Organic farming: Present status, scope and prospects in northern India
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Abstract
Organic agriculture has emerged as an important priority area globally in view of the growing consciousness for safe and healthy food, long term sustainability and environmental concerns despite being contentious in history. Green revolution although paved way for developing countries in self-sufficiency of food but sustaining production against the limited natural resource base demands has shifted steadily from “resource degrading” chemical agriculture to “resource protective” organic agriculture. The essential concept remains the same, i.e., to go back to the arms of nature and take up organic farming to restore the loss. Organic farming emphasizes on rotating crops, managing pests, diversifying crops and livestock and improving the soil. The rainfed areas particularly north-eastern regions where least or no utilization of chemical inputs due to poor resources provides considerable opportunity for promotion of organic farming thereby reflecting its vast but unexplored scope. However, significant barriers like yield reduction, soil fertility enhancement, integration of livestock, marketing and policy etc., arise at both macroscopic and microscopic levels; making practically impossible the complete adoption of ‘pure organic farming’; rather some specific area can be diverted to organic farming and thus a blend of organic and other innovative farming systems is needed. Adoption of Integrated Green Revolution Farming can be possible to a large extent, where the basic trends of green revolution are retained with greater efficiency and closer compatibility to the environment. This review paper attempts to present the recent global and regional scenario of organic farming particularly highlighting the scope, prospects and constraints in the northern areas.
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Keywords
Environment, Green revolution, INM, Organic farming, Sustainability
References
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Chadha, K.L. (2008). Organic Farming: Concept, Initiatives, Status and Implication. In Proceedings of the Padmanav Panda Memorial Oration at Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.
Chandra, R. (2014). Sustainability through Organic Agro-Biotechnology with special reference to Jammu & Kashmir scenario. International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 5 (2), pp. 169-178
Chandrashekar, H. M. (2010). Changing scenario of organic farming in India: an overview. Int. NGO J., 5(1): 34 - 39
Chhonkar, P. K., (2002) “Organic farming myth and reality.” in Proceedings of the FAI Seminar on Fertilizer and Agriculture Meeting the Challenges, New Delhi, India
Crowder, D. W., Northfield, T. D., Strand, M. R. & Snyder, W. E. (2010). Organic agriculture promotes evenness and natural pest control. Nature, 466: 109–112
Deshmukh, M. S. and Babar, N., (2015). Present status and prospects of organic farming in India. European Academic Research 3 (4), 4271-4287
Devarajaiah M. K. and Natraju. M. S. (2009). Financing Agriculture - A National J. Agriculture and Rural Develop., 9: 20-25
Elliot, S.L., and Mumford, J.D. (2002). Organic, integrated and conventional apple production: Why not consider the middle ground? Crop Protection, 21: 427–429
Ergonul, B., and Ergonul, P. G. (2015). Consumer motivation for organic food consumption. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 27(5): 416-422
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Gupta, R. D. Kher, Deepak and Jalali, V.K. (2005). Organic Farming: Concept and Prospective in Jammu and Kashmir. Journal of Research, SKUAST-J, 4: 25-37
Hill, J. K. W. (2016). Organic Agriculture in India and Participatory Guarantee Systems (Pgs): A Case Study From West Bengal. Jharkhand Journal of Development and Management Studies, 14:7037-7055
Hole D. G., Perkins A. J., Wilson J. D., Alexander I. H., Grice P. V., Evans A. D. (2005). Does organic farming benefit biodiversity? Biological Conservation. 122: 113-130
Hussain, N., Mehdi, M., Fatima N. and Mehdi, S.S. (2012). Importance of organic farming and their prospects in Ladakh. Elixir International Journal, (44): 7285-7286
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Janssen, M. and U. Hamm. (2012). Product labelling in the market for organic food: Consumer preferences and willingness-to-pay for different organic certification logos. Food Qual. Prefer., 25: 9-22
Kaellander, I., and Rundgren, G. (2008). Building sustainable organic sectors. Bonn: IFOAM
Kaur, A. and Kaur, G. (2014). Organic farming for sustainable agriculture: Global and Indian perspective. Global Journal for Research Analysis, 3 (2): 57-58
Kaur, K and Toor, M.S. (2015). Organic Farming: Status and Constraints. Indian J. Econ. Dev., 11 (1): 333-338
Khanna, B. (2012). Organic farming attracts more Punjab peasant. Hindustan Times. May 13, Bathinda.
Lal, R. (2010). Enhancing eco-efficiency in agro-ecosystems through soil carbon sequestration. Crop Sci., 50: 120–131
Leifeld, J. & Fuhrer, J. (2010). Organic farming and soil carbon sequestration: what do we really know about the benefits? AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 1-15.
Lotter, D. W., Seidel, R. and Liebhardt, W. 2003. The pPerformance of organic and conventional cropping systems in an extreme climate year. Am. J. Alternative Agr. 18 (3):146-154.
Mader, P., Fliefback, A., Dubois, D. Gunst, L., Fried, P. and Niggili, U. (2002). Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science, 296 (5573): 1694-1697
Mitra, S.K. (2013). Organic tropical and subtropical fruit production in India—Prospects and challenges. Acta Hort., 975, 303–307.
Mitra, S. and Devi, H., (2016). Organic Horticulture in India, Horticulturae, 2 (17)
Mondelaers, K. U., Aertsens J. U and Huylenbroeck G.U. (2009). A meta-analysis of the differences in environmental impacts between organic and conventional farming. British food journal, 111(10): 1098-1119
Montgomery, D. R. (2007). Dirt: The Erosion of Civilization. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Munda, G.C. (2006). Problems and prospects of Organic farming in NER. Paper presented in the Seminar on “Organic farming – Status and Road Map” during the North East Agri. Expo on March 06 at Dimapur, Nagaland.
Munda, G.C., Ghosh, P.K., Das, Anup., Ngachan, S.V. and Bujarbaruah, K.M. (2007). Advances in Organic Farming Technology in India. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umaim-793 103, Meghalaya.
Nandi, R., Bokelmanna, W., Nithya, V. G., Dias, G. (2015). Smallholder organic farmer’s attitudes, objectives and barriers towards production of organic fruits and vegetables in India: A multivariate analysis. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 27(5): 396-406
NPOP, (2010). National programme for Organic Production containing the standards for the organic products. Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce, Government of India
OFAI (2016). 2 lakh ha area to be covered under organic farming during 2015-18: Govt (source WebIndia). Organic Farming Association of India. Retrieved from http://ofai.org/2016/07/2-lakh-ha-area-to-be-covered-under-organicfarming-during-2015-18-govt/
Organic farming in India, Eximbank report, 2002; www. Eximbank agro.com.
Parrott, N., Olesen, J. E. & Hogh-Jensen, H. (2006). In Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects (eds. Halberg, N. et al.) 153–179 (CABI)
Pickett, J. A. (2013). Food security: intensification of agriculture is essential, for which current tools must be defended and new sustainable technologies invented. Food Energ. Secur. 2, 167–173
Pimentel, D. and Patzek, T. (2005). Ethanol production using corn, switchgrass, and wood: biodiesel production using soybean and sunflower. Natural Resources Research, 14, 65–76.
Prasad, K and Gill, M.S. (2009). Developments and strategies perspective for organic farming in India. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 54 (2): 186-192
Ramesh, P., Panwar, N.R., Singh A.B., Raman, S., Yadav, S.K., Srivastava, R. and Rao A.S., (2010). Status of organic farming in India. Current Science, 98 (9): 1190-1194
Ramesh, P., Singh, M. and Subba Rao, A. (2005). Organic farming: Its relevance to the Indian context, Current Science, 88 (4)
Reddy, B. S. (2010). Organic farming: status, issues and prospects – a review. Agric. Econ. Res. Revision, 23:343-358
Reganold, J. P. and Watcher, J. M. (2016). Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century, Nature Plants, 2, 15221
Rekha, M. and Neeraj, K. (2013). Consumer Insights for Organics Food Market: A Delhi-NCR Study, Apeejay Journal of Management and Technology. 8
Roychowdhury, R., Banerjee, U., Sofkova, S. and Tah, J. (2015). Organic farming for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture in the era of climate change. On Line J. Biol. Sci., 13(2): 50-65. doi: 10.3844/ojbsci.2013.50.65
Sharma, K. and Pradhan, S., (2011). Organic Farming: Problems and Prospects. Yojana, 55: 68-70
Shukla, U. N., Manju, L. M. and K. C. Bairwa. (2013). Organic Farming: Current Status in India Popular Kheti, (1) 4(October-December)
Siegrist, S., Staub, D., Pfiffner, L. and Mader, P. (1998). Does organic agriculture reduce soil erodibility? The results of a long-term field study on loess in Switzerland. Agric Ecosyst. & Environ., 69, 253–264
Sikkim Becomes India’s First Organic State. (2016). Available online: http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sikkim-becomes-indias-first-organic state/ article8107170.ece (accessed on 14 January 2016)
Swaminathan, C., Swaminathan, V. and Vijaylakshmi, K. (2007). Panchagavyya–Boon to organic farming. International Book Distributing Co. Lucknow (UP).
Tej, P. and Vaidya, V.S. (2006). Organic Farmers Speak On Economics and Beyond. International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture (ICCOA), Bangalore, India
Wani, S., Ali, T., Bashir, Z., Kousar, S. & Rasool, F. (2016).Organic Farming and its Services in Sustainable Agriculture – An Overview Advances in Life Sciences, 5, 9601-9606
Wani, S. A., Chand, S., Najar, G.R. and Teli, M.A. (2013). Organic Farming: As a Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy. Current Agriculture Research Journal, 1(1), 45-50
Willer, H. and J. Lernoud. (2015). The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends (Eds). . FIBL-IFOAM Report, Bonn, Germany
Willer, H. and Kilcher L. (Eds.). (2009). The World of Organic Agriculture - Statistics and Emerging Trends 2009. IFOAM, Bonn; FiBL, Frick; ITC, Genf
Willer, H., Lernoud, J. & Kilcher, L. (eds). (2015). The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2016, (FiBL-IFOAM)
Wu, J. Y., and Sardo, V. (2010). Sustainable versus organic agriculture. In: Sociology, Organic Farming, Climate Change and Soil Science. pp. 41–76. Lichtfouse, E., Ed., Springer, Dordrecht
Yadav, A. K. (2015). Organic Agriculture at a Glance. Avail-able online: http://krishijagran.com/farm/scenarioin-India /2015 /03 / Organic- Agriculture - At- a- Glance (accessed on 2 April 2015).
Bhattacharya, P. and Chakraborty, G. (2005). Current status of organic farming in India and other countries. Indian Journal of Fertilizers, 1(9):111-123
Bhattacharya, P. (2004). Organic Food Production in India - Status, Strategy and Scope. Agribios (India), Jodhpur, 01 – 182
Chadha, K.L. (2008). Organic Farming: Concept, Initiatives, Status and Implication. In Proceedings of the Padmanav Panda Memorial Oration at Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.
Chandra, R. (2014). Sustainability through Organic Agro-Biotechnology with special reference to Jammu & Kashmir scenario. International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 5 (2), pp. 169-178
Chandrashekar, H. M. (2010). Changing scenario of organic farming in India: an overview. Int. NGO J., 5(1): 34 - 39
Chhonkar, P. K., (2002) “Organic farming myth and reality.” in Proceedings of the FAI Seminar on Fertilizer and Agriculture Meeting the Challenges, New Delhi, India
Crowder, D. W., Northfield, T. D., Strand, M. R. & Snyder, W. E. (2010). Organic agriculture promotes evenness and natural pest control. Nature, 466: 109–112
Deshmukh, M. S. and Babar, N., (2015). Present status and prospects of organic farming in India. European Academic Research 3 (4), 4271-4287
Devarajaiah M. K. and Natraju. M. S. (2009). Financing Agriculture - A National J. Agriculture and Rural Develop., 9: 20-25
Elliot, S.L., and Mumford, J.D. (2002). Organic, integrated and conventional apple production: Why not consider the middle ground? Crop Protection, 21: 427–429
Ergonul, B., and Ergonul, P. G. (2015). Consumer motivation for organic food consumption. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 27(5): 416-422
FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization). (2013). Codex Alimentarius: Guidelines for the Production, Processing, Labelling and Marketing of Organically Produced Foods. CAC/GL 32.Paris: FAO/WHO
FAOSTAT. (2010). FAO Statistical Database Domain on Fertilizers: Resource STAT Fertilizers. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) Rome, Italy. Available at Web site http://faostat.fao.org/site/575/default. aspx#anchor (accessed 7 October 2009)
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), (2007). Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Perspective, Framework and Priorities.FAO, Rome, Italy
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (2015). Online Database (accessed August 2015); http://faostat.fao.org/site/377/default.aspx#ancor
Giampietro, M. and Mayumi, K. (2009). The Biofuel Delusion: The Fallacy of Large Scale Agro-biofuels Production. Earthscan, London
Gupta, R. D. Kher, Deepak and Jalali, V.K. (2005). Organic Farming: Concept and Prospective in Jammu and Kashmir. Journal of Research, SKUAST-J, 4: 25-37
Hill, J. K. W. (2016). Organic Agriculture in India and Participatory Guarantee Systems (Pgs): A Case Study From West Bengal. Jharkhand Journal of Development and Management Studies, 14:7037-7055
Hole D. G., Perkins A. J., Wilson J. D., Alexander I. H., Grice P. V., Evans A. D. (2005). Does organic farming benefit biodiversity? Biological Conservation. 122: 113-130
Hussain, N., Mehdi, M., Fatima N. and Mehdi, S.S. (2012). Importance of organic farming and their prospects in Ladakh. Elixir International Journal, (44): 7285-7286
International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, First draft of 2002, IFOAM basic standards for organic production and processing. On-line report, Germany, 2001; Tholey-Tholey, www. ifoam.org.
IFOAM (International Movement of Organic Agriculture Movements), (2010). Definition of Organic Agriculture. IFOAM http://www.ifoam.org/ growing organic/definitions/doa/index.html, and http://www.ifoam.org Accessed on 10 March
IFOAM, FiBL & SOEL, (2015). About 31 million certified organic hectares worldwide. Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), Swiss Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and Foundation Ecology and Farming (SOL), Germany
Indian Horticulture Database, (2014). National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India: Gurgaon, India, 2015. Available online: http//www.nhb.gov.in (accessed on 25 October 2015).
Janssen, M. and U. Hamm. (2012). Product labelling in the market for organic food: Consumer preferences and willingness-to-pay for different organic certification logos. Food Qual. Prefer., 25: 9-22
Kaellander, I., and Rundgren, G. (2008). Building sustainable organic sectors. Bonn: IFOAM
Kaur, A. and Kaur, G. (2014). Organic farming for sustainable agriculture: Global and Indian perspective. Global Journal for Research Analysis, 3 (2): 57-58
Kaur, K and Toor, M.S. (2015). Organic Farming: Status and Constraints. Indian J. Econ. Dev., 11 (1): 333-338
Khanna, B. (2012). Organic farming attracts more Punjab peasant. Hindustan Times. May 13, Bathinda.
Lal, R. (2010). Enhancing eco-efficiency in agro-ecosystems through soil carbon sequestration. Crop Sci., 50: 120–131
Leifeld, J. & Fuhrer, J. (2010). Organic farming and soil carbon sequestration: what do we really know about the benefits? AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 1-15.
Lotter, D. W., Seidel, R. and Liebhardt, W. 2003. The pPerformance of organic and conventional cropping systems in an extreme climate year. Am. J. Alternative Agr. 18 (3):146-154.
Mader, P., Fliefback, A., Dubois, D. Gunst, L., Fried, P. and Niggili, U. (2002). Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science, 296 (5573): 1694-1697
Mitra, S.K. (2013). Organic tropical and subtropical fruit production in India—Prospects and challenges. Acta Hort., 975, 303–307.
Mitra, S. and Devi, H., (2016). Organic Horticulture in India, Horticulturae, 2 (17)
Mondelaers, K. U., Aertsens J. U and Huylenbroeck G.U. (2009). A meta-analysis of the differences in environmental impacts between organic and conventional farming. British food journal, 111(10): 1098-1119
Montgomery, D. R. (2007). Dirt: The Erosion of Civilization. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Munda, G.C. (2006). Problems and prospects of Organic farming in NER. Paper presented in the Seminar on “Organic farming – Status and Road Map” during the North East Agri. Expo on March 06 at Dimapur, Nagaland.
Munda, G.C., Ghosh, P.K., Das, Anup., Ngachan, S.V. and Bujarbaruah, K.M. (2007). Advances in Organic Farming Technology in India. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umaim-793 103, Meghalaya.
Nandi, R., Bokelmanna, W., Nithya, V. G., Dias, G. (2015). Smallholder organic farmer’s attitudes, objectives and barriers towards production of organic fruits and vegetables in India: A multivariate analysis. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 27(5): 396-406
NPOP, (2010). National programme for Organic Production containing the standards for the organic products. Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce, Government of India
OFAI (2016). 2 lakh ha area to be covered under organic farming during 2015-18: Govt (source WebIndia). Organic Farming Association of India. Retrieved from http://ofai.org/2016/07/2-lakh-ha-area-to-be-covered-under-organicfarming-during-2015-18-govt/
Organic farming in India, Eximbank report, 2002; www. Eximbank agro.com.
Parrott, N., Olesen, J. E. & Hogh-Jensen, H. (2006). In Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects (eds. Halberg, N. et al.) 153–179 (CABI)
Pickett, J. A. (2013). Food security: intensification of agriculture is essential, for which current tools must be defended and new sustainable technologies invented. Food Energ. Secur. 2, 167–173
Pimentel, D. and Patzek, T. (2005). Ethanol production using corn, switchgrass, and wood: biodiesel production using soybean and sunflower. Natural Resources Research, 14, 65–76.
Prasad, K and Gill, M.S. (2009). Developments and strategies perspective for organic farming in India. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 54 (2): 186-192
Ramesh, P., Panwar, N.R., Singh A.B., Raman, S., Yadav, S.K., Srivastava, R. and Rao A.S., (2010). Status of organic farming in India. Current Science, 98 (9): 1190-1194
Ramesh, P., Singh, M. and Subba Rao, A. (2005). Organic farming: Its relevance to the Indian context, Current Science, 88 (4)
Reddy, B. S. (2010). Organic farming: status, issues and prospects – a review. Agric. Econ. Res. Revision, 23:343-358
Reganold, J. P. and Watcher, J. M. (2016). Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century, Nature Plants, 2, 15221
Rekha, M. and Neeraj, K. (2013). Consumer Insights for Organics Food Market: A Delhi-NCR Study, Apeejay Journal of Management and Technology. 8
Roychowdhury, R., Banerjee, U., Sofkova, S. and Tah, J. (2015). Organic farming for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture in the era of climate change. On Line J. Biol. Sci., 13(2): 50-65. doi: 10.3844/ojbsci.2013.50.65
Sharma, K. and Pradhan, S., (2011). Organic Farming: Problems and Prospects. Yojana, 55: 68-70
Shukla, U. N., Manju, L. M. and K. C. Bairwa. (2013). Organic Farming: Current Status in India Popular Kheti, (1) 4(October-December)
Siegrist, S., Staub, D., Pfiffner, L. and Mader, P. (1998). Does organic agriculture reduce soil erodibility? The results of a long-term field study on loess in Switzerland. Agric Ecosyst. & Environ., 69, 253–264
Sikkim Becomes India’s First Organic State. (2016). Available online: http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sikkim-becomes-indias-first-organic state/ article8107170.ece (accessed on 14 January 2016)
Swaminathan, C., Swaminathan, V. and Vijaylakshmi, K. (2007). Panchagavyya–Boon to organic farming. International Book Distributing Co. Lucknow (UP).
Tej, P. and Vaidya, V.S. (2006). Organic Farmers Speak On Economics and Beyond. International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture (ICCOA), Bangalore, India
Wani, S., Ali, T., Bashir, Z., Kousar, S. & Rasool, F. (2016).Organic Farming and its Services in Sustainable Agriculture – An Overview Advances in Life Sciences, 5, 9601-9606
Wani, S. A., Chand, S., Najar, G.R. and Teli, M.A. (2013). Organic Farming: As a Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy. Current Agriculture Research Journal, 1(1), 45-50
Willer, H. and J. Lernoud. (2015). The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends (Eds). . FIBL-IFOAM Report, Bonn, Germany
Willer, H. and Kilcher L. (Eds.). (2009). The World of Organic Agriculture - Statistics and Emerging Trends 2009. IFOAM, Bonn; FiBL, Frick; ITC, Genf
Willer, H., Lernoud, J. & Kilcher, L. (eds). (2015). The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2016, (FiBL-IFOAM)
Wu, J. Y., and Sardo, V. (2010). Sustainable versus organic agriculture. In: Sociology, Organic Farming, Climate Change and Soil Science. pp. 41–76. Lichtfouse, E., Ed., Springer, Dordrecht
Yadav, A. K. (2015). Organic Agriculture at a Glance. Avail-able online: http://krishijagran.com/farm/scenarioin-India /2015 /03 / Organic- Agriculture - At- a- Glance (accessed on 2 April 2015).
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Organic farming: Present status, scope and prospects in northern India. (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(4), 2272-2279. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1523
