A study on livelihood activities followed by the male rural youths in flood affected Dhemaji district of Assam state of India
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Abstract
The study was conducted at flood affected Dhemaji district of Assam where the flood is a major concern for the livelihood of rural male youth. The paper focused on existing livelihood activities opted by of rural male youths, their reason for choosing the activities and problems encountered in doing it. To date, no study has looked specifically at all the three aspects. The present study together investigated all the three elements. The study selected 200 rural male youths from the district as respondents following multistage random sampling. The survey found the mean age of the respondents as 28.83 years. The study found that the respondents opted 17 types of livelihood activities. Most (25.50%) of the interviewees chose sali rice cultivation, and they (100.00%) cited the availability of suitable land as a reason. Under vegetable cultivation, 96.07% respondents mentioned scope for round the year production and income generation as reasons. The respondents opted piggery(100.00%), poultry (100.00%), weaving (100.00%), dairy (92.85%), goatery (91.66%) and fishery (90.00%) mentioned high market demand as a reason. Regarding the problem, all respondents (100.00%) opting sali rice cultivation and vegetable cultivation reported flood, flood-induced sand and insufficient irrigation as problems. The high price of improved livestock breed was an issue for respondents (100.00%) opting dairy, poultry, and piggery. In fishery, 80.00% respondents mentioned nonavailability of quality fingerlings as a problem. The paper urges the policy makers, researchers and development organisations for utilising the findings to select appropriate interventions for providing livelihood security to male rural youths of Dhemaji district of Assam State, India.
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Keywords
Dhemaji, Flood affected area, Livelihood, activities, Male rural youths
References
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Bordoloi, R. and Muzzaddadi, A.U.(2015). Indigenous technical knowledge associated with disaster management and fisheries related activities in the highest flood affected district (Dhemaji) of Assam, India. Indian J Tradit Know . 14(3) :407-415. Retrieved April 8, 2017 from http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/32104/1/IJTK%2014(3)%20407-415.pdf
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Chetia, J. (2014). Migration and employment in India: a study in Dhemaji district of Assam. Int J Current Res. 6(1): 4781-4783. November 14, 2016 from http://www.journalcra.com/sites/default/files/4720.pdf
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Introduction (n.d.). Retrieved November, 8, 2015 from http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in/ bitstream/123456789/ 192/2/02_ntroduction.pdf
ICAR - Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute (ATARI), Umium (2016). ‘Dhemaji district Inventory of Agriculture- 2015’ The Director, ICAR - Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Umium, Meghalaya- Retrieved April 11, 2017 from http://www.icarzcu3.gov.in/Dist_Agri_Inventory/Dhemaji.pdf
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Islam R., Nath P., Bharali A. and Borah, R.(2015). Analysis of benefit-cost(B:C)ratio of Vanaraja and local chicken of Assam under backyard system of rearing. J. Res. Agric. Anim. Sci. 3(7):7-10. Retrieved April 11, 2017, from http://www.questjournals.org/jraas/papers/vol3-issue7/B370710.pdf
Jha, S. (2014). ‘Jobs fail to catch up with India's growing youth population’. Retrieved July 15, 2015 from http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/jobs-fail-to-catch-up-with-india-s-growing-youth-population-114070300112_1.html
Joshi, P.K., Tewari, L. and Birthal, P.S. (2006). Diversification and its impact on smallholders: evidence from a study on vegetable production. Agril. Economics Res. Rev. 19(2): 219-236.
Kimaro, P.J., Towo, N.N. and Moshi, B.H. (2015). Determinants of rural youth’s participation in agricultural activities: the case of Kahe East Ward in Moshi rural district, Tanzania. Int. J. Economics, Commerce and Management. 3(2):1-47. Retrieved April 11, 2017 from http://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/3235.pdf
Krantz, L. (2001). ‘The sustainable livelihood approaches to poverty reduction- an introduction’. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Division for Policy and Socio-Economic Analysis. Retrieved July 5, 2015 from http://www.sida.se/contentassets/bd474c210163447c9a7963d77c64148a/the-sustainable-livelihood-approach-to-poverty-reduction_2656.pdf
Live Better With the Flood ? An Approach for Sustainable Livelihood Security in District Dhemaji, Assam- A Case Study’ (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2017 from http://www.afpro.org/naip/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2013/12/Case-Study-NAIPAFPRO.pdf
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Bakshi, P. (2013). Decreasing land holdings biggest challenge for Indian agriculture: NABARD. An interview published in The Economics Times on Aug 24, 2013 given to Dhandeo, H.D. (2013). Retrieved July 15, 2015 from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444004_1_indian-agriculture-one-crore-farmers-farmers-capacity.
Bennell, P. (2010). ‘Investing in the future, creating opportunities for young rural people’. p. 5. Retrieved July 18, 2015 from http://www.ifad.org/events/gc/34/panels/invest_future.pdf
Borah, D. (2014). An analysis of livelihood diversification among the farmers of sand and silt deposited areas of Dhemaji district of Assam. M.Sc thesis (Unpublished) Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, India
Bordoloi, R. and Muzzaddadi, A.U.(2015). Indigenous technical knowledge associated with disaster management and fisheries related activities in the highest flood affected district (Dhemaji) of Assam, India. Indian J Tradit Know . 14(3) :407-415. Retrieved April 8, 2017 from http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/32104/1/IJTK%2014(3)%20407-415.pdf
Census of India (2011)a. C-13 Single year age returns by residence and sex . Retrieved July 15, 2015 from www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/c-13/DDW-0000C-13.xls
Census of India (2011)b.‘District Census Handbook Dhemaji’. Series-19, Part XII-B, Directorate of Census Operations, Assam. Retrieved July 15, 2015 from www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1809_PART_B_DCHB_DHEMAJI.pdf
Chetia, J. (2014). Migration and employment in India: a study in Dhemaji district of Assam. Int J Current Res. 6(1): 4781-4783. November 14, 2016 from http://www.journalcra.com/sites/default/files/4720.pdf
Das, S.K. (2000). Fish seeds: quality vs quantity -a practical approach to quality fish seed production. In S.K.Das (ed.) Proceedings of the first state-level workshop on current status and future of the fish seed production industry in the State of Assam. April 8-9, 1999. Special Publication 3, College of Fisheries, Assam Agricultural University, Raha, Nagaon, Assam, India. pp. 1-4. Retrieved November 15, 2016 from http://assamagribusiness.nic.in/New/FishSeedProductionIndustry.pdf
Das, K.(2012). Farm productivity loss due to flood-induced sand deposition: a study in Dhemaji, India. OKD Institute of Social Change and Development, Guwahati, India and South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics, Kathmandu, Nepal. Retrieved September 8, 2016 from http://www.sandeeonline.org/uploads/documentspublication/990_PUB_Working Paper_73_Kalyan_Das.pdf
Deka, R., Thorpe, W., Lapar, M.L., and Kumar, A. (2007). ‘Dhemaji's pig sub-sector: current status, constraints and opportunities’. ILRI, Nairobi (Kenya). Retrieved April 8, 2017, from http://hdl.handle.net/10568/1778
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Assam (2014). ‘Statistical Hand Book, Assam 2013’, 45th series. pp. 66-69. Retrieved Oct 11, 2016 from http://www.ecostatassam.nic.in/reports/SHB2013.pdf
Doley, L. C. (2015). Flood that threats the biodiversity of dhemaji: impacts and responses. Int. J. Entrepreneurship & Business Environment Perspectives, 4(2), 1732-1737. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from pezzottaitejournals.net/pezzottaite/images/ISSUES/V4N2/IJEBEPV4N217.pdf.
Economic Survey, Assam, 2014-15 (n.d.). ‘Economic Survey, Assam, 2014-15’. Retrieved September 10, 2016 from http://ecostatassam.nic.in/reports/economic_survey 2014-15.pdf
Economy of Dhemaji District (n.d.).2016 Retrieved August 18, 2016 from http://dhemaji.nic.in/economy.htm
Government of India (2010). ‘Migration in India- 2007-08’ . National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, New Delhi. Retrieved November 14, 2016 from http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/533_final.pdf
Hatchery Association of Assam [Advertisement]. (2017, March 19). Dainik Janambhumi,an Assamese daily news paper p. 7
Introduction (n.d.). Retrieved November, 8, 2015 from http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in/ bitstream/123456789/ 192/2/02_ntroduction.pdf
ICAR - Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute (ATARI), Umium (2016). ‘Dhemaji district Inventory of Agriculture- 2015’ The Director, ICAR - Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Umium, Meghalaya- Retrieved April 11, 2017 from http://www.icarzcu3.gov.in/Dist_Agri_Inventory/Dhemaji.pdf
IFAD(2017). ‘Rural Poverty Report 2001: The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty’.As cited in Umunnakwe,V.C., Pyasi, V.K. and Pande, A.K. (2014).Factors influencing involvement in agricultural livelihood activities among rural youth in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Int. J. Agric. Pol. Res. 2 (8): 288-295. Retrieved September 20, 2015 from http://journalissues.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Umunnakwe-et-al.pdf
Islam R., Nath P., Bharali A. and Borah, R.(2015). Analysis of benefit-cost(B:C)ratio of Vanaraja and local chicken of Assam under backyard system of rearing. J. Res. Agric. Anim. Sci. 3(7):7-10. Retrieved April 11, 2017, from http://www.questjournals.org/jraas/papers/vol3-issue7/B370710.pdf
Jha, S. (2014). ‘Jobs fail to catch up with India's growing youth population’. Retrieved July 15, 2015 from http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/jobs-fail-to-catch-up-with-india-s-growing-youth-population-114070300112_1.html
Joshi, P.K., Tewari, L. and Birthal, P.S. (2006). Diversification and its impact on smallholders: evidence from a study on vegetable production. Agril. Economics Res. Rev. 19(2): 219-236.
Kimaro, P.J., Towo, N.N. and Moshi, B.H. (2015). Determinants of rural youth’s participation in agricultural activities: the case of Kahe East Ward in Moshi rural district, Tanzania. Int. J. Economics, Commerce and Management. 3(2):1-47. Retrieved April 11, 2017 from http://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/3235.pdf
Krantz, L. (2001). ‘The sustainable livelihood approaches to poverty reduction- an introduction’. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Division for Policy and Socio-Economic Analysis. Retrieved July 5, 2015 from http://www.sida.se/contentassets/bd474c210163447c9a7963d77c64148a/the-sustainable-livelihood-approach-to-poverty-reduction_2656.pdf
Live Better With the Flood ? An Approach for Sustainable Livelihood Security in District Dhemaji, Assam- A Case Study’ (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2017 from http://www.afpro.org/naip/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2013/12/Case-Study-NAIPAFPRO.pdf
Livelihood-Rural Indian-Citizens: National Portal of India (2012). Retrieved April 11, 2017 from http://www.archive.india.gov.in/citizen/graminbharat/graminbharat.php?id=2
National Fisheries Development Board (2015). Sustainable livelihoods promotion through fish drying activity by SHGs at Community Resource Centres in Assam. Matsya Bharat. 7(2): 5-9.
National Sample Survey Organisation (2005). ‘Situation assessment survey of farmers some aspects of farming’. NSS 59th Round (January–December 2003), Report No. 496(59/33/3). National Sample Survey Organisation , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation , Government of India. Retrieved November 14, 2015 from http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_Newupload/496final.pdf
Oladeji, J.O. (2007). Effect of land degradation on income generating activities of farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. J. Econ. Rural Dev.16 (1): 93-106. Retrieved September 12,2013 from http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/147638/2/ Dr.%20Oladeji.pdf
Ovwigho, B.O. (2014). Factors influencing involvement in nonfarm income generating activities among local farmers: the case of Ughelli South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Sustainable Agric. Res. 3(1): 76-84. Retrieved November 14, 2015 from http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v3n1p76
Parvin, G. A., Ahsan, S. M. R., and Chowdhury, M. R. (2004). Women empowerment performance of income generating activities supported by Rural Women Employment Creation Project (RWECP): a case study in Dumuria Thana, Bangladesh. J. Geo-Environment.4: 47-62. Retrieved September 10, 2013 from http://dept.ru.ac.bd/geography/Article_5.PDF
Pegu, B. J. (2014). Piggery entrepreneurship in Dhemaji district of Assam. M.Sc.thesis(Unpublished). Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati.
Planning Commission (2003). Report of the Force on "Identification of Districts for Wage and Self-employment Programmes". Planning Commission, In Riders for NREGA: challenges of backward districts. p 6. Retrieved September 10, 2015 from http://nrega.nic.in/Planning_Commision.pdf
Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana, Assam (2014-15). Status of Fishery Sector with special reference to implementation of RKVY schemes in the state of Assam. Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana, Assam Department of Agriculture, Government of Assam. Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://rkvyassam.in/?fish
Rashtriya Gramin Vikas Nidhi (2015). Scoping analysis on livelihood generation for recovery Under GOI-UNDP project on ‘Enhancing Institutional & Community Resilience to Disaster and Climate Change’ Assam State Disaster Management Authority, Government of Assam. p 10. Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://asdma.gov.in/download/Scoping%20Analysis%20on%20Livelihood%20Generation%20for%20Recovery.pdf
Sanghi, S. and Srija, A. (2014). ‘Youth unemployment in India. Focus of the month’. Confederation of Indian Industries. Retrieved September 11, 2015 from http://www.ies.gov.in/pdfs/sunita-sanghi-and-a-srija.pdf
Sarkar, A. B. (n.d.). ‘Strategies for development of animal husbandry in Assam’. Retrieved November 10, 2016 from http://www.ncap.res.in/upload_files/workshop/wsp10/html/chapter5.htm
Sharma, A. and Bhaduri, A. (2009). The “Tipping Point” in Indian agriculture: understanding the withdrawal of the Indian rural youth. Asian J. of Agric. and Dev. 6(1): 83-97. Retrieved July 21, 2015 from http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/199072/2/AJAD_2009_6_1_5Sharma.pdf
Sheheli, S. (2012). Improving livelihood of rural women through income generating activities in Bangladesh. Ph.D. dissertation, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. p.85. Retrieved September 11, 2016 from http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/sheheli-shonia-2012-01-27/PDF/sheheli.pdf
Singh, D.P. and Ram Niwas ( 2012). Upliftment of Rajasthan through livestock farming. Raj. J. Extn. Edu. 20 : 27-31. Retrieved September 11, 2016 from http://www.rseeudaipur.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/084.pdf
Swaminathan, M.S. (2001). ‘Shaping our Agricultural Future’, The Hindu, Thursday, January 11, 2001. Retrieved September 30, 2015 from http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/11/stories/05112524.htm
Tewari, R. (2015). Socio Economic & Caste Census 2011: A mobile in 2 of every 3 rural homes, a salaried job in 1 of 10. Retrieved April 09, 2017 from http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/socio-economic-caste-census-2011-a-mobile-in-2-of-every-3-rural-homes-a-salaried-job-in-1-of-10/
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A study on livelihood activities followed by the male rural youths in flood affected Dhemaji district of Assam state of India. (2018). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(1), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i1.1589
