Long-term effect of inorganic fertilizers and amendments on productivity and root dynamics under maize-wheat intensive cropping in an acid Alfisol
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Abstract
Study on the soil nutrient status and crop productivity under continuous use of inorganic fertilizers and amendments in an acid Alfisol after 36 years (1972-73 to 2008-09) was carried out at Palampur, HP. Results showed that application of Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (120:60:40 kg/ha to maize and 120:60:30 kg/ha to wheat) with 10 t farmyard manure/ha applied once a year for 36 years resulted in 786 and 515 per cent increase in maize and wheat yields, respectively over control. Soil acidity rose from 5.8 to 4.58 with the application of fertilizers over 36 years. Conjoint use of FYM with 100 per cent NPK substantially improved the Organic Carbon status by 4.95 g/kg as well as available P, K and S by 154.1, 14.5 and 12.5 kg/ha, respectively in soil over its initial values, thereby indicating significant contribution towards sustaining the soil health. On the other hand, there was a drastic decline in the available N status of soil in all the treatments as compared to the initial value. The various root parameters viz., root mass density (4.08 kg m-3), root volume density (10.84 m3 m-3x10-3), root length density (2.60 m m-3 x 10-4), root surface area (204.12 m2 x 10-4) and root cation exchange capacity (8.37 c mol (p+) kg-1) were found to be highest in the plots with the application of 100% NPK + FYM. Thus, balanced use of fertilizers continuously either alone or in combination with amendments is necessary for sustaining soil fertility and productivity of crops.
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Keywords
Crop productivity, Long-term fertilization, Maize-wheat, Root dynamics, Soil nutrient status
References
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Bajpai, R.K., Chitale, S., Upadhyay, S.K. and Urkurkar, J.S. (2006). Long-term studies on soil physico-chemical properties and productivity of rice-wheat system as influenced by integrated nutrient management in inceptisols of Chhatisgarh. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 54(1): 24-29
Bandopadhyay, K.K., Misra, A.K., Ghosh, P.K., Hati, K.M. and Mandal, K.O. (2003). Effect of integrated use of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on soil water dynamics, root growth, crop yield and water expense efficiency of rainfed soybean in a vertisol. Journal of Agricultural Physics, 3(1-2): 95-100
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Bohm, W. (1979). Methods of studying root systems. Ecological studies: Analysis and synthesis. 33: 125-139
Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. (2002). The Nature and Properties of Soils. Thirteenth edition. Pearson Education (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., Indian Branch. New Delhi
Brar, B.S., Singh, J., Singh, G. and Kaur, G. (2015). Effects of Long Term Application of Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers on Soil Organic Carbon and Physical Properties in Maize–Wheat Rotation. Agronomy, 5: 220-238
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Chesnin, L. and Yien, C.H. (1950). Turbidimetric determination of sulphur. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 15: 134-136
Crooke, W.M. (1964). The measurement of the cation exchange capacity of plant roots. Plant and Soil, 21:43-49
Diacono, M. and Montemurro, F. (2010). Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 30 (2): 401-422
Edmeades, C. Douglas. (2003). The long term effects of manures and fertilizers on soil productivity and quality: a review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 66:165-180
Hourigan, W.R., Franklin, R.E., McLean, E.O. and Bhumbla, D.R. (1961). Growth and calcium uptake by plants as affected by rate and depth of liming. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 25: 491-494
Kaushal, V. (2002). Studies on long-term effects of chemical fertilizers and amendments on sustainable use of soil in wet temperate zone of western Himalayas. M Sc Thesis. Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India. p 99
Kaushal, V. (2006). Dynamics of organic pools of the nutrients as influenced by long-term use of chemical fertilizers and amendments in an acid Alfisol. Ph D Thesis. Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India. p 172
Marsh, B. (1971). Measurement of length in a random arrangement of lines. Journal of Applied Ecology, 8: 265-267
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Roshani, G.A., Narayanaswamy, G. and Datta, S.C. (2005). Effect of potassium on root length density of wheat at different stages of growth. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 53: 217-221
Sharma, P.K., Sankhayan, N., Bhardwaj, S.K. and Dixit, S.P. (2002a). Studies on root characteristics and biomass productivity of wheat (Aradhana) in phosphorus, farmyard manure and mulch amended mountain acidic lands of Western Himalayas, India. 17th WCSS, 14-21 August, 2002, Thailand
Sharma, P.K., Verma, T.S. and Gupta, J.P. (1990) Ameliorating effects of phosphorus, lime and animal manure on wheat yield and root cation exchange capacity in degraded alfisols of North West Himalayas. Fertilizer Research, 23: 7-13
Sharma, S.P., Subehia, S.K. and Sharma, P.K. (2002). Long-term effects of chemical fertilizers on soil quality, crop productivity and sustainability. Research Bulletin CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya. p 33
Sharma, U., Paliyal, S.S., Sharma, S.P. and Sharma, G D. (2014). Effects of Continuous Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Manure on Soil Fertility and Productivity of Maize–Wheat under Rainfed Conditions of the Western Himalayas. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 45 (20): 2647-2659
Shenggang, P., Haidong, L., Zhaowen, M., Bob, P., Meiyang, D., Hua, T., Shuijin H. and Xiangru, T. (2016). Effects of Nitrogen and Shading on Root Morphologies, Nutrient Accumulation, and Photosynthetic Parameters in Different Rice Genotypes. Scientific Reports6:32148, DOI: 10.1038/srep32148
Subbiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the determination of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25: 259-260
Sudhir, K., Srikanth, K. and Jayaprakash, S.M. (2002). Sustained crop production under long term fertilizer use in red soil in India. 17th WCSS, 14-21 August 2002, Thailand. 108: 1-10
Swarup, A. (2000). Long-term fertilizer experiments to study changes in soil quality, crop productivity and sustainability. Indian Institute of Soil Sciences, Bhopal
Swarup, A. (2010). Integrated plant nutrient supply and management strategies for enhancing soil quality, input use efficiency and crop productivity. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 58: 25-31
Tennant, D. (1975) A test of modified line intersect method of estimating root length. Journal of Ecology. 63: 995-1001
Thakur, R., Sawarkar, S.D., Vaishya, U.K. and Muneshwar, Singh. (2001). Impact of continuous use of inorganic fertilizers and organic manure on soil properties and productivity under soybean-wheat intensive cropping of a vertisol. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 59(1): 74-81
Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L. and Beaton, J.D. (1985). Soil fertility and fertilizers. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York (USA)
Verma, S and Sharma, P.K. (2007). Effect of long-term manuring and fertilizers on carbon pools, soil structure, and sustainability under different cropping systems in wet-temperate zone of northwest Himalayas. Biol Fertility Soils, 44: 235–24
Verma, S. (2002). Studies on long-term effects of chemical fertilizers and amendments on phosphorus dynamics and its budgeting in wet temperate zone soils of western Himalayas. M Sc Thesis. Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India. p 139
Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff (wet acid) method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29-38
Yanga, C., Yang, L., Yanga, Y. and Ouyang, Z. (2004). Rice root growth and nutrient uptake as influenced by organic manure in continuously and alternately flooded paddy soils. Agricultural Water Management, 70: 67–81
Anonymous. (2015-16). Statistical Outline of Himachal Pradesh, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
Bajpai, R.K., Chitale, S., Upadhyay, S.K. and Urkurkar, J.S. (2006). Long-term studies on soil physico-chemical properties and productivity of rice-wheat system as influenced by integrated nutrient management in inceptisols of Chhatisgarh. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 54(1): 24-29
Bandopadhyay, K.K., Misra, A.K., Ghosh, P.K., Hati, K.M. and Mandal, K.O. (2003). Effect of integrated use of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on soil water dynamics, root growth, crop yield and water expense efficiency of rainfed soybean in a vertisol. Journal of Agricultural Physics, 3(1-2): 95-100
Black, C.A. (1965). Methods of soil analysis. Part II. Chemical and mineralogical properties. American society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Bohm, W. (1979). Methods of studying root systems. Ecological studies: Analysis and synthesis. 33: 125-139
Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. (2002). The Nature and Properties of Soils. Thirteenth edition. Pearson Education (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., Indian Branch. New Delhi
Brar, B.S., Singh, J., Singh, G. and Kaur, G. (2015). Effects of Long Term Application of Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers on Soil Organic Carbon and Physical Properties in Maize–Wheat Rotation. Agronomy, 5: 220-238
Cadisch, G., Ferreira, E., Urguiaga, S., Giller, K.E. and Boddey, R.M. (1993). Nitrogen turn over in a red Latosol: Effect of added carbon on the incorporation of 15N into soil organic matter. In: Mulongoy K and Merck R (Eds.). Soil organic matter dynamics and sustainability to tropical agriculture. Wiley-Sayce Co-publication. Leuven, Belgium. p 209-214
Chesnin, L. and Yien, C.H. (1950). Turbidimetric determination of sulphur. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 15: 134-136
Crooke, W.M. (1964). The measurement of the cation exchange capacity of plant roots. Plant and Soil, 21:43-49
Diacono, M. and Montemurro, F. (2010). Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 30 (2): 401-422
Edmeades, C. Douglas. (2003). The long term effects of manures and fertilizers on soil productivity and quality: a review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 66:165-180
Hourigan, W.R., Franklin, R.E., McLean, E.O. and Bhumbla, D.R. (1961). Growth and calcium uptake by plants as affected by rate and depth of liming. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 25: 491-494
Kaushal, V. (2002). Studies on long-term effects of chemical fertilizers and amendments on sustainable use of soil in wet temperate zone of western Himalayas. M Sc Thesis. Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India. p 99
Kaushal, V. (2006). Dynamics of organic pools of the nutrients as influenced by long-term use of chemical fertilizers and amendments in an acid Alfisol. Ph D Thesis. Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India. p 172
Marsh, B. (1971). Measurement of length in a random arrangement of lines. Journal of Applied Ecology, 8: 265-267
Mishra, R.D. and Ahmed, M. (1987) Manual on Irrigation Agronomy. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. p 319-326
Newman, J. (1966) A method of estimating total root length in a sample. Journal of Applied Ecology, 3: 139-145.
Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S. and Dean, L.A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus by extraction with sodium carbonate. U.S.D.A. Circ No. 939:19-33
Rajput, D.R., Prakash, O. and Singh, T.A. (1984). Movement and fertilizer use efficiency of nitrogen in wheat as affected by crop residues. Bulletin of Indian Society of Soil Science, 13:268-276
Roshani, G.A., Narayanaswamy, G. and Datta, S.C. (2005). Effect of potassium on root length density of wheat at different stages of growth. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 53: 217-221
Sharma, P.K., Sankhayan, N., Bhardwaj, S.K. and Dixit, S.P. (2002a). Studies on root characteristics and biomass productivity of wheat (Aradhana) in phosphorus, farmyard manure and mulch amended mountain acidic lands of Western Himalayas, India. 17th WCSS, 14-21 August, 2002, Thailand
Sharma, P.K., Verma, T.S. and Gupta, J.P. (1990) Ameliorating effects of phosphorus, lime and animal manure on wheat yield and root cation exchange capacity in degraded alfisols of North West Himalayas. Fertilizer Research, 23: 7-13
Sharma, S.P., Subehia, S.K. and Sharma, P.K. (2002). Long-term effects of chemical fertilizers on soil quality, crop productivity and sustainability. Research Bulletin CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya. p 33
Sharma, U., Paliyal, S.S., Sharma, S.P. and Sharma, G D. (2014). Effects of Continuous Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Manure on Soil Fertility and Productivity of Maize–Wheat under Rainfed Conditions of the Western Himalayas. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 45 (20): 2647-2659
Shenggang, P., Haidong, L., Zhaowen, M., Bob, P., Meiyang, D., Hua, T., Shuijin H. and Xiangru, T. (2016). Effects of Nitrogen and Shading on Root Morphologies, Nutrient Accumulation, and Photosynthetic Parameters in Different Rice Genotypes. Scientific Reports6:32148, DOI: 10.1038/srep32148
Subbiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the determination of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25: 259-260
Sudhir, K., Srikanth, K. and Jayaprakash, S.M. (2002). Sustained crop production under long term fertilizer use in red soil in India. 17th WCSS, 14-21 August 2002, Thailand. 108: 1-10
Swarup, A. (2000). Long-term fertilizer experiments to study changes in soil quality, crop productivity and sustainability. Indian Institute of Soil Sciences, Bhopal
Swarup, A. (2010). Integrated plant nutrient supply and management strategies for enhancing soil quality, input use efficiency and crop productivity. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 58: 25-31
Tennant, D. (1975) A test of modified line intersect method of estimating root length. Journal of Ecology. 63: 995-1001
Thakur, R., Sawarkar, S.D., Vaishya, U.K. and Muneshwar, Singh. (2001). Impact of continuous use of inorganic fertilizers and organic manure on soil properties and productivity under soybean-wheat intensive cropping of a vertisol. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 59(1): 74-81
Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L. and Beaton, J.D. (1985). Soil fertility and fertilizers. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York (USA)
Verma, S and Sharma, P.K. (2007). Effect of long-term manuring and fertilizers on carbon pools, soil structure, and sustainability under different cropping systems in wet-temperate zone of northwest Himalayas. Biol Fertility Soils, 44: 235–24
Verma, S. (2002). Studies on long-term effects of chemical fertilizers and amendments on phosphorus dynamics and its budgeting in wet temperate zone soils of western Himalayas. M Sc Thesis. Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India. p 139
Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff (wet acid) method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29-38
Yanga, C., Yang, L., Yanga, Y. and Ouyang, Z. (2004). Rice root growth and nutrient uptake as influenced by organic manure in continuously and alternately flooded paddy soils. Agricultural Water Management, 70: 67–81
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Long-term effect of inorganic fertilizers and amendments on productivity and root dynamics under maize-wheat intensive cropping in an acid Alfisol. (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(4), 2004-2012. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1480
