Effect of sewage-water irrigation on physico-chemical parameters with special reference to heavy metals in agricultural soil of Haridwar city
Article Main
Abstract
The present study revealed that use of sewage for irrigation of agricultural soil of Haridwar city improved the water holding capacity (+27.98%), electrical conductivity (+196.15%), sulphate (+2.34%), organic carbon (+30.48%), total Kjeldhal nitrogen (+87.5%), available potassium (+25.77%) and available phosphorous (+59.97%) and fertility status of the soil in comparison to natural water irrigated soil. Further sewage irrigation also resulted in a significant build-up of total Pb (+98.95%), Ni (+128.29%), Cu (+253.17%), Fe (+39.74%), Cd (+30.92%), Zn (+696.03%) and Cr (+13.15%) than the natural water irrigated soil. The mean concentrations of these metals were below the permissible limits of Indian standards. The enrichment factor (Ef) for Cu (9.62) was maximum and minimum for Cr (1.13).The Ef for different metals was in the order of Cu> Zn > Ni > Pb > Cd > Cr > Fe. Pollution index (Pi) value of the sewage water irrigated soil ranged from 0.505 to 0.901 which indicated that the soil was not yet polluted.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Soil, Heavy metal, Enrichment factor, Pollution index
References
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Ansari, Mohd Ikram and Malik, Abdul (2010). Seasonal variation of different microorganisms with nickel and cadmium in the industrial wastewater and agricultural soils. Environ Monit Assess., 167:151-163.
Anu, Upadhyaya, S.K. and Bajpai Avinash(2010). Seasonal Analysis of Soil Sediment of Shahpura Lake of Bhopal (M.P.). International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 1 (4): 333 - 335.
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Barra, R., Popp, P., Quiroz, R., Bauer, C., Cid, H., and von Tumpling, W. (2005). Persistent toxic substances in soils and waters along an altitudinal gradient in the Laja River Basin, Central Southern Chile. Chemosphere, 58(7): 905-915.
Bremner, J. M. and Mulvaney, C. S. (1982). Nitrogen-total. In: Page AL et al (eds) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 595–624.
Bigdeli, M. and Seilsepour, M. (2008). Investigation of Metals Accumulation in Some Vegetables Irrigated with Waste Water in Shahre Rey-Iran and Toxicological Implications. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 4 (1): 86-92.
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Chen, Z. S., Lee, G. J. and Liu, J. C. (2000). The effects of chemical remediation treatments on the extractability and speciation of cadmium and lead in contaminated soils. Chemosphere, 41: 235-242.
Chaturvedi, R.K. and Sankar, K. (2006). Laboratory manual for the physico-chemical analysis of soil, water and plant. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Pp 97.
Charman, P.E.V. and Murphy, B.W (2000). Soils. Their Properties and Management. In a Soil Conservation Handbook for New South Wales. Sydney University Press. Sydney. pp 464.
Cuny, D., Denayer, F. O., Foucault, R., Schumacker, P. and Haluwayn, C. V. (2004). Patterns of metal soil contamination and changes in terrestrial cryptogamic communities. Environmental Pollution, 129, 289–297
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Dikinya, O. and Areola, O. (2010). Comparative analysis of heavy metal concentration in secondary treated wastewater irrigated soils cultivated by different crops. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 7 (2), 337-346
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Ghrefat, H. and Yusuf, N. (2006). Assessing Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Cd pollution in bottom sediments of Wadi Al- Arab Dam, Jordan. Chemosphere, 65 : 2114 - 2121.
Harner, T., Bidleman, T. F., Jantunen, L. M. M. and Mackay, D. (2001). Soil air exchange model of persistent pesticides in the United States cotton belt. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20 (7):1612-1621.
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Jagtap, M. N., Kulkarni, M. V. and Puranik, P. R. (2010). Flux of heavy metals in soils irrigated with urban wastewaters. American Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 8 (5): 487-493.
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Kim, K. H., and Kim, S. H. (1999). Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils in central regions of Korea. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 111: 109-122.
Kloke, A. (1979). Content of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, flourine, lead, mercury and nickel in plants grow on contaminated soil, Paper presented at United Nations ECE, Symposium.
Masto, R .E., Chhonkar P. K. , Singh, D. and Patra, A. K. (2008). Changes in soil quality indicators under long-term sewage irrigation in a sub-tropical environment. Environ Geol., DOI 10.1007/s00254-008-1223-2.
Mishra, Archana and Tripathi, Brahma Dutt (2007). Heavy metal contamination of soil, and bioaccumulation in vegetables irrigated with treated waste water in the tropical city of Varanasi, India. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 1-10. DOI: 10.1080/02772240701740197.
Mashi, S. A. and Alhassan, M. M. (2007). Effects of wastewater discharge on heavy metals pollution in fadama soils in Kano city, Nigeria. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 20: 70-77.
Olsen, S.R., C.V. Cole, F.S. Watanabe and L.A. Qean (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Cire USQep. Agri. Q 39.
Ramulu Sree, U.S. DR. (2001). Reuse of municipal sewage and sludge in agriculture. Scientific publishers (India), Jodhpur: 86.
Renukaprasanna, M., Channal, H. T. and Sarangamath, P. A. (2002). Charactrisation of city sewage and its impact on soils and water bodies. 17th WCSS Thailand. Poster presentation Paper No. 70, Symposium no 24.
Ryan, John , Masri, Samir and Manzoor Qadir (2006). Nutrient monitoring of sewage water irrigation: Impacts for soil quality and crop nutrition. Communications in Soil Science and Plant
Analysis, 37: 2513–2521.
Sakan, S., Dordevic, M., Dragana S. and Manojlovic, D. D. (2010). Trace elements as tracers of environmental pollution in the canal sediments (alluvial formation of the Danube River, Serbia). Environ Monit Assess., 167:219–233.
Sanghi, R. and Sasi, K. S. (2001). Pesticides and heavy metals in agricultural soils of Kanpur, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 67: 446 - 454.
Saha, J. K., Panwar, N., Srivastava , A., Biswas, A. K., Kundu, S. and Subba Rao, A. (2010) Chemical, biochemical, and biological impact of untreated domestic sewage water use on Vertisol and its consequences on wheat (Triticum aestivum) productivity. Environ Monit Assess., 161:403-412, DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-0756-5.
Saxena, M. M. (1990). Environmental analysis water, soil and air. Agro botanical publishers. pp. 125-126.
Siebe, .C (1998). Nutrient inputs to soils and their uptake by alfalfa through long-term irrigation with untreated sewage effluent in Mexico. Soil Use Manage.,13 :1-5.
Smith, S. R. (1994). Effect of soil pH on availability to crops of metals in sewage sludge-created soils. I. Nickel, copper and zinc uptake and toxicity to ryegrass. Environmental Pollution, 85(3): 321–327.
Sutherland, R. A. (2000). Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Geology, 39:611- 627.
Vinod Kumar and Chopra, A. K. (2010). Influence of sugar mill effluent on physico-chemical characteristics of soil at Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci., 2 (2): 269-279.
Walkley, A. and Black, I.A.(1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37:29-38.
Yargholi, B. and Azimi, A. A. (2008). Investigation of Cadmium absorbtion and accumulation in different parts of some vegetables.American Eurasian J. Agric and Environ. Sci., 3(3): 357-364.
Yadav, R.K., Goyal, B., Sharma R.K., Dubey S.K. and Minhas, P.S. (2002). Post irrigation impact of domestic sewage effluent on composition of soils , crops and ground water – A Case study. Environl. Int., 28:481- 486.
Amiri, S. S., Maralian, H. and Aghabarati, A. (2008). Heavy metal accumulation in Melilotus officinalis under crown Olea europaea L forest irrigated with wastewater. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7 (21): 3912-3916.
Amusan, A. A., Ige, D.V. and R. Olawale (2005). Characteristics of Soils and Crops uptake of metals in municipal waste dump sites in Nigeria. J. Hum. Ecol., 17(3): 167-171.
Ansari, Mohd Ikram and Malik, Abdul (2010). Seasonal variation of different microorganisms with nickel and cadmium in the industrial wastewater and agricultural soils. Environ Monit Assess., 167:151-163.
Anu, Upadhyaya, S.K. and Bajpai Avinash(2010). Seasonal Analysis of Soil Sediment of Shahpura Lake of Bhopal (M.P.). International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 1 (4): 333 - 335.
AOAC (1990). Official methods of Analyses. Method No. 975.03 metal in plants, AAS method. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc. USA. 15th Edition. pp 42.
Barra, R., Popp, P., Quiroz, R., Bauer, C., Cid, H., and von Tumpling, W. (2005). Persistent toxic substances in soils and waters along an altitudinal gradient in the Laja River Basin, Central Southern Chile. Chemosphere, 58(7): 905-915.
Bremner, J. M. and Mulvaney, C. S. (1982). Nitrogen-total. In: Page AL et al (eds) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 595–624.
Bigdeli, M. and Seilsepour, M. (2008). Investigation of Metals Accumulation in Some Vegetables Irrigated with Waste Water in Shahre Rey-Iran and Toxicological Implications. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 4 (1): 86-92.
Carter, M.R. (1993). Soil sampling and method of analysis, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
Chen, Z. S., Lee, G. J. and Liu, J. C. (2000). The effects of chemical remediation treatments on the extractability and speciation of cadmium and lead in contaminated soils. Chemosphere, 41: 235-242.
Chaturvedi, R.K. and Sankar, K. (2006). Laboratory manual for the physico-chemical analysis of soil, water and plant. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Pp 97.
Charman, P.E.V. and Murphy, B.W (2000). Soils. Their Properties and Management. In a Soil Conservation Handbook for New South Wales. Sydney University Press. Sydney. pp 464.
Cuny, D., Denayer, F. O., Foucault, R., Schumacker, P. and Haluwayn, C. V. (2004). Patterns of metal soil contamination and changes in terrestrial cryptogamic communities. Environmental Pollution, 129, 289–297
Delibacak, S., Okur, B. and Ongun, A. R. (2009). Effects of treated sewage sludge levels on temporal variations of some soil properties of a typic xerofluvent soil in menemen plain, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess., 148:85–95
Dikinya, O. and Areola, O. (2010). Comparative analysis of heavy metal concentration in secondary treated wastewater irrigated soils cultivated by different crops. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 7 (2), 337-346
Duan, R., Fedler, C.B. and Sheppard, C. D. (2009b). Nitrogen leaching losses from a wastewater land application system. Water Environment Research, accepted, doi:10.2175/ 106143009X12487095236397
Feign, A., Ravina, I. and Shalhevet, J. (1991). Irrigation with treated sewage effluent: management for environmental protection. Springer, Berlin.
Ghrefat, H. and Yusuf, N. (2006). Assessing Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Cd pollution in bottom sediments of Wadi Al- Arab Dam, Jordan. Chemosphere, 65 : 2114 - 2121.
Harner, T., Bidleman, T. F., Jantunen, L. M. M. and Mackay, D. (2001). Soil air exchange model of persistent pesticides in the United States cotton belt. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20 (7):1612-1621.
Hanway, J.J. and H. Heidq (1952). Soil analysis methods as used in Iowa state college soil testing laboratory. Iowa Agri., 57:1-31.
Jagtap, M. N., Kulkarni, M. V. and Puranik, P. R. (2010). Flux of heavy metals in soils irrigated with urban wastewaters. American Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 8 (5): 487-493.
Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H. (1992). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, second ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Kim, K. H., and Kim, S. H. (1999). Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils in central regions of Korea. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 111: 109-122.
Kloke, A. (1979). Content of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, flourine, lead, mercury and nickel in plants grow on contaminated soil, Paper presented at United Nations ECE, Symposium.
Masto, R .E., Chhonkar P. K. , Singh, D. and Patra, A. K. (2008). Changes in soil quality indicators under long-term sewage irrigation in a sub-tropical environment. Environ Geol., DOI 10.1007/s00254-008-1223-2.
Mishra, Archana and Tripathi, Brahma Dutt (2007). Heavy metal contamination of soil, and bioaccumulation in vegetables irrigated with treated waste water in the tropical city of Varanasi, India. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 1-10. DOI: 10.1080/02772240701740197.
Mashi, S. A. and Alhassan, M. M. (2007). Effects of wastewater discharge on heavy metals pollution in fadama soils in Kano city, Nigeria. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 20: 70-77.
Olsen, S.R., C.V. Cole, F.S. Watanabe and L.A. Qean (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Cire USQep. Agri. Q 39.
Ramulu Sree, U.S. DR. (2001). Reuse of municipal sewage and sludge in agriculture. Scientific publishers (India), Jodhpur: 86.
Renukaprasanna, M., Channal, H. T. and Sarangamath, P. A. (2002). Charactrisation of city sewage and its impact on soils and water bodies. 17th WCSS Thailand. Poster presentation Paper No. 70, Symposium no 24.
Ryan, John , Masri, Samir and Manzoor Qadir (2006). Nutrient monitoring of sewage water irrigation: Impacts for soil quality and crop nutrition. Communications in Soil Science and Plant
Analysis, 37: 2513–2521.
Sakan, S., Dordevic, M., Dragana S. and Manojlovic, D. D. (2010). Trace elements as tracers of environmental pollution in the canal sediments (alluvial formation of the Danube River, Serbia). Environ Monit Assess., 167:219–233.
Sanghi, R. and Sasi, K. S. (2001). Pesticides and heavy metals in agricultural soils of Kanpur, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 67: 446 - 454.
Saha, J. K., Panwar, N., Srivastava , A., Biswas, A. K., Kundu, S. and Subba Rao, A. (2010) Chemical, biochemical, and biological impact of untreated domestic sewage water use on Vertisol and its consequences on wheat (Triticum aestivum) productivity. Environ Monit Assess., 161:403-412, DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-0756-5.
Saxena, M. M. (1990). Environmental analysis water, soil and air. Agro botanical publishers. pp. 125-126.
Siebe, .C (1998). Nutrient inputs to soils and their uptake by alfalfa through long-term irrigation with untreated sewage effluent in Mexico. Soil Use Manage.,13 :1-5.
Smith, S. R. (1994). Effect of soil pH on availability to crops of metals in sewage sludge-created soils. I. Nickel, copper and zinc uptake and toxicity to ryegrass. Environmental Pollution, 85(3): 321–327.
Sutherland, R. A. (2000). Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Geology, 39:611- 627.
Vinod Kumar and Chopra, A. K. (2010). Influence of sugar mill effluent on physico-chemical characteristics of soil at Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci., 2 (2): 269-279.
Walkley, A. and Black, I.A.(1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37:29-38.
Yargholi, B. and Azimi, A. A. (2008). Investigation of Cadmium absorbtion and accumulation in different parts of some vegetables.American Eurasian J. Agric and Environ. Sci., 3(3): 357-364.
Yadav, R.K., Goyal, B., Sharma R.K., Dubey S.K. and Minhas, P.S. (2002). Post irrigation impact of domestic sewage effluent on composition of soils , crops and ground water – A Case study. Environl. Int., 28:481- 486.
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Effect of sewage-water irrigation on physico-chemical parameters with special reference to heavy metals in agricultural soil of Haridwar city. (2011). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 3(1), 108-113. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v3i1.166
