System of wheat intensification (SWI) – A new approach for increasing wheat yield in small holder farming system
Article Main
Abstract
Given the confluence of water scarcity, declining area under wheat and continuing increase in population, raising wheat productivity has become a serious concern to the wheat scientists. Yield contribution from irrigation is more significant in wheat. Increase in the irrigation management levels for wheat is probably more relevant and easier to improve water productivity. But transplanted wheat seems high water requiring and economically less feasible. Seedlings have usually poor survival rate, and are often more fragile than rice seedlings at the two leaves stage. Besides plants do not grow quickly and vigorously, and show a delay in development compared to the direct seeding treatment. All yield parameters are often lower compared to the direct seeding treatment due to transplanting of aged seedlings, greater shock of transplantation, high plant density, improper amount and timing of water deliveries. Therefore, applying SRI (system of rice intensification) practices is expected to have a positive impact on the wheat plants, similar to the impact on rice. SWI is a new concept and goes with the SRI principle. It can reduce weeding time to one-third and to one-half of the time needed for current weeding practice. Herbicide use is effective with SWI, but farmers are inventing or modifying tools that reduce the labour time required for weeding. Thus, SWI is a methodology aimed at increasing the yield of wheat, where all agronomic principles are put into practices to provide high wheat yield per drop of water and per kg of agricultural inputs like fertilizer, seed etc.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Nutrient, System of intensification, Water, Wheat, Yield
References
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Choudhary, R.L. and Behera, U.K. (2013). Effect of sequential tillage practices and N levels on energy relations and use-efficiencies of irrigation water and N in maize (Zea mays) – wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system. Indian J Agron., 58: 27-34.
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Dobermann, A. (2004). A critical assessment of the system of rice intensification (SRI). Agric. Sys., 79: 261-281.
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McDonald, A.J., Hobbs, P.R. and Riha, S.J. (2006). Does this system of rice intensification outperform conventional best management? A synopsis of the empirical record. Field Crops Res., 96: 31-36.
Meena, B.L. and Singh,R.K.(2013). Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to rice (Oryza sativa) residue and weed management practices. Indian J. Agron., 58: 521-524.
Mishra, B., Chatrath, R., Mohan, D., Saharan, M. S. and Tyagi, B.S. (2007). DWR Perspective Plan: Vision 2025. Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal, India, 14-15.
Mukherjee, D. (2012). Effect of different sowing dates on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars under mid hill situation of West Bengal. Indian J. Agron., 57: 152-156.
NRAA. (2012). Prioritization of rainfed areas in India.Study Report 4, National Rainfed Area Authority, New Delhi, India, 100.
PRADAN. (2012). Cultivating wheat with SRI Principles: A manual. System of Rice Intensification website.
Ravindra Chary, G., Venkateswarlu, B., Sharma, S.K., Mishra, J.S., Rana, D.S. and Kute, G. (2012). Agronomic research in dryland farming in India: An overview. Indian J. Agron. (3rd IAC: Special Issue), 157-167.
Relkar, P.M. (2011). System of Wheat Intensification (SWI).Technical Digest,13: 11-15.
Satyanarayana, A., Thiyagarajan, T.M., Uphoff, N. (2007. Opportunities for water saving with higher yield from the system of rice intensification. Irrig. Sci. 25: 99-115.
Sheehy, J.E., Peng, S., Dobermann, A., Mitcheli, P.L., Ferrer, A., Yang, J., Zou, Y., Zhong, X. and Huang, J. (2004). Fantastic yields in the system of rice intensification: fact of fallacy? Field Crops Res., 88: 1-8.
Singh, N., Kumar, D., Thenua, O.V.S. and Tyagi, V.K. (2012). Influence of spacing and weed management on rice (Oryza sativa) varieties under system of rice intensification. Indian J. Agron., 57: 138-142.
Sinha, S.K. and Talati, J. (2007). Productivity impacts of the system of rice intensification (SRI): A case study in West Bengal, India. Agric. Water Manage., 87: 55-60.
Styger, E. and Ibrahim, H. (2009). The System of Wheat Intensification (SWI): Initial Test by Farmers in Goundam and Dire, Timbuktu, Mali, Africare, Mali, Bamako Available at URL:http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/countries/mali/MaliSWIrpt071309.pdf (Accessed 23th January, 2015).
Styglinger, M. (2011). Innovation of the Week: Researchers Find Farmers Applying Rice Innovations to their Wheat Crops. Australian J. Plant Physiol., 14: 643-656.
Suryawanshi, P.K., Patel, J.B. and Deore, S.M. (2012). System of Wheat Intensification (SWI): New trend of wheat cultivation. Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbruken, Germany, pp:120.
Uphoff, N. (2006). The development of the System of Rice Intensification. Participatory research and development for sustainable agriculture and rural development, 3, 119-125.
Uphoff, N., Kassam, A. and Harwood, R. (2011). SRI as a methodology for raising crop and water productivity: productive adaptations in rice agronomy and irrigation water management. Paddy Water Environ., 9: 3-11.
Xu, H.L., Xu, Q., Qin, F.F., Liu, Q. and Lin, S. (2011). Grain yield and leaf photosynthesis in transplanted winter wheat. J Food Agric. Environ., 9(2): 328-334.
ATMA. (2008). Assessment, Refinement and Validation of Technology through System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) in Nalanda: Final Report. Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA), Nalanda, with assistance of PRADAN, Nalanda, Bihar, INDIA. Available at URL: krishi.bih.nic.in (Accessed 14th April, 2015).
Chopra, R. and Sen, D. (2013). Golden wheat becomes more Golden - Extending SRI to wheat. LEISA India 15: 30-32.
Choudhary, R.L. and Behera, U.K. (2013). Effect of sequential tillage practices and N levels on energy relations and use-efficiencies of irrigation water and N in maize (Zea mays) – wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system. Indian J Agron., 58: 27-34.
Dhar, S., Barah, B.C. and Vyas, A.K. (2014). Comparative performance of System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) and other methods of wheat cultivation in north western plain zone of India. In: International SRI Research seminar on recent Changes in Rice Production and Rural Livelihoods: New Insights on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) as a Socio-Technical Movement in India. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Available at URL: http://www.sri-india.net/event2014/research.htm#Abstract_7 (Accessed 12th March, 2015).
Dhar, S., Barah, B.C., Vyas, A.K. and Uphoff, N.T. (2016). Comparing System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) with standard recommended practices in the northwestern plain zone of India. Archives Agron Soil Sci., 62(7): 994-1006.
Directorate of Economics and Statistics. (2014). Agricultural Statistics at a glance 2014. Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
Dobermann, A. (2004). A critical assessment of the system of rice intensification (SRI). Agric. Sys., 79: 261-281.
Dutta, S., Majumder, K., Satyanarayan, T. and Singh, S.K. (2015). 4R nutrient stewardship – a way forward towards sustainable agriculture. SATSA Mukhopatra, Annual Technical Issue., 19: 19-35.
DWR. (2012). Progress Report, All India Coordinated Wheat & Barley Improvement Project, Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal, 4.
FAO. (2012). FAO Statistical Yearbook 2012: World Food and Agriculture. Available at URL: http://www.fao.org (Accessed 12th April, 2015).
FAO. (2014). Available at URL: http://faostat.fao.org (Accessed on: 21st April, 2015).
Gupta, M., Bali, A.S., Kour, S., Bharat, R. and Bazaya, B.R. (2011). Effect of tillage and nutrient management on resource conservation and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Indian J Agron., 56: 116-120.
Johnston, A.E. (1994). The Rothamsted classical experiments. In Long-term Experiments in Agricultural and Ecological Sciences, eds. R.A. Leigh and A. E. Johnston, Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp: 9-37.
Kabeya, M.J. and Shankar, A.G.(2013). Effect of different levels of zinc on growth and uptake ability in rice zinc contrast lines (Oryza Sativa L.). Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 3: 112-116.
Kaur, R., Mahey, R.K. and Kingra, P.K. (2012). Effect of population density of Phalaris minor on production potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Indian J. Agron., 57: 157-161.
Khadka, R.B. (2011). System of crop intensification: practice and experience, Forum for Awareness and youth activity Nepal, Dhagadhi, Kailali.
Khadka, R.B. (2013). System of Wheat Intensification (SWI)- A New Technology for Wheat Intensification Practiced in Kailali Nepal. Presentation by Ram B. Khadka,Programme Coordinator, European Union Food Facility, FAYA- Nepal, Dhangadhi, Kailali, Nepal. 10 slides. Available at URL:http://www.slideshare.net/SRI.CORNELL/1304-system-of-wheat-intensification-in-kailali-nepal-swi (Accessed 21th January, 2015).
Li, X., Xu, X. and Li, H. (2005). A socio-economic assessment of the system of rice intensification (SRI): a case study from Xiushang village, Jianyang county, Sichuan province. Report for the Centre for Integrated Agricultural Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing.
Majumder, K., Satyanarayan, T., Dutta, S., Pampolino, M., Jat, M.L., Shahi, V., Iftekar, W., Govil, V. and Singh, V.K. (2014). On-farm performance of ‘Nutrient Expert’ for maize: fertilizer recommendation, yield and nutrient use efficiency. Better Crops South-Asia, 8: 24-27.
Masle J. and Passioura, J.B. (1987). The effect of soil strength on the growth of young wheat plants. Australian J. Plant Physiol., 14: 643-656.
McDonald, A.J., Hobbs, P.R. and Riha, S.J. (2006). Does this system of rice intensification outperform conventional best management? A synopsis of the empirical record. Field Crops Res., 96: 31-36.
Meena, B.L. and Singh,R.K.(2013). Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to rice (Oryza sativa) residue and weed management practices. Indian J. Agron., 58: 521-524.
Mishra, B., Chatrath, R., Mohan, D., Saharan, M. S. and Tyagi, B.S. (2007). DWR Perspective Plan: Vision 2025. Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal, India, 14-15.
Mukherjee, D. (2012). Effect of different sowing dates on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars under mid hill situation of West Bengal. Indian J. Agron., 57: 152-156.
NRAA. (2012). Prioritization of rainfed areas in India.Study Report 4, National Rainfed Area Authority, New Delhi, India, 100.
PRADAN. (2012). Cultivating wheat with SRI Principles: A manual. System of Rice Intensification website.
Ravindra Chary, G., Venkateswarlu, B., Sharma, S.K., Mishra, J.S., Rana, D.S. and Kute, G. (2012). Agronomic research in dryland farming in India: An overview. Indian J. Agron. (3rd IAC: Special Issue), 157-167.
Relkar, P.M. (2011). System of Wheat Intensification (SWI).Technical Digest,13: 11-15.
Satyanarayana, A., Thiyagarajan, T.M., Uphoff, N. (2007. Opportunities for water saving with higher yield from the system of rice intensification. Irrig. Sci. 25: 99-115.
Sheehy, J.E., Peng, S., Dobermann, A., Mitcheli, P.L., Ferrer, A., Yang, J., Zou, Y., Zhong, X. and Huang, J. (2004). Fantastic yields in the system of rice intensification: fact of fallacy? Field Crops Res., 88: 1-8.
Singh, N., Kumar, D., Thenua, O.V.S. and Tyagi, V.K. (2012). Influence of spacing and weed management on rice (Oryza sativa) varieties under system of rice intensification. Indian J. Agron., 57: 138-142.
Sinha, S.K. and Talati, J. (2007). Productivity impacts of the system of rice intensification (SRI): A case study in West Bengal, India. Agric. Water Manage., 87: 55-60.
Styger, E. and Ibrahim, H. (2009). The System of Wheat Intensification (SWI): Initial Test by Farmers in Goundam and Dire, Timbuktu, Mali, Africare, Mali, Bamako Available at URL:http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/countries/mali/MaliSWIrpt071309.pdf (Accessed 23th January, 2015).
Styglinger, M. (2011). Innovation of the Week: Researchers Find Farmers Applying Rice Innovations to their Wheat Crops. Australian J. Plant Physiol., 14: 643-656.
Suryawanshi, P.K., Patel, J.B. and Deore, S.M. (2012). System of Wheat Intensification (SWI): New trend of wheat cultivation. Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbruken, Germany, pp:120.
Uphoff, N. (2006). The development of the System of Rice Intensification. Participatory research and development for sustainable agriculture and rural development, 3, 119-125.
Uphoff, N., Kassam, A. and Harwood, R. (2011). SRI as a methodology for raising crop and water productivity: productive adaptations in rice agronomy and irrigation water management. Paddy Water Environ., 9: 3-11.
Xu, H.L., Xu, Q., Qin, F.F., Liu, Q. and Lin, S. (2011). Grain yield and leaf photosynthesis in transplanted winter wheat. J Food Agric. Environ., 9(2): 328-334.
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System of wheat intensification (SWI) – A new approach for increasing wheat yield in small holder farming system. (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(3), 1453-1464. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1384
