Fate of some heavy metals in soils: a review
Article Main
Abstract
This review revealed that heavy metals are naturally components of the soil orchestrated by weathering processes and that the abundance of these metals in our soil environment nowadays is due to numerous anthropogenic activities. These heavy metals are in two major categories namely the essential and non- essential ones. The essential heavy metals are needed in trace amount by living things for their physiological processes. But at higher concentration, it is hazardous in plants and animals. On the other hand, the non essential ones are
dangerous to plants and animals even at low concentrations. This write-up further showed that soil pH, organic carbon, available P, oxides, effective cation exchange capacity, moisture content, oxidation-reduction state of the metals, ion exchange and sorption capacity of the metals are some of the soil factors influencing the fate and availability of the heavy metals. At lower levels of these soil factors, heavy metal ions are rendered free in the solution thereby making them available to plant and underground water. However, the most prominent soil factor influencing availability of these metals is the Soil pH. Raising some of these soil factors to appropriate levels have been discovered to reduce the availability of the heavy metals to mankind.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Heavy metal, Soil, Contamination, Ion exchange
References
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Fotovat, A., Naidu, R. and Summer, M.E. (1997). Water : Soil ratio influences on aqueous phase chemistry of indigenous copper and zinc in soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 35:687-710.
Friedland, A. J., Johnson, A. H. and Sicecama, T.G. (1984). Trace metal content of the forest floor in the green mountain of Vermount spatial and temporal patterns. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 21(1-4): 101-170.
Gao, S. A., Walker, W. J., Dahlgren, R. A. and Bold, J. (1997). Simultaneous sorption of Cd, Cu, N, Zn, Pb and Cr on soils treated with sewage sludge supernation. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 93:331-345.
Garate, A., Mateos, M. and Sanchez-Andreau, J. (1983). Study of relation between changes of trace element level (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn) and edaphic factors II: organic matter. Agrochimica, 27(1): 36-43.
Ghosh, M. and Singh, S.P. (2005). A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its byproducts. Applied Biology and Environmental Research, 3 (1) 1-18.
Girth, J., Schimming, C.G. and Brummer, G.(1981). Effect of formation of chloro-complex on the solubility and adsorption of nickel, zinc and cadmium.Mitteilungen der Deutschen. Roden Kundlic Gesellschaff, 30:19-29
Gotoh, S. and Patrick, W.H. (1972). Transformation of manganese in a waterlogged soil as affected by redox potential and pH. Soil Science Society of America Proceeding, 36:738-742.
Hanafi, M.M. and Sjiaola, J. (1998). Cadmium and zinc in acid tropical soil: Soil physicochemical properties effect on their adsorption. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 29:1919- 1931.
Haynes, R.J. and Swiss, R.J. (1984). Amounts and form of micronutrients cations in a group of loessal grassland soils of New Zealand. Geoderma, 33(1) 53-62.
Henry, J.R. (2000). An overview of phytoremeidation of lead and mercury. NNEMS Report, Washington D.C. 3-9.
Herms, U. and Tent, L. (1982). Heavy metal content of harbour mud of agricultural soil on dredged harbour sediments in Hamburg region Geologisches Jahrbuch No. 12, 3-11.
Huheey, J.E. (1983). Inorganic chemistry principles of structure and reactivity 3rd ed. Harper and Row San Francisco C.A. 306pp.
Jeffery, J.J. and Uren, N.C. (1983). Copper and Zinc species in the soil solution and the effects of some pH. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 21(4): 479-488.
Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H. (1989). Trace elements in the soil and plants CRS Press Boca raton FL.324pp.
Kalcher, K., Kosmus, W. and Pietsichi, R. (1983). Investigation on the vertical distribution of the toxic heavy metals load and cadmium with a raised bed. Telma, 13:173-183.
Khan, S., Quresho, M.A. and Singh, J. (1997). Influence of Heavy metal composition on the mobility of some micronutrients through soil. Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 39 (3) : 217-221.
Kinneburgh, D.G., Jackson, M.L. and Sayers, I.K. (1976). Adsorption of alkaline, earth, transition and heavy metal cations by hydrous oxide gels of iron and aluminium. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 40:796-799.
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Fate of some heavy metals in soils: a review. (2011). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 3(1), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v3i1.171
