A review on systematic study of cellulose
Article Main
Abstract
This review attempts to bring together basic and systematic information which has been gathered on cellulose structure, types, principally that of native cellulose, over the last few decades. Even though advances have been made in the field of crystallography, powder crystallography cannot yield a definitive cellulose structure and single crystal diffraction is not possible due to the lack of suitable crystals. Knowledge obtained on the biosynthesis of native cellulose and on the polymorphy of cellulose and its derivatives help our understanding of ultrastructure. Many inconsistencies between early crystallographic studies of native cellulose have been clarified by the discovery that two polymorphs (á and â) of cellulose I exist. Models of the possible ultrastructural arrangements within native cellulose have been put forward over the decades; with advancement in technology, computer simulations of small and large systems are being created to test the viability of these ultrastructural models. It is hoped that this review will aid in the understanding of the complexity and uncertainties that still exist in this subject.
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Article Details
Keywords
Structure, Polymorphy, Cellulose, Biosynthesis, Ultra-structure
References
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Erata, T., Shikano, Takai, M. and Hayashi, J. (1995). NMRstudies on the structure of cellulose two dimensional solidstate NMR approach. Macromolecular Symposia. 99:25-29.
Fink, H.P., Philipp, B., Paul, D., Serimaa, R. and Paakkari, T. (1987). The structure of amorphous cellulose as revealed by wide angle X-ray scattering. Polymer 28:1265-1270.
Fengel, D. (1992). Characteristics of cellulose by deconvoluting the OH valency range in FTIR spectra. Holzforschung., 46:283-288.
Fengel, D. and Stoll, M. (1989). Crystals of cellulose grown from TFA solution. Wood Sci. Tecnol., 23:85-94.
Fengel, D. and Wegner, G. (1989). In Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, p. 66.
French, A.D., Miller, D.P. and Aabloo, A. (1993). Miniature crystal models of cellulose polymorphs and other carbohydrates. Int. J. Biol. Macromolecules., 15:30-36.
French, A.D. and Murphy, V.C. (1977). A virtual bond modeling study of cellulose I. In Cellulose chemistry and technology ACS symposium Series. 48 (J. C. Arthur, Jr. ed.). Washington DC: American Chemical Society, pp. 12-29.
Gardiner, E.S. and Sarko, A. (1985). Packing analysis of carbohydrates and polysaccharides. 16. The crystal structures of cellulose IVI and IVII. Can. J. Chemistry., 63:173-180.
Gardner, K.H. and Blackwell, J. (1974). The structure of native cellulose. Biopolymers., 13:1975-2001
Gardner, K.H. and Blackwell, J. (1974a). The structure of native cellulose. Biopolymers., 13:1975-2001.
Honjo, G. and Watanabe, M. (1958). Examination of cellulose fibre by the low temperature specimen method of electron diffraction and electron microscopy. Nature., 181:326-328
Hayashi, J. Yamada, T. and Shimizu, Y.L, (1989). Memory phenomenon of the original cristal structure inn allomorphs of Na-cellulose. In cellulose and Weed: Chemistry and Technology, Proceedings ogg the tenth cellulose conference (C. Sthuerch, ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 77-107.
Hermans, P.H. (1949). Physics and chemistry of cellulose fibres. New York: Elsevier., pp. 13-20.
Hermans, P.H. and Weidinger, A. (1949). X-ray studies on the crystallinity of cellulose. J. Polymer Sci., 4:135-144.
Heyn, A. N.J. (1966). The microcrystalline structure of cellulose in cell walls of cotton, ramie and jute fibres as revealed by negative staining of sections. J. Cell Biol., 29:181-197.
Hanley, S.J., Giasson, J., Revol, J.F. and Gray, D.G. (1992). Atomic force microscopy of cellulose microfibrils – comparison with transmission electron-microscopy. Polymer., 33:4639-4642.
Henrissat, B., Perez, S., Tvaroska, I. and Winter, W. (1987). Multidisciplinary approaches to the structure of model compounds for cellulose II. In The Structure of Cellulose. Washington DC: American Chemical Society, pp. 38-66.
Heiner, A.P., Sugiyama, J. and Teleman, O. (1995). Crystalline cellulose Iá and Iâ studied by molecular dynamics simulation. Carbohydrate Res.,273:207-223.
Horii, F., Hirai, A. and Kitamaru, R. (1982). Solid-state highresolution 13C NMR studies of regenerated cellulose sample with different crystallinities. Polymer Bulletin. 8:163.ll
Horii, F., Hirai, A. and Kitamaru, R. (1987b). CP/MAS C-13 NMR spectra of the crystalline components of native cellulose. Macromolocules. 20:2117-2120.
Hon, D.N.-S. (1996). Cellulose and its derivatives: Structure, Reactions and Medical uses. In: Polysaccharides in medicinal Applications. Dumitriu D (ed.) Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 87-105.
Kolpak, F.J. and Blackwell, J. (1976). Determination of the structure of cellulose II. Macromolecules., 9:273-278.
Kulshreshta, A. K. and Dweltz, N. E. (1973). Paracrystalline lattice disorder in cellulose I. Reappraisal of application of 2-phase hypothesis to analysis of powder X-ray diffractograms of native and hydrolysed cellulosic materials. J. Polymer Sci.: Polymer Physics Edition. 11:487-497.
Kuutti, L., Peltonen, J., Pene, J. and Teleman, O. (1995). Identification and surface-structure of crystalline cellulose studied by atomic force microscope. Journal of Microscopy- Oxford., 178:1-6.
Kuga, S., Takagi, S. and Brown, R.M.Jr. (1993). Native folded chain cellulose II, Polymer. 34:3293-3297.
Kooijman, J., van Eijck, B.P. and Kroon, J. (1992). Molecular dynamics simulations of crystal structures containing charged molecular structure of fibers. Papier- Fabr., 36:345-348.
Leeflang, B.R., Vliegerthart, J.F.G., Kroon-Batenburg, L.M.J., van Eijck, B.P. and Kroon, J. (1992). A 1H-NMR and MD study of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in methyl-á - cellobioside. Carbohydrate Research., 230:41-61.
Lin, K.W., Ladisch, M.R., Schaefer, D.M., Noller, C.H., Lechtenberg, V. and Tsao, G.T. (1981). Review on effect of pretreatment on digestibility of cellulosic materials. AiChE Symposium Series, 77(207): 102-106.
Lynd, L.R., Wyman, C.E. and Gerngross, T.U. (1999). Biocommodity engineering. Biotechnol. Prog., 15: 777-793.
Linder, M., Mattinen, M.L., Konttelli, M., Lindeberg, G., Stahlberg, J., Drakenberg, T., Reinikainen, T., Pettersson, G. and Annila, A. (1995). Identification of functionally important amino acids in the cellulose-binding domain of Trichoderma ressei cellobiohydrolase I. Protein Science, 4: 1056-1064.
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A review on systematic study of cellulose. (2010). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 2(2), 330-343. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v2i2.143
