singh, J.P. (2008). Evaluation of Bacillus thuringlensis Berliner sub sp kurstaki for management of lepidopteran pests of lac insect. Entomon, 33: 65-69.
Jaiswal, A. K., Govind Pal, Singh, J. P. and Bharati Patel. (2011). Study of lac production growth in Jharkhand: district-wise and crop-wise analysis. Indian Forester, 137(11): 1309-1312.
Jaiswal, A.K. and Sharma, K.K. (2011). Lac insect, its development and life cycle. In: Sharma, K.K. and Ramani, R. (eds) Recent advances in lac culture. 22-26pp.
Jaiswal, A.K., Govind Pal, Singh, J.P. and Bharati Patel. (2013). Growth analysis of lac production in Madhya Pradesh. Indian Forester, 139 (5): 448-452.
Khopragade, D., Thomas, M., Pachori, R., Sharma, J.L. and Shrivastava, A. (2012). Farmer participatory trial on the predator management of Lac insect K. lawwi (Kerr) in Anuppur District, Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Tropical Forestry, 28(1&2): 38-45.
Kumar, S., Kumari, V. and Sharma, A.K. (2007). Ant fauna: A potential bio control agent in lac ecosystem. Indian J. Entomol., 69: 359-362.
Malhotra, C. P. (1983). Control of pests of lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) for easy adoption by cultivators. Indian Shellac, 1: 6-7.
Mandal, J.P. and Sarkhel, J. (2014). Cost of lac cultivation and its profitability in Purulia district- A case study. Business Spectrum, IV (1): 1-10.
Meena, S. C., Sharma, K. K., Mohanasundaram, A., Verma, S. and Monobrullah, M. D. (2014). Insect-pest complex of Flemingia semialata Roxb - a bushy host for lac cultivation. The Bioscan, 9(4): 1375-1381.
Mehra, B. P. (1965). Biology of Chrysopa madestes banks (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Indian J. Entomol., 27: 398- 407.
Mehra, B. P. (1966). Biology of Chrysopa laciperda Kimmins. J. Bombay Natl. Hist. Soc., 63: 215-218.
Mishra, Y. D. (2002). Technology of lac cultivation on Kusum. In: Recent Advances in Lac Culture. Kumar, K.K., R. Ramani and K.K. Sharma (Eds.). ILRI, Ranchi, India. 1-290 pp.
Mishra, Y. D., Chaudhary, S.G., Bhattacharya, A. and Kumar, P. (1999b). Advanced broodlac production technology on Kusum. Technical Bulletin No. 1, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Namkum, Ranchi, India. 1-8 pp.
Mishra, Y. D., Sushil, S. N., Sharma, K. K., Bhattacharya, A. and Jaiswal, A. K. (1996). Efficacy of selected organophosphorus insecticides for control of Chrysopa madestes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): A serious sporadic predator of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr). New Agriculturist, 7: 17-20.
Mishra, Y. D., Sushil, S.N., Bhattacharya, A. and Kumar, S., Mallick, A. and Sharma, K. K. (1999a). Intra specific variation in host plants affecting productivity of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr). J. Non-Timber For. Prod., 6:114-117.
Mittler, R. (2006). Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination. Trends Plant Sci., 11: 15-19.
Mohanta J., Dey, D. G. and Mohanty, N. (2014). Studies on lac insect (Kerria lacca) for conservation of biodiversity in Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2 (1): 1-5.
Murugan, M. and Uthamasamy, S. (2001). Dispersal behaviour of cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci (genn.) under cotton based garden land agro ecosystem of Coimbatore. Madras Agric. J., 88: 1-6.
Narayanan, E. S. (1962). Pest of Lac in India. Indian Lac Research Institute, Ranchi, India. 90-133 pp.
Nicholson, J. W. (1925). Some notes on lac cultivation. Indian forester, 51(10): 483-498.
Pal, G. (2009). Impact of scientific lac cultivation training on lac economy: A study in Jharkhand. Agric. Econ. Res. Rev., 22: 139-143.
Pal, G. (2015). Study on methodology for estimation of lac production in India. International Research Journal of Agricultural Economics and Statistics, 6(1): 205-209.
Pal, G. and Yog, R. K. (2014). Socio-economic status of Lac growers in Korba District of Chhattisgarh. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(1): 167-171.
Pal, G., Bhagat, M. L. and Bhattacharya, A. (2009). Economics and resource use efficiency of Lac cultivation in Jharkhand. Indian J. For., 32: 95-98.
Pal, G., Jaiswal, A. K. and Bhattacharya, A. (2011). Lac statistics at a glance 2010. Technical Bulletin No. 01/2011, Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi. 1-24 pp.
Paul, B., Kumar, S. and Das, A. (2013). Lac cultivation and their host trees found in Bastar Forest Division. Plant Sci. Feed, 3 (1): 8-12.
Panickar, B. K. and Patel, J. R. (2001). Population dynamics of different species of thrips on chilli, cotton and pigeon pea. Indian J. Entomol., 63: 170-175.
Patel, K. I., Patel, J. R., Jayani, D. B., Shekh, A. M. and Patel, N. C. (1997). Effect of seasonal weather on incidence and development of major pests of okra Abelmoschus esculentus. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 67: 181-183.
Rahman, M. M., Ahmed, K. N., Karim, K. N. S. and Ali, M. S. (2009). Bionomics of Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major predator of lac insect and its control measure. Bangladesh J. Scient. Ind. Res., 44: 57-64.
Rao, G. G., Rao, S. N. and Ra, V.U.M. (2009). Trends in rainfall and temperature in rain fed India in previous century. In: Global Climate Change and Indian Agriculture: Case Studies from ICAR Network Project, Aggarwal, P. K. (Ed.). ICAR Publication, New Delhi. 71-73 pp.
Shah, T. H., Thomas, M. and Bhandari, R. (2014). Impact of nutrient management in Zizyphus mauritiana (Lamb.) on the survivability of lac insect and the yield of Aghani crop of Kusmi lac. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2 (5): 160-163.
Shah, T. H., Thomas, M. and Bhandari, R. (2015). Lac production, constraints and management: a review. International Journal of Current Research, 7(3): 13652-13659.
Sharma, K. K. (2007). Lac insect-host plant interaction: implications on quantity and quality of lac. In: model training course on advanced lac production, storage and application technology for employment and income generation. Bhattacharya, A., Jaiswal, A. K., Prasad, N. and Pal, G. (Eds.). ILRI, Ranchi, India. 41-48 pp.
Sharma, K. K., Jaiswal, A. K. and Kumar, K. K. (2006). Role of lac culture in biodiversity conservation: issues at stake and conservation strategy. Current Science, 91(1): 894-898.
Sharma, K. K., Kumari, K. and Lakhanpaul, S. (2007). Super parasitism in Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) and its implication on fecundity and resin producing efficiency of its two strains. Entomon J., 32: 33-39.
Sharma, K. K., Ramani, R. and Mishra, Y.D. (1997). An additional list of the host plants of lac insects, Kerria spp. (Tachardidae: Homoptera). J. Non-Timber For. Prod., 4: 151-155.
Sharma, K.K. (2017). Lac insect and plant host. In: Industrial Entomology. Omkar (ed). Springer Nature, Singapore. 157-180 pp.
Singh, J. P., Jaiswal, A. K. and Monobrullah, M. D. (2011a). Safety evaluation of some newer pesticides against lac insect (Kerria lacca) for managing predators. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 81: 465-469.
Singh, J. P., Jaiswal, A. K., Monobrullah, M. D. and Bhattacharya, A. (2009). Response of some selected insecticides on neuropteran predator (Chrysopa lacciperda) of lac insect (Kerria lacca). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 79: 727-731.
Singh, J.P., Jaiswal, A. K., and Monobrullah, M.D. (2011b). Green lacewing (Chrysoperla zastrowi Arabica) incidence on Indian lac insect (Kerria lacca). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 81:1087-1089.
Shrivastava, S. C. (2007). Advanced lac production, storage and application technology for emplacement and income generation. Model training course on advanced lac production, storage and application technology for employment and income generation. Indian Lac Research Institute, Namkum, Ranchi. 64-67pp.
Thomas, M. (2010). Madhya Pradesh: current status of lac production, issues, remedial measures and support system for development. Current issues related to lac production. 35-37 pp.
Toda, S. and Kashio, T. (1997). Toxic effects of pesticides on the larvae of Chrysoperla carnea. Proc. Assoc. Plant Prot., 43: 101-105.
Yogi, R.K., Kumar Alok and Jaiswal, A.K. (2017). Lac, Plant Resins and Gums Statistics 2015: At a Glance. ICAR-Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi (Jharkhand), India. pp-1-72.
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Impact of biotic and abiotic factors on lac production and peoples’ livelihood improvement in India-An overview. (2018). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(3), 894-904. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1761
