Advances in role of organic acids in poultry nutrition: A review
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Abstract
Anti microbial drug resistance concerns scientists all around the world epically one used as livestock feed additives. Feed grade antibiotics are given in non therapeutic doses which lead to survival of pathogenic microbes which in turn develop drug resistance, thus necessitating researchers to search for alternative ways to feed grade antibiotics besides doing least compromise on growth parameters. Organic acids are used in poultry to lower the pH of intestinal tract which favours good microbes which in turn suppress pathogenic microbes thus evicting the use of antibiotics. They are used in poultry diets and drinking water to elicit a positive growth response, improving nutrient digestibility, performance and immunity in poultry. Literature shows that organic acids have more or less pronounced antimicrobial activity, depending on both the concentration of the acid and the bacterial species that is exposed to the acid. The variability in response of organic acids and its possible mechanisms are discussed. Scope of this paper is to provide a view of the use of organic acids in the prevention of enteric disease in poultry, the effect on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), immunity and performance of broiler or laying hens. In the current review beneficial as-pects of organic acids along with different dose combinations are discussed to promote its optimum utilization in poultry nutrition and production.
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Keywords
Broiler, Growth, Hen, Organic acids, Performance
References
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Ao, T., Cantor, A.H., Pescatore, A.J., Ford, M.J., Pierce, J.L. and Dawson, K.A. (2009). Effect of enzyme supplementation and acidification of diets on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broiler chicks. Poultry Sci., 88:111–117
Adil. R, Imtiyaz, Q.M and Khan, T.M. (2010). Effect of feeding organic acids on intestinal health of broilers. Poultry Sci., 31:54-58
Aydin, A., Pekel, A.Y., Issa, G., Demirel, G. and Patterson, P.H. (2010). Effects of dietary copper, citric acid, and microbial phytase on digesta pH and ileal and carcass microbiota of broiler chickens fed a low available phosphorus diet. J Appl Poultry Res., 19:422-431
Bagal, V.L., Khatta, V.K., Tewatial, B.S., Sangwan, S.K. and Raut, S.S. (2016). Relative efficacy of organic acids and antibiotics as growth promoters in broiler chicken. Veterinary World, 9: 377-382
Biggs, P. and Parsons, C.M. (2008). The effects of several organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, and cecal microbial populations in young chicks. Poult Sci., (12): 2581-2589
Broek, G. V. D., Bergh, M. V. D., Ebbinge, B., Selko, B. V. and Tilburg. (2003). Clean drinking water during production by use of organic acids. World Poultry, 19:34-37
Brzoska, F., Sliwinski, B. and Michalik-Rutkowska, O. (2013). Effect of dietary acidifier on growth, mortality, post-slaughter parameters and meat composition of broiler chickens. Ann Animal Sci., 13:85–96
Dibner, J.J. and Richards, J.D. (2005). Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action. Poultry Sci., 84:634–643
Esmaeilipour, O., Shivazad, M., Moravej, H., Aminzadeh, S., Rezaian, M. and van Krimpen, M.M. (2011). Effects of xylanase and citric acid on the performance, nutrient retention, and characteristics of gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed low-phosphorus wheat-based diets. Poult Sci., 90:1975-1982
Fascina, V.B., Sartori, J.R., Gonzales, E., Barros De Carvalho, F., Pereira De Souza, I.M.G., Polycarpo, G.V., Stradiotti, A.C. and Pelícia, V.C. (2012). Phytogenic additives and organic acids in broiler chicken diets. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41:2189–2197
Frankel, W.L., Zhang, W., Singh, A., Klurfeld, D.M., Don, S., Sakata, T. and Rombeau, J.L. (1994). Mediation of the trophic effects of short chain fatty acids on the rat jejunum and colon. Gastroenterology. 106:385–390
Garcia, V., Catala-Gregori, P., HernáNdez, F., Megias, M.D. and Madrid, J. (2007). Effect of formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nutrient digestibility, intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of broilers. J Appl Poultry Res., 16:555–562
Ghazala, A.A., Atta, A.M., Elkloub, K., Mustafa, M.E.L. and Shata, R.F.H. (2011). Effect of dietary supplementation of organic acids on performance, nutrients digestibility and health of broiler chicks. Int J Poultry Sci., 10(3):176–184
Giesting, D.W. and Easter, R.A. (1985). Response of starter pigs to supplementation of cornsoybean meal diets with organic acids. J. Anim. Sci., 60:1288-1294
Hashemi, S.R., Zulkifli, I., Davoodi, H., Bejo, M.H. and Loh, T.C. (2014). Intestinal histomorphology changes and serum biochemistry responses of broiler chickens fed herbal plant (Euphorbiahirta) and mix of acidifier. Iran J Appl Animal Sci., 4:95–103
Hernandez, F., García, V., Madrid, J., Orengo, J., Catalá, P. and Megías, M.D. (2006).Effect of formic acid on performance, digestibility, intestinal histomorphology, and plasma metabolite levels of broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci., 47:50-56
Houshmand, M., Azhar, K., Zulkifli, I., Bejo, M.H. and Kamyab, A. (2012). Effects of nonantibiotic feed additives on performance, immunity and intestinal morphology of broilers fed different levels of protein. South Afr J Animal Sci.,42:22–32
Iji, P.A. and Tivey, D.R. (1998). Natural and synthetic oligosaccharide in broiler chicken diet. World’s Poultry Sci J., 54:129–143
Jongbloed, A.W., Mroz, Z., Van der Weij-Jongbloed, R. and Kemme, P.A. (2000). The effects of microbial phytase, organic acids and their interaction in diets for growing pigs. Livest Prod Sci., 67:113-122
Khan, S.H. and Iqbal, J. (2016). Recent advances in the role of organic acids in poultry nutrition. Journal of applied animal research. 44: (1)359–369
Khan, S.H. (2013). Probiotic microorganisms-identification, metabolic and physiological impact on poultry. World’s Poultry Sci J., 69:601–612
Kim, J.W., Kim, J.H and Kil, D.Y. (2015). Dietary organic acids for broiler chickens: a review. Colombian journal of animal science and veterinary medicine, 28:(2)10-18
Kim, D.W., Kim, J.H., Kim, S.K., Kang, G.H., Kang, H.K., Lee, S.J. and Kim, S.H. (2009). A study on the efficacy of dietary supplementation of organic acid mixture in broiler chicks. Kor J Anim Sci Technol., 51: 207-216
Kil, D.Y., Kwon, W.B. and Kim, B.G. (2011). Dietary acidifiers in weanling pig diets: a review. Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu., 24:231-247
Luckstadt, C. (2014). Effects of dietary potassium diformate on growth and gastrointestinal health in weaned piglets in Vietnam. Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development organized by the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 17–19
Leeson, S., Namkung, H., Antongiovanni, M. and Lee, E.H. (2005). Effect of butyric acid on the performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Poult Sci., 84:1418-1422
Lohakare, J.D., Ryu, M.H., Hahn, T.W., Lee, J.K. and Chae, B.J. (2005). Effects of supplemental ascorbic acid on the performance and immunity of commercial broilers. J Appl Poultry Res., 14:10–19
Li, D. F.,. Che, X.R .,. Wang, Y. Q., Hong, C. and Thacker, P.A. (1998). The effect of microbial phytase, vitamin D3, and citric acid on growth performance and phosphorus, nitrogen, and calcium digestibility in growing swine. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., 73:173-186
ManiLopez, E., García, H.S. and López-Malo, A. (2012). Organic acids as antimicrobials to control Salmonella in meat and poultry products. Food Res Int., 45:713-721
Mroz, Z. (2005). Organic acids as potential alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters for pigs. Adv Pork Prod., 16:169-182
Mayer, E.A. (1994). The physiology of gastric storage and emptying. In: physiology of the gastrointestinal Tract. 3rd ed. New York: Lippincott Raven Press,. p.929-76
Nezhad, Y.E., Gale-Kandi, J.G., Farahvash, T. and Yeganeh, A.R. (2011). Effect of combination of citric acid and microbial phytase on digestibility of calcium, phosphorous and mineralization parameters of tibia bone in broilers. Afr J Biotechnol., 10:15089-15093
Pirgozliev. V., Murphy, T.C., Owens, B., George, J. and McCann, M.E.E. (2008). Fumaric and sorbic acid as additives in broiler feed. Res Vet Sci., 84:387-394
Pelicano, E.R.L., Souza, P.A., Souza, H.B.A., Figueiredo, D.F., Boiago, M.M., Carvalho, S.R. and Bordon, V.F. (2005). Intestinal mucosa development in broiler chicken fed natural growth promoters. Braz J Poultry Sci., 7:221–229
Panda, A.K., Rao, S.V.R., Raju, M.V.L.N., Sunder, G.S. (2009). Effect of butyric acid on performance, gastrointestinal tract health and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci., 22:1026-1031
bPanda, A.K., Raju, M.V.L.N., Rama Rao, S.V., Shyam Sunder, G. and Reddy, M.R. (2009). Effect of graded levels of formic acid on gut microflora count, serum biochemical parameters, performance, and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Indian J Anim Sci., 79:1165-1168
Partanen, K. (2001). Organic acids-their efficacy and modes of action in pigs. In: Piva K.E, Knudsen B, Lindberg J.E, editors. Gut environment of pigs. Nottingham U.K: Nottingham University Press.p.201-17
Rodríguez -Lecompte, J.C., Yitbarek, A., Brady, J., Sharif, S., Cavanagh, M.D., Crow, G., Guenter, W., House, J.D. and Camelo-Jaimes, G. (2012). The effect of microbialnutrient interaction on the immune system of young chicks after early probiotic and organic acid administration. J Animal Sci., 90:2246–2254
Teirlynck, E., Bjerrum, L., Eeckhaut, V., Huygebaert, G., Pasmans, F., Haesebrouck, F., Dewulf, J., Ducatelle, R. and Van Immerseel, F. (2009). The cereal type in feed influences gut wall morphology and intestinal immune cell infiltration in broiler chickens. Br J Nutr., 102:1453–1461
Wang, J.P., Yoo, J.S., Lee, J.H., Zhou, T.X., Jang, H.D., Kim, H.J. and Kim, I.H. (2009). Effects of phenyllactic acid on production performance, egg quality parameters, and blood characteristics in laying hens. J Appl Poultry Res., 18:203–209
Ao, T., Cantor, A.H., Pescatore, A.J., Ford, M.J., Pierce, J.L. and Dawson, K.A. (2009). Effect of enzyme supplementation and acidification of diets on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broiler chicks. Poultry Sci., 88:111–117
Adil. R, Imtiyaz, Q.M and Khan, T.M. (2010). Effect of feeding organic acids on intestinal health of broilers. Poultry Sci., 31:54-58
Aydin, A., Pekel, A.Y., Issa, G., Demirel, G. and Patterson, P.H. (2010). Effects of dietary copper, citric acid, and microbial phytase on digesta pH and ileal and carcass microbiota of broiler chickens fed a low available phosphorus diet. J Appl Poultry Res., 19:422-431
Bagal, V.L., Khatta, V.K., Tewatial, B.S., Sangwan, S.K. and Raut, S.S. (2016). Relative efficacy of organic acids and antibiotics as growth promoters in broiler chicken. Veterinary World, 9: 377-382
Biggs, P. and Parsons, C.M. (2008). The effects of several organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, and cecal microbial populations in young chicks. Poult Sci., (12): 2581-2589
Broek, G. V. D., Bergh, M. V. D., Ebbinge, B., Selko, B. V. and Tilburg. (2003). Clean drinking water during production by use of organic acids. World Poultry, 19:34-37
Brzoska, F., Sliwinski, B. and Michalik-Rutkowska, O. (2013). Effect of dietary acidifier on growth, mortality, post-slaughter parameters and meat composition of broiler chickens. Ann Animal Sci., 13:85–96
Dibner, J.J. and Richards, J.D. (2005). Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action. Poultry Sci., 84:634–643
Esmaeilipour, O., Shivazad, M., Moravej, H., Aminzadeh, S., Rezaian, M. and van Krimpen, M.M. (2011). Effects of xylanase and citric acid on the performance, nutrient retention, and characteristics of gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed low-phosphorus wheat-based diets. Poult Sci., 90:1975-1982
Fascina, V.B., Sartori, J.R., Gonzales, E., Barros De Carvalho, F., Pereira De Souza, I.M.G., Polycarpo, G.V., Stradiotti, A.C. and Pelícia, V.C. (2012). Phytogenic additives and organic acids in broiler chicken diets. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41:2189–2197
Frankel, W.L., Zhang, W., Singh, A., Klurfeld, D.M., Don, S., Sakata, T. and Rombeau, J.L. (1994). Mediation of the trophic effects of short chain fatty acids on the rat jejunum and colon. Gastroenterology. 106:385–390
Garcia, V., Catala-Gregori, P., HernáNdez, F., Megias, M.D. and Madrid, J. (2007). Effect of formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nutrient digestibility, intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of broilers. J Appl Poultry Res., 16:555–562
Ghazala, A.A., Atta, A.M., Elkloub, K., Mustafa, M.E.L. and Shata, R.F.H. (2011). Effect of dietary supplementation of organic acids on performance, nutrients digestibility and health of broiler chicks. Int J Poultry Sci., 10(3):176–184
Giesting, D.W. and Easter, R.A. (1985). Response of starter pigs to supplementation of cornsoybean meal diets with organic acids. J. Anim. Sci., 60:1288-1294
Hashemi, S.R., Zulkifli, I., Davoodi, H., Bejo, M.H. and Loh, T.C. (2014). Intestinal histomorphology changes and serum biochemistry responses of broiler chickens fed herbal plant (Euphorbiahirta) and mix of acidifier. Iran J Appl Animal Sci., 4:95–103
Hernandez, F., García, V., Madrid, J., Orengo, J., Catalá, P. and Megías, M.D. (2006).Effect of formic acid on performance, digestibility, intestinal histomorphology, and plasma metabolite levels of broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci., 47:50-56
Houshmand, M., Azhar, K., Zulkifli, I., Bejo, M.H. and Kamyab, A. (2012). Effects of nonantibiotic feed additives on performance, immunity and intestinal morphology of broilers fed different levels of protein. South Afr J Animal Sci.,42:22–32
Iji, P.A. and Tivey, D.R. (1998). Natural and synthetic oligosaccharide in broiler chicken diet. World’s Poultry Sci J., 54:129–143
Jongbloed, A.W., Mroz, Z., Van der Weij-Jongbloed, R. and Kemme, P.A. (2000). The effects of microbial phytase, organic acids and their interaction in diets for growing pigs. Livest Prod Sci., 67:113-122
Khan, S.H. and Iqbal, J. (2016). Recent advances in the role of organic acids in poultry nutrition. Journal of applied animal research. 44: (1)359–369
Khan, S.H. (2013). Probiotic microorganisms-identification, metabolic and physiological impact on poultry. World’s Poultry Sci J., 69:601–612
Kim, J.W., Kim, J.H and Kil, D.Y. (2015). Dietary organic acids for broiler chickens: a review. Colombian journal of animal science and veterinary medicine, 28:(2)10-18
Kim, D.W., Kim, J.H., Kim, S.K., Kang, G.H., Kang, H.K., Lee, S.J. and Kim, S.H. (2009). A study on the efficacy of dietary supplementation of organic acid mixture in broiler chicks. Kor J Anim Sci Technol., 51: 207-216
Kil, D.Y., Kwon, W.B. and Kim, B.G. (2011). Dietary acidifiers in weanling pig diets: a review. Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu., 24:231-247
Luckstadt, C. (2014). Effects of dietary potassium diformate on growth and gastrointestinal health in weaned piglets in Vietnam. Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development organized by the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 17–19
Leeson, S., Namkung, H., Antongiovanni, M. and Lee, E.H. (2005). Effect of butyric acid on the performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Poult Sci., 84:1418-1422
Lohakare, J.D., Ryu, M.H., Hahn, T.W., Lee, J.K. and Chae, B.J. (2005). Effects of supplemental ascorbic acid on the performance and immunity of commercial broilers. J Appl Poultry Res., 14:10–19
Li, D. F.,. Che, X.R .,. Wang, Y. Q., Hong, C. and Thacker, P.A. (1998). The effect of microbial phytase, vitamin D3, and citric acid on growth performance and phosphorus, nitrogen, and calcium digestibility in growing swine. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., 73:173-186
ManiLopez, E., García, H.S. and López-Malo, A. (2012). Organic acids as antimicrobials to control Salmonella in meat and poultry products. Food Res Int., 45:713-721
Mroz, Z. (2005). Organic acids as potential alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters for pigs. Adv Pork Prod., 16:169-182
Mayer, E.A. (1994). The physiology of gastric storage and emptying. In: physiology of the gastrointestinal Tract. 3rd ed. New York: Lippincott Raven Press,. p.929-76
Nezhad, Y.E., Gale-Kandi, J.G., Farahvash, T. and Yeganeh, A.R. (2011). Effect of combination of citric acid and microbial phytase on digestibility of calcium, phosphorous and mineralization parameters of tibia bone in broilers. Afr J Biotechnol., 10:15089-15093
Pirgozliev. V., Murphy, T.C., Owens, B., George, J. and McCann, M.E.E. (2008). Fumaric and sorbic acid as additives in broiler feed. Res Vet Sci., 84:387-394
Pelicano, E.R.L., Souza, P.A., Souza, H.B.A., Figueiredo, D.F., Boiago, M.M., Carvalho, S.R. and Bordon, V.F. (2005). Intestinal mucosa development in broiler chicken fed natural growth promoters. Braz J Poultry Sci., 7:221–229
Panda, A.K., Rao, S.V.R., Raju, M.V.L.N., Sunder, G.S. (2009). Effect of butyric acid on performance, gastrointestinal tract health and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci., 22:1026-1031
bPanda, A.K., Raju, M.V.L.N., Rama Rao, S.V., Shyam Sunder, G. and Reddy, M.R. (2009). Effect of graded levels of formic acid on gut microflora count, serum biochemical parameters, performance, and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Indian J Anim Sci., 79:1165-1168
Partanen, K. (2001). Organic acids-their efficacy and modes of action in pigs. In: Piva K.E, Knudsen B, Lindberg J.E, editors. Gut environment of pigs. Nottingham U.K: Nottingham University Press.p.201-17
Rodríguez -Lecompte, J.C., Yitbarek, A., Brady, J., Sharif, S., Cavanagh, M.D., Crow, G., Guenter, W., House, J.D. and Camelo-Jaimes, G. (2012). The effect of microbialnutrient interaction on the immune system of young chicks after early probiotic and organic acid administration. J Animal Sci., 90:2246–2254
Teirlynck, E., Bjerrum, L., Eeckhaut, V., Huygebaert, G., Pasmans, F., Haesebrouck, F., Dewulf, J., Ducatelle, R. and Van Immerseel, F. (2009). The cereal type in feed influences gut wall morphology and intestinal immune cell infiltration in broiler chickens. Br J Nutr., 102:1453–1461
Wang, J.P., Yoo, J.S., Lee, J.H., Zhou, T.X., Jang, H.D., Kim, H.J. and Kim, I.H. (2009). Effects of phenyllactic acid on production performance, egg quality parameters, and blood characteristics in laying hens. J Appl Poultry Res., 18:203–209
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Advances in role of organic acids in poultry nutrition: A review. (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(4), 2152-2157. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1502
