Effect of Bacillus spp. on Gerbera plant growth and control of Meloidogyne incognita
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Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus spp. against Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood infesting gerbera plants (Var. Valletta). Investigations were undertaken in pots filled with 5 kg of sterilized potting mixture consisting of red soil:sand:FYM (2:1:1 v/v) to assess the effect of liquid and talc formulations of Bacillus spp. viz., B. subtilis strain BG42, B. subtilis strain BG37 and B. amyloliquefaciens strain B4. The results indicated that Soil drenching of liquid formulation of B. subtilis strain BG42 @ 1%/m2 (1x108 colony forming units/g) gave maximum reduc-tion of juveniles per 250g soil (67.40%), number of adult females/5g root (73.46%), number of eggmass/5g root (69.44%), gall index (1.67) and increased flower yield/m2 (127.03%). Soil drenching of liquid formulation of B. subtilis strain BG 37 were next in line in efficacy. Further liquid formulation of B. subtilis strain BG42 had a positive influence on growth parameters viz., shoot length, root length, shoot and root weight, number of leaves / plant and flower yield/m2 and quality parameters viz., flower diameter, colour of the flower, length of flower stalk and vase life . The endophytic colonization potential of the Bacillus spp. introduced into the soil was confirmed by reisolating them from gerbera roots.
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Keywords
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, Biocontrol, Gerbera jamesonii, Meloidogyne incognita
References
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Aswath, C. and Survay Nazneen, 2004. An improved method for in vitro propagatin of gerbera. J. Orna.Horti., 7(2): 141-146.
Barea, J. M., Pozo, M. J., Azcon, R. and Azcon, A. C. 2005. Microbial cooperation in the rhizosphere. J. Exp. Bot., 56(417): 1761-1778.
Benizri, E., Baudoin, E., and Guckert, A. 2001. Root colonization by inoculated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Biocontrol Sci Technol., 11: 557-574.
Broadbent, P., Bake, K. F., Franks, N. and Holland, J. 1977. Effect of Bacillus sp. on increased growth of seedlings in steamed and in non treated soil. Phytopathol., 67: 1027–1034.
Chen, X. H., Vater, J., Piel, J., Franke, P., Scholz, R., Schneider, K., Koumoutsi, A., Hitzeroth, G., Grammel, N., Strittmatter, A. W., Gottschalk, G., Sussmuth, R. D. and Borriss, R. 2006. Structural and functional characterization of three polyketide synthase gene clusters in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB 42. J. Bact., 188: 4024–4036.
Choudhary, M. L. and Prasad, K. V. 2000. Protected cultivation of ornamental crops – An insight. Indian Hort. 45(1): 49-53
Dangar, T. K. and Basu, P. S. 1987. Studies on plant growth substances, IAA metabolism and nitrogenase activity in root nodules of Phaseolus aureus Roxb. Var. mungo. Bioloica plantarum, 29: 350-354.
Dey, R. Pal, K. K., Bhatt, D. M. and Chauhan, S. M. 2004. Growth promotion and yield enhancement of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Microbiol. Res., 159:371-394.
Dobbelaere, S. Vanderleyden, J. and Okon, Y. 2003. Plant growth promoting effects of diazotrophs in the rhizosphere. Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci., 22: 107-14.
Holbrook C. C., Knauft D. A. and Dikson D. W. 1983. A technique for screening peanut for resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria. Plant. Dis. 57: 957–958.
Huang, Y., Xu, C., Ma, L., Zhang, K., Duan, C. and Mo, M. 2009. Characterization of volatiles produced from Bacillus megaterium YFM 3.25 and their nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita. Eur. J. Plant. Pathol., 26: 417-422.
Jonathan, E. I., Barker, K. R., Abdel-Alim, F. F., Vrain, T. C. and Dickson, D. W. 2000. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato and banana with Rhizosphere, Actinomycetes and Pasteuria penetrans. Nematropica, 30: 231-240.
Jonathan, E. I., Cannayane, I. and Samiyappan, R. 2004. Field application of biocontrol agent for the management of spiral nematode, Helicotylenchus multicinctus in banana. Nematol. Mediterr., 32: 169-173.
Joshi, R. and Gardener, M. B. 2006. Identification of genes associated with pathogen inhibition in different strains B. subtilis. Phytopathol., 96: 145–154.
Karanja, N. K., Mutua, G. K. and Kimenju, J. W. 2007. Evaluating the effect of Bacillus and Rhizobium bio-inoculant on nodulation and nematode control in Phaseolus vulgaris L. In: “Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities”,(Eds.): Bationo, A., Waswa, B., Kihara, J., and Kimetu, J. Springer, Netherlands, pp. 863–868.
Khalil, M. S. H., Allam, A. F. G. and Barakat, A. S. T. 2012. Nematicidal activity of some biopesticide agents and microorganisms against root-knot nematode on tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. J. Plant. Prot. Res., 52(1): 47-52.
Krebs, B., Hoeding, B., Kuebart, S., Workie, M. A., Junge, H., Schmiedeknecht, G., Grosch, R., Bochow, H. and Hevesi, M. 1998. Use of Bacillus subtilis as biocontrol agent. I: Activities and characterization of Bacillus subtilis strains. Zeitschrift Pflanzenkrankh Pflanzenschutz, 105: 181-197.
Lamberti, F., Tacconi, R., Marinari, A., Derrico, F. P. and Basile, M. 1987. Major plant parasitic nematodes associated with flower crops in Italy and their control. Difesa delta Pinate, 10: 77-84.
Mendoza, A. R., Kiewnick, S. and Sikora, R. A. 2008. In vitro activity of Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis, the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Biocontrol. Sci. Techn., 18: 377-389.
Nagesh M. and Parvatha Reddy P. 1996. Management of Meloidogyne incognita on carnation and gerbera in commercial polyhouses. Pp. 249. In: Crop Productivity and Sustainability – Shaping the Future, 2nd International Crop Science Congress, 17-24, November, 1996, NAAS, New Delhi, India.
Nagesh, M. and Paravatha Reddy, P. 2000, Crop loss estimation in carnation and gerbera due to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood, Pest. Manag. Hort. Ecosys., 6: 158-159.
Nagesh, M. and Parvatha Reddy, P.N. 2001. Pathogenicity of selected antagonistic soil fungi egg masses under in vitro and in vivo conditions. J. Bio Control, 15:
63-68.
Nico, A. I., Rafael, R. M., Jiménez-Daza, M. and Castillo, P. 2004. Control of root-knot nematodes by composted agro-industrial wastes in potting mixtures. Crop Prot., 23:581–587.
Niu, Q., Huang, X., Zhang, L., Lian, L., Li, Y., Li, J., Yang, J. and Zhang, K. 2007. Functional identification of the genebace16 from nematophagous bacterium Bacillus nematocida. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 75: 141-148.
Oka,Y., Chet, I. and Spiegel,Y. 1993. Control of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Bacillus cereus. Biocontrol. Sci. Techn., 3: 115-126.
Salehi Jouzani, G. H., Seifinejad, A., Saeedizadeh, A., Nazarian, A., Yousefloo, M., Soheilivand, S., Mousivand, M., Jahangiri, R., Yazdani, M., Maali Amiri, R. and Akbari, S. 2008. Molecular detection of nematicidal crystalliferous Bacillus thuringiensis strains of Iran and evaluation of their toxicity on free-living and plant parasitic nematodes. Can. J. Microbiol., 54: 812-82.
Siddiqui Z. A. and Mahmood I. 1999. Role of bacteria in the manage¬ment of plant parasitic nematodes: A review. Bioresource Technol., 69: 167–179.
Siddiqui, I. A. 2002. Suppression of Meloidogyne javanica by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis in tomato. Nematol. Mediterr., 30: 125-130.
Siddiqui, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects. Second edition, CAB International,Wallingford, UK.
Siddiqui, Z. A., and Mahmood, I. 1993. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita race 3 and Macrophominaphaseolina by Paecilomyceslilacinus and Bacillus subtilis alone and in combination on chickpea. Fund. Appl. Nematol., 16:215–218.
Singh, P. and Cameotra, S. S. 2004. Potential applications of microbial surfactants in biomedical sciences. Trends. Biotechnol., 22(3): 142-146.
Southey, J. F. 1986. Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, UK.
Taylor, A. L. and Sasser, J. N. 1978. Biology, identification and control of root not nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Coop publication, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University and U.S. Agency International Development, Raleigh, North Carolina, PP. 111.
Terefe, M., Tefera, T. and Sakhuja, P. K. 2009. Effect of a formulation of Bacillus firmus on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infestation and the growth of tomato plants in the greenhouse and nursery. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 100: 94-99.
Vidhyasekaran, P. and Muthamilan, M. 1999. Evaluation of powder formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf1 for control of rice sheath blight. Biocontrol. Sci. Techn., 9: 67-74.
Wei, J., Hale, K., Carta, L., Platzer, E., Wong, C., Fang, S., Aroian, V. 2003. Bacillus thurigiensis crystal proteins that target nematodes. Microbiol, 100: 2760-2765.
Weller, D. M., 1988. Biological control of soilborne plant pathogens in the rhizosphere with bacteria. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 26:379-407.
Whitehead, A. G., 1998. Plant nematode control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 384.
Xia, Y., Xie, Sh., Ma, X., Wu, H., Wang, X., and Gao, X. 2011. The purl gene of Bacillus subtilis is associated with nematicidal activity. FEMS. Microbiol. Lett., 322: 99-107.
Aswath, C. and Survay Nazneen, 2004. An improved method for in vitro propagatin of gerbera. J. Orna.Horti., 7(2): 141-146.
Barea, J. M., Pozo, M. J., Azcon, R. and Azcon, A. C. 2005. Microbial cooperation in the rhizosphere. J. Exp. Bot., 56(417): 1761-1778.
Benizri, E., Baudoin, E., and Guckert, A. 2001. Root colonization by inoculated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Biocontrol Sci Technol., 11: 557-574.
Broadbent, P., Bake, K. F., Franks, N. and Holland, J. 1977. Effect of Bacillus sp. on increased growth of seedlings in steamed and in non treated soil. Phytopathol., 67: 1027–1034.
Chen, X. H., Vater, J., Piel, J., Franke, P., Scholz, R., Schneider, K., Koumoutsi, A., Hitzeroth, G., Grammel, N., Strittmatter, A. W., Gottschalk, G., Sussmuth, R. D. and Borriss, R. 2006. Structural and functional characterization of three polyketide synthase gene clusters in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB 42. J. Bact., 188: 4024–4036.
Choudhary, M. L. and Prasad, K. V. 2000. Protected cultivation of ornamental crops – An insight. Indian Hort. 45(1): 49-53
Dangar, T. K. and Basu, P. S. 1987. Studies on plant growth substances, IAA metabolism and nitrogenase activity in root nodules of Phaseolus aureus Roxb. Var. mungo. Bioloica plantarum, 29: 350-354.
Dey, R. Pal, K. K., Bhatt, D. M. and Chauhan, S. M. 2004. Growth promotion and yield enhancement of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Microbiol. Res., 159:371-394.
Dobbelaere, S. Vanderleyden, J. and Okon, Y. 2003. Plant growth promoting effects of diazotrophs in the rhizosphere. Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci., 22: 107-14.
Holbrook C. C., Knauft D. A. and Dikson D. W. 1983. A technique for screening peanut for resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria. Plant. Dis. 57: 957–958.
Huang, Y., Xu, C., Ma, L., Zhang, K., Duan, C. and Mo, M. 2009. Characterization of volatiles produced from Bacillus megaterium YFM 3.25 and their nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita. Eur. J. Plant. Pathol., 26: 417-422.
Jonathan, E. I., Barker, K. R., Abdel-Alim, F. F., Vrain, T. C. and Dickson, D. W. 2000. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato and banana with Rhizosphere, Actinomycetes and Pasteuria penetrans. Nematropica, 30: 231-240.
Jonathan, E. I., Cannayane, I. and Samiyappan, R. 2004. Field application of biocontrol agent for the management of spiral nematode, Helicotylenchus multicinctus in banana. Nematol. Mediterr., 32: 169-173.
Joshi, R. and Gardener, M. B. 2006. Identification of genes associated with pathogen inhibition in different strains B. subtilis. Phytopathol., 96: 145–154.
Karanja, N. K., Mutua, G. K. and Kimenju, J. W. 2007. Evaluating the effect of Bacillus and Rhizobium bio-inoculant on nodulation and nematode control in Phaseolus vulgaris L. In: “Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities”,(Eds.): Bationo, A., Waswa, B., Kihara, J., and Kimetu, J. Springer, Netherlands, pp. 863–868.
Khalil, M. S. H., Allam, A. F. G. and Barakat, A. S. T. 2012. Nematicidal activity of some biopesticide agents and microorganisms against root-knot nematode on tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. J. Plant. Prot. Res., 52(1): 47-52.
Krebs, B., Hoeding, B., Kuebart, S., Workie, M. A., Junge, H., Schmiedeknecht, G., Grosch, R., Bochow, H. and Hevesi, M. 1998. Use of Bacillus subtilis as biocontrol agent. I: Activities and characterization of Bacillus subtilis strains. Zeitschrift Pflanzenkrankh Pflanzenschutz, 105: 181-197.
Lamberti, F., Tacconi, R., Marinari, A., Derrico, F. P. and Basile, M. 1987. Major plant parasitic nematodes associated with flower crops in Italy and their control. Difesa delta Pinate, 10: 77-84.
Mendoza, A. R., Kiewnick, S. and Sikora, R. A. 2008. In vitro activity of Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis, the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Biocontrol. Sci. Techn., 18: 377-389.
Nagesh M. and Parvatha Reddy P. 1996. Management of Meloidogyne incognita on carnation and gerbera in commercial polyhouses. Pp. 249. In: Crop Productivity and Sustainability – Shaping the Future, 2nd International Crop Science Congress, 17-24, November, 1996, NAAS, New Delhi, India.
Nagesh, M. and Paravatha Reddy, P. 2000, Crop loss estimation in carnation and gerbera due to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood, Pest. Manag. Hort. Ecosys., 6: 158-159.
Nagesh, M. and Parvatha Reddy, P.N. 2001. Pathogenicity of selected antagonistic soil fungi egg masses under in vitro and in vivo conditions. J. Bio Control, 15:
63-68.
Nico, A. I., Rafael, R. M., Jiménez-Daza, M. and Castillo, P. 2004. Control of root-knot nematodes by composted agro-industrial wastes in potting mixtures. Crop Prot., 23:581–587.
Niu, Q., Huang, X., Zhang, L., Lian, L., Li, Y., Li, J., Yang, J. and Zhang, K. 2007. Functional identification of the genebace16 from nematophagous bacterium Bacillus nematocida. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 75: 141-148.
Oka,Y., Chet, I. and Spiegel,Y. 1993. Control of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Bacillus cereus. Biocontrol. Sci. Techn., 3: 115-126.
Salehi Jouzani, G. H., Seifinejad, A., Saeedizadeh, A., Nazarian, A., Yousefloo, M., Soheilivand, S., Mousivand, M., Jahangiri, R., Yazdani, M., Maali Amiri, R. and Akbari, S. 2008. Molecular detection of nematicidal crystalliferous Bacillus thuringiensis strains of Iran and evaluation of their toxicity on free-living and plant parasitic nematodes. Can. J. Microbiol., 54: 812-82.
Siddiqui Z. A. and Mahmood I. 1999. Role of bacteria in the manage¬ment of plant parasitic nematodes: A review. Bioresource Technol., 69: 167–179.
Siddiqui, I. A. 2002. Suppression of Meloidogyne javanica by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis in tomato. Nematol. Mediterr., 30: 125-130.
Siddiqui, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects. Second edition, CAB International,Wallingford, UK.
Siddiqui, Z. A., and Mahmood, I. 1993. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita race 3 and Macrophominaphaseolina by Paecilomyceslilacinus and Bacillus subtilis alone and in combination on chickpea. Fund. Appl. Nematol., 16:215–218.
Singh, P. and Cameotra, S. S. 2004. Potential applications of microbial surfactants in biomedical sciences. Trends. Biotechnol., 22(3): 142-146.
Southey, J. F. 1986. Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, UK.
Taylor, A. L. and Sasser, J. N. 1978. Biology, identification and control of root not nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Coop publication, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University and U.S. Agency International Development, Raleigh, North Carolina, PP. 111.
Terefe, M., Tefera, T. and Sakhuja, P. K. 2009. Effect of a formulation of Bacillus firmus on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infestation and the growth of tomato plants in the greenhouse and nursery. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 100: 94-99.
Vidhyasekaran, P. and Muthamilan, M. 1999. Evaluation of powder formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf1 for control of rice sheath blight. Biocontrol. Sci. Techn., 9: 67-74.
Wei, J., Hale, K., Carta, L., Platzer, E., Wong, C., Fang, S., Aroian, V. 2003. Bacillus thurigiensis crystal proteins that target nematodes. Microbiol, 100: 2760-2765.
Weller, D. M., 1988. Biological control of soilborne plant pathogens in the rhizosphere with bacteria. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 26:379-407.
Whitehead, A. G., 1998. Plant nematode control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 384.
Xia, Y., Xie, Sh., Ma, X., Wu, H., Wang, X., and Gao, X. 2011. The purl gene of Bacillus subtilis is associated with nematicidal activity. FEMS. Microbiol. Lett., 322: 99-107.
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Effect of Bacillus spp. on Gerbera plant growth and control of Meloidogyne incognita. (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(3), 1644-1650. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1415
