Evaluation of Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) as a tool to monitor pollution and green belt development: A review
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Abstract
Air pollution is a global phenomenon arising out of the unsustainable, unplanned and rapid develop-ment. The quality of air is deteriorating day by day because of rising concentrations of various gases in the atmos-phere. Presently, no such system has been developed ever that completely eliminates air pollutants, but nature has created many systems to deal with the harmful results of different anthropogenic activities up to a certain limit. Some plants can survive well with higher pollutant concentrations and act as pollution scavenger. Green plants act as a sink and filter to minimize air pollution by absorption, adsorption, detoxification, accumulation and/or metabolization without sustaining serious decline in growth, thus improving air quality by providing oxygen to the atmosphere. The plants which can withstand higher pollutant concentrations can serve as tolerant species and may be suggested to act as pollution scavengers. In the present study the air pollution tolerance index of some plants has been reviewed which are widely distributed throughout India and may prove helpful for the abatement of elevated air pollution levels such as Mangifera indica, Azardirachta indica, Saraca indica, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Shorea robusta and Bougainvillea spp. The wild indigenous species are superior performers in air pollution reduction as compared to the cultivated non indigenous species. The screening out of tolerant plant species from the sensitive ones can provide a database which may help landscapers to design green belts around industries and National Highways.
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Keywords
Air pollution tolerance index, Anthropogenic activities, Gaseous exchange, Green belts, Physiological adaptation
References
Agarwal, S.K. and Tiwari, S.L. (1997). Susceptibility level of few plants on the basis of air pollution tolerance index. Indian Forester, 123: 319–322
Agbaire, P.O. (2009). Air pollution tolerance indices (APTI) of some plants around Erhoike-Kokori oil exploration site of Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 4(6): 366-368
Bakiyaraj, R. and Ayyappan, D. (2014). Air Pollution Tolerance Index of some terrestrial plants around an industrial area. International Journal of Modern Research and Reviews, 2(1): 1–7
Beg, M.U., Farooq, M., Bhargava, S. K., Kidwai, M.M. and Lal, M.M. (1990). Performance of trees around a thermal power station. Environment and Ecology, 8(3): 791-797
Begum, A. and Harikrishna, S. (2010). Evaluation of some tree species to absorb air pollutants in three industrial locations of South Bengaluru, India. Journal of Chemistry, 7(S1): S151-S156
Bhatia, S.C. (2006). Environmental Chemistry. CBS Publishers and Distributors
Bhattacharya, T., Kriplani, L. and Chakraborty, S. (2013). Seasonal variation in air pollution tolerance index of various plant species of Baroda city. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, 3(2): 199-201
Bora, M. and Joshi, N. (2014). A study on variation in biochemical aspects of different tree species with tolerance and performance index. The Bioscan, 9(1): 59-63
Chaudhary, C.S. and Rao, D.N. (1977). Study of some factors in plants controlling their susceptibility to SO2 pollution. Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy, 43: 236–241
Chauhan, A. (2010). Photosynthetic pigment changes in some selected trees induced by automobile exhaust in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. New York Science Journal, 3(2): 45-51
CPCB (2014). National ambient air quality status 2012, Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi
CPCB (2009). Comprehensive environmental assessment of industrial clusters. New Delhi: Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi
Dwivedi, A.K. and Tripathi, B.D. (2007). Pollution tolerance and distribution pattern of plants in surrounding area of coal-fired industries. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(2): 257-263
Emberson, L. D., Ashmore, M. R., Murray, F., Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Percy, K. E., Izuta, T., and Agrawal, M. (2001). Impacts of air pollutants on vegetation in developing countries. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130(1-4): 107-118
Gaikwad, U.S., Ranade, C.D. and Gadgil, J.M. (2006). Plants as bio-indicators of automobile exhaust pollution- a Case study of Sangli City. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Part EN, Environmental Engineering Division, 86: 26-28
Gharge, S. and Menon, G.S. (2012). Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of certain herbs from the site around Ambernath MIDC. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, 3(3): 543–547
Horsfall, M. and Spiff, A.I. (1998). Principles of Environmental pollution with physical chemical and biological emphasis. Port Harcourt, Metropolis Limited, 62-124
Joshi, N. and Bora, M. (2011). Impact of air quality on physiological attributes of certain plants. Report and Opinion, 3(2): 42-47
Joshi, P.C. and Swami, A. (2007). Physiological responses of some trees under roadside automobile pollution stress around city of Haridwar, India. Environmentalist, 27: 365-374
Jyothi, S.J. and Jaya, D.S. (2010). Evaluation of air pollution tolerance index of selected plant species along roadsides in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31(3): 379-386
Karthiyayini, R., Ponnammal, N.R. and Joseph, R. (2005). Air pollution tolerance index of certain plants of Coimbatore-Ooty highways, near ITI area, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu. Pollution Research, 24(4): 801-803
Katiyar, V. and Dubey, P.S. (2000). Growth behaviour of two cultivars of maize in response to SO2 and NO2. Journal of Environmental Biology, 21(4): 317–323
Keller, T. and Schwager, H. (1977). Air pollution and ascorbic acid. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 7(6): 338–350
Kour, B. and Raina, A.K. (2014). Assessment of air pollution tolerance levels of some plant species of Jammu. Environment Conservation Journal, 15(1/2):
89-93
Krishnaveni, M., Usha, S. and Kowsalya, R. (2012). Evaluation of air pollution tolerance index of selected herbal tree and plant species (leaves) with in the Periyar University campus, Salem, Tamil nadu, India. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 5(6): 3219-3222
Kuddus, M., Kumari, R. and Ramteke, P.W. (2011). Studies on air pollution tolerance of selected plants in Allahabad city, India. Journal of Environmental Research and Management, 2(3): 042-046
Lakshmi, P. S., Sravanti K.L., and Srinivas N. (2009). Air pollution tolerance index of various plant species growing in industrial areas. The Ecoscan 2, 203–206
Liu, Y.J. and Ding, H. (2008). Variation in air pollution tolerance index of plants near a steel factory: Implication for landscape-plant species selection for industrial areas. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 4(1): 24-32
Madan, S. and Verma, P. (2015). Assessment of air pollution tolerance index of some trees in Haridwar City, Uttarakhand. Journal of Environmental Biology, 36(3):645-648
Narwaria, Y.S. and Kush, K. (2012). Environmental assessment of air pollution on road side plants species at Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 7(2): 710-714
Nouchi I. (2002). Plants as bioindicators of air pollution. Air Pollution and Plant Biotechnology, 11: 41–60
Pandey, A. K., Pandey, M., Mishra, A., Tiwary, S. M. and Tripathi, B. D. (2015). Air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of some plant species for development of urban forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(4): 866-871
Panigrahi, T., Das, K.K., Dey, B.S., Mishra, M. and Panda, R.B. (2012). Air Pollution Tolerance Index of various plants species found in FM University Campus, Balasore, Odisha, India. Journal of Applicable Chemistry, 1(4): 519-523
Pant, P.P. and Tripathi, A.K. (2012). Analysis of some biochemical parameters of plants as indicator of air pollution. Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering and Technology, 1(1): 14-21
Pathak, V., Tripathi, B.D. and Mishra, V.K. (2011). Evaluation of anticipated performance index of some tree species for green belt development to mitigate traffic generated noise. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 10(1): 61-66
Prajapati, S. K. and Tripathi B. D. (2008). Anticipated Performance Index of some tree species considered for green belt development in and around an urban area: A case study of Varanasi city, India. Journal of environmental management, 88(4):1343-1349
Radhapriya, P., Gopalakrishnan, A.N., Malini, P. and Ramachandran, A. (2012). Assessment of air pollution tolerance levels of selected plants around cement industry, Coimbatore, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 33(3): 635.-641
Randhi, U.D. and Reddy, M.A. (2013). Air Pollution Tolerance Levels of selected urban plant species in industrial areas of Hyderabad (AP), India. Environment, 2(6): 294-295
Rao, C.S. (2007). Environmental Pollution Control Engineering. New Age International
Raza, S.H., Murthy, M.S.R. and Ahmed, A. (1988). Air pollution tolerance index of certain plants of Nacharam Industrial Area, Hyderabad. Indian Journal of Botany, 11(1): 91-95
Shannigrahi, A.S., Fukushima, T. and Sharma, R.C. (2004). Anticipated air pollution tolerance of some plant species considered for green belt development in and around an industrial/urban area in India: an overview. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 61(2): 125-137
Shrivastava, R.K., Saxena, N. and Gautam, G. (2013). Air pollution due to road transportation in India: A review on assessment and reduction strategies. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 8(1): 69-77
Singare, P.U. and Talpade, M.S. (1926). Physiological responses of some plant species as a bio-indicator of roadside automobile pollution stress using the air pollution tolerance index approach. International Journal of Plant Research, 3(2): 9-16
Singh, S.K., Rao, D.N., Agrawal, M., Pandey, J. and Naryan, D. (1991). Air pollution tolerance index of plants. Journal of Environmental Management, 32(1): 45-55
Singh, S.K. and Rao, D.N. (1983). Evaluation of plants for their tolerance to air pollution. In Proceedings of symposium on air pollution control. Indian Association for Air Pollution Control. New Delhi, 218-224
Singh, S.N. and Verma, A. (2007). Phytoremediation of Air Pollutants: A Review. In: Environmental Bioremediation Technologies, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 293–314
Sodhi, G.S. (2005). Fundamental concepts of environmental chemistry. Alpha Science International Limited
Suganthi, P., Ganeshkumar, R.S., Govindaraju, M., Selvaraj, M. and Kumar, P. (2013). Estimation of Biochemical Characters of plants in response to vehicular air pollution stress in Riruchirappalli city corporation, Tamil Nadu, India, International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 4(8): 1282-1289
Swami, A. and Chauhan, D. (2015). Impact of air pollution induced by automobile exhaust pollution on air pollution tolerance index. International Journal of Scientific Research, 4(3): 342-343
Tanaka, K., Otsubo, T. and Kondo, N. (1982). Participation of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Inactivation of Calvin-cycle SH Enzymes in SO2-fumigated Spinach Leaves, Plant Cell Physiology, 28: 1009-1018
Thambavni, D.S. and Maheshwari J. (2012). Evaluation of Anticipated Performance Index of certain tree species in Virudhnagar, India. International Congress on Informatics, Environment, Energy and Applications-IEEA, IPCSIT Vol. 38. IACSIT Press, Singapore
Thawale, P.R., Babu, S.S., Wakode, R.R., Singh, S.K., Kumar, S. and Juwarkar, A.A. (2011). Biochemical changes in plant leaves as a biomarker of pollution due to anthropogenic activity. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 177(1-4): 527-535
Varshney, S.R.K and Varshney, C.K. (1985). Response of peroxidase to low levels of SO2. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 25: 107–114
Verma, A. and Singh, S.N. (2006). Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in plant foliage exposed to auto-pollution. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 120(1-3): 585-602
Yannawar, V.B. and Bhosle, A.B. (2014). Air pollution tolerance index of various plant species around Nanded city, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 3: 23-28
Zeiger E., (2006). The Effect of Air Pollution on Plants, Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition (On line), Editors Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger, 2006
Agbaire, P.O. (2009). Air pollution tolerance indices (APTI) of some plants around Erhoike-Kokori oil exploration site of Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 4(6): 366-368
Bakiyaraj, R. and Ayyappan, D. (2014). Air Pollution Tolerance Index of some terrestrial plants around an industrial area. International Journal of Modern Research and Reviews, 2(1): 1–7
Beg, M.U., Farooq, M., Bhargava, S. K., Kidwai, M.M. and Lal, M.M. (1990). Performance of trees around a thermal power station. Environment and Ecology, 8(3): 791-797
Begum, A. and Harikrishna, S. (2010). Evaluation of some tree species to absorb air pollutants in three industrial locations of South Bengaluru, India. Journal of Chemistry, 7(S1): S151-S156
Bhatia, S.C. (2006). Environmental Chemistry. CBS Publishers and Distributors
Bhattacharya, T., Kriplani, L. and Chakraborty, S. (2013). Seasonal variation in air pollution tolerance index of various plant species of Baroda city. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, 3(2): 199-201
Bora, M. and Joshi, N. (2014). A study on variation in biochemical aspects of different tree species with tolerance and performance index. The Bioscan, 9(1): 59-63
Chaudhary, C.S. and Rao, D.N. (1977). Study of some factors in plants controlling their susceptibility to SO2 pollution. Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy, 43: 236–241
Chauhan, A. (2010). Photosynthetic pigment changes in some selected trees induced by automobile exhaust in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. New York Science Journal, 3(2): 45-51
CPCB (2014). National ambient air quality status 2012, Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi
CPCB (2009). Comprehensive environmental assessment of industrial clusters. New Delhi: Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi
Dwivedi, A.K. and Tripathi, B.D. (2007). Pollution tolerance and distribution pattern of plants in surrounding area of coal-fired industries. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(2): 257-263
Emberson, L. D., Ashmore, M. R., Murray, F., Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Percy, K. E., Izuta, T., and Agrawal, M. (2001). Impacts of air pollutants on vegetation in developing countries. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130(1-4): 107-118
Gaikwad, U.S., Ranade, C.D. and Gadgil, J.M. (2006). Plants as bio-indicators of automobile exhaust pollution- a Case study of Sangli City. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Part EN, Environmental Engineering Division, 86: 26-28
Gharge, S. and Menon, G.S. (2012). Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of certain herbs from the site around Ambernath MIDC. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, 3(3): 543–547
Horsfall, M. and Spiff, A.I. (1998). Principles of Environmental pollution with physical chemical and biological emphasis. Port Harcourt, Metropolis Limited, 62-124
Joshi, N. and Bora, M. (2011). Impact of air quality on physiological attributes of certain plants. Report and Opinion, 3(2): 42-47
Joshi, P.C. and Swami, A. (2007). Physiological responses of some trees under roadside automobile pollution stress around city of Haridwar, India. Environmentalist, 27: 365-374
Jyothi, S.J. and Jaya, D.S. (2010). Evaluation of air pollution tolerance index of selected plant species along roadsides in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31(3): 379-386
Karthiyayini, R., Ponnammal, N.R. and Joseph, R. (2005). Air pollution tolerance index of certain plants of Coimbatore-Ooty highways, near ITI area, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu. Pollution Research, 24(4): 801-803
Katiyar, V. and Dubey, P.S. (2000). Growth behaviour of two cultivars of maize in response to SO2 and NO2. Journal of Environmental Biology, 21(4): 317–323
Keller, T. and Schwager, H. (1977). Air pollution and ascorbic acid. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 7(6): 338–350
Kour, B. and Raina, A.K. (2014). Assessment of air pollution tolerance levels of some plant species of Jammu. Environment Conservation Journal, 15(1/2):
89-93
Krishnaveni, M., Usha, S. and Kowsalya, R. (2012). Evaluation of air pollution tolerance index of selected herbal tree and plant species (leaves) with in the Periyar University campus, Salem, Tamil nadu, India. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 5(6): 3219-3222
Kuddus, M., Kumari, R. and Ramteke, P.W. (2011). Studies on air pollution tolerance of selected plants in Allahabad city, India. Journal of Environmental Research and Management, 2(3): 042-046
Lakshmi, P. S., Sravanti K.L., and Srinivas N. (2009). Air pollution tolerance index of various plant species growing in industrial areas. The Ecoscan 2, 203–206
Liu, Y.J. and Ding, H. (2008). Variation in air pollution tolerance index of plants near a steel factory: Implication for landscape-plant species selection for industrial areas. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 4(1): 24-32
Madan, S. and Verma, P. (2015). Assessment of air pollution tolerance index of some trees in Haridwar City, Uttarakhand. Journal of Environmental Biology, 36(3):645-648
Narwaria, Y.S. and Kush, K. (2012). Environmental assessment of air pollution on road side plants species at Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 7(2): 710-714
Nouchi I. (2002). Plants as bioindicators of air pollution. Air Pollution and Plant Biotechnology, 11: 41–60
Pandey, A. K., Pandey, M., Mishra, A., Tiwary, S. M. and Tripathi, B. D. (2015). Air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of some plant species for development of urban forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(4): 866-871
Panigrahi, T., Das, K.K., Dey, B.S., Mishra, M. and Panda, R.B. (2012). Air Pollution Tolerance Index of various plants species found in FM University Campus, Balasore, Odisha, India. Journal of Applicable Chemistry, 1(4): 519-523
Pant, P.P. and Tripathi, A.K. (2012). Analysis of some biochemical parameters of plants as indicator of air pollution. Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering and Technology, 1(1): 14-21
Pathak, V., Tripathi, B.D. and Mishra, V.K. (2011). Evaluation of anticipated performance index of some tree species for green belt development to mitigate traffic generated noise. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 10(1): 61-66
Prajapati, S. K. and Tripathi B. D. (2008). Anticipated Performance Index of some tree species considered for green belt development in and around an urban area: A case study of Varanasi city, India. Journal of environmental management, 88(4):1343-1349
Radhapriya, P., Gopalakrishnan, A.N., Malini, P. and Ramachandran, A. (2012). Assessment of air pollution tolerance levels of selected plants around cement industry, Coimbatore, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 33(3): 635.-641
Randhi, U.D. and Reddy, M.A. (2013). Air Pollution Tolerance Levels of selected urban plant species in industrial areas of Hyderabad (AP), India. Environment, 2(6): 294-295
Rao, C.S. (2007). Environmental Pollution Control Engineering. New Age International
Raza, S.H., Murthy, M.S.R. and Ahmed, A. (1988). Air pollution tolerance index of certain plants of Nacharam Industrial Area, Hyderabad. Indian Journal of Botany, 11(1): 91-95
Shannigrahi, A.S., Fukushima, T. and Sharma, R.C. (2004). Anticipated air pollution tolerance of some plant species considered for green belt development in and around an industrial/urban area in India: an overview. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 61(2): 125-137
Shrivastava, R.K., Saxena, N. and Gautam, G. (2013). Air pollution due to road transportation in India: A review on assessment and reduction strategies. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 8(1): 69-77
Singare, P.U. and Talpade, M.S. (1926). Physiological responses of some plant species as a bio-indicator of roadside automobile pollution stress using the air pollution tolerance index approach. International Journal of Plant Research, 3(2): 9-16
Singh, S.K., Rao, D.N., Agrawal, M., Pandey, J. and Naryan, D. (1991). Air pollution tolerance index of plants. Journal of Environmental Management, 32(1): 45-55
Singh, S.K. and Rao, D.N. (1983). Evaluation of plants for their tolerance to air pollution. In Proceedings of symposium on air pollution control. Indian Association for Air Pollution Control. New Delhi, 218-224
Singh, S.N. and Verma, A. (2007). Phytoremediation of Air Pollutants: A Review. In: Environmental Bioremediation Technologies, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 293–314
Sodhi, G.S. (2005). Fundamental concepts of environmental chemistry. Alpha Science International Limited
Suganthi, P., Ganeshkumar, R.S., Govindaraju, M., Selvaraj, M. and Kumar, P. (2013). Estimation of Biochemical Characters of plants in response to vehicular air pollution stress in Riruchirappalli city corporation, Tamil Nadu, India, International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 4(8): 1282-1289
Swami, A. and Chauhan, D. (2015). Impact of air pollution induced by automobile exhaust pollution on air pollution tolerance index. International Journal of Scientific Research, 4(3): 342-343
Tanaka, K., Otsubo, T. and Kondo, N. (1982). Participation of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Inactivation of Calvin-cycle SH Enzymes in SO2-fumigated Spinach Leaves, Plant Cell Physiology, 28: 1009-1018
Thambavni, D.S. and Maheshwari J. (2012). Evaluation of Anticipated Performance Index of certain tree species in Virudhnagar, India. International Congress on Informatics, Environment, Energy and Applications-IEEA, IPCSIT Vol. 38. IACSIT Press, Singapore
Thawale, P.R., Babu, S.S., Wakode, R.R., Singh, S.K., Kumar, S. and Juwarkar, A.A. (2011). Biochemical changes in plant leaves as a biomarker of pollution due to anthropogenic activity. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 177(1-4): 527-535
Varshney, S.R.K and Varshney, C.K. (1985). Response of peroxidase to low levels of SO2. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 25: 107–114
Verma, A. and Singh, S.N. (2006). Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in plant foliage exposed to auto-pollution. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 120(1-3): 585-602
Yannawar, V.B. and Bhosle, A.B. (2014). Air pollution tolerance index of various plant species around Nanded city, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 3: 23-28
Zeiger E., (2006). The Effect of Air Pollution on Plants, Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition (On line), Editors Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger, 2006
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Evaluation of Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) as a tool to monitor pollution and green belt development: A review. (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(3), 1637-1643. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1414
