Yield and quality attributes with seasonal variation in Napier Bajra hybrid (Pennisetum purpureum × Pennisetum glaucum) under different nitrogen environments
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Abstract
Field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2013 in randomized block design using three nitrogen doses (50, 75 and 100 kgN/ha) with three replications for Napier Bajra hybrid. Three nitrogen fertilizers, potassium nitrate (KNO3), urea [CO(NH2)2] and ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] were used in divided doses. The crop was harvested four times in different seasons. Growth attributes viz. plant height (72.6cm), number of tillers per plant (20.1) and leaf length (91.2) found highest at 100 kgN/ha doses and maximum values were recorded in monsoon season. Green fodder yield (321.0 q/ha) and dry fodder yield (79.6 q/ha) were recorded highest with KNO3 fertilization and found maximum in monsoon season. Among all the harvest seasons, crude protein yield (19.1 q/ha) was observed maximum in summer season. Quality attributes viz. ether extract (2.6%), ash content (12.9%) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (62.6%) were observed highest in summer season. Crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre decreased with increased level of nitrogen doses and observed maximum in monsoon season.
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Keywords
Growth attributes, Harvest seasons, Napier Bajra hybrid, Nitrogen fertilization, Yield
References
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AOAC. (1970). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 11th edition. Washington, D.C.
Aydin, I. and Uzun, F. (2005). Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization of rangelands affects yield, forage quality and the botanical composition. Eur. J. Agron. 23: 8-14.
Ayub, M., Nadeem, M. A., Tahir, M., Ibrahim, M. and Aslam, M. N. (2009). Effect of nitrogen application and harvesting intervals on forage yield and quality of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.). Pak. J. Life. Soc. Sci. 7(2): 185-189.
Bandeswaran, C., Radhakrishnan, L. and Murugan, M. (2013). Influence of various types of organic manures and different levels of nitrogen fertilization on the biomass yield and nutrient content of Napier-bajra hybrid grass. Inter. J. Vet. Sci. 2(3): 93-95.
Batista, K., Giacomini, A. A., Gerdes, L., Mattos, W. T., Colloza, M. T. and Otsuk, I. P. (2014). Influence of Nitrogen on the production characteristics of ruzi grass. African J. Agric. Res. 9(5): 533-538.
Buxton, D. R. (1996). Quality related characteristics of forages as influenced by plant environment and agronomic factors. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 59: 37-49.
Cherney, J. H. and Volenec, J. J. (1992). Forage evolution as influenced by environmental replication: A review. Crop Sci. 32: 841.
Ezenwa, I. V., Reynolds, Z., Aken’Ova, M. E., Attakpahs, I. A. N. and Cobbina, J. (1995). Cutting Management of Alley Cropped leucaena gliricidia - Guinea Grass Mixtures for forage production in southwestern Nigeria: Livestock Research for Rural Development. Agrofor. Syst. 44: 13-19.
George, M. F., Lin, C. H., Lerch, R. N. and Garrett, H. E. (2005). Incorporating forage grasses in riparian buffers for bioremediation of atrazine isoxaflutole and nitrate in Missouri. Agrofor. Syst. 63: 87-95.
Goering, H. K. and Van Soest, P. J. (1970). Forage Fibre Analysis, Apparatus reagents, procedures and some application. Agriculture Hand Book No. 379, USDA Washington, D.C.
Han, F., Ullrich, S. E., Romagosa, I., Clancy, J. A., Froseth, J. A. and Wesenberg, D. M. (2003). Quantitative genetic analysis of acid detergent fibre content in barley grain. J. Cereal Sci. 38: 167-172.
Hasan, B. and Shah, W. A. (2000). Biomass grain production and quality of oat (Avena sativa) under different cutting regimes and nitrogen levels. Cereal Res. Commun. 28(1-2): 203-210.
Hasan, M. R., Akbar, M. A., Khandaker, Z. H. and Rahman, M. M. (2010). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield contributing character, biomass yield and nutritive value of cowpea forage. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 39(1&2): 83-88.
Hassan Amin, M. El-M. (2011). Effect of different nitrogen sources on growth, yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.). J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 10: 17-23.
Ilieva, A. and Vasileva, V. (2010). Variation in chemical composition of lucerne varieties in conditions of water deficiency stress. J. Mountain Agric. on the Balkans 13(5): 1106-1117.
Kering, M. K., Guretzky, J., Funderburg, E. and Mosali, J. (2011). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rate and harvest season on forage yield, quality, and macronutrient concentrations in Midland bermuda grass. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 42: 1958-1971.
Kneževi?, M., Leto, J., Per?ulija, G., Bošnjak, K. and Vrani?, M. (2007). Effect of liquid manure application on yield quality and botanical composition of grassland. VI. Alps-Adria Scientific Workshop, Obervellach, Australia. pp 637-640.
Kopp, J. C., Mccaughey, W. P. and Wittenberg, K. M. (2003). Yield, quality and cost effectiveness of using fertilizer and/or alfalfa to improve meadow bromegrass pastures. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 83: 291-298.
Koul, G. G. (1997). Effect of sowing methods, nitrogen levels and seed rates on yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.). M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Agric, University of Khartoum.
May, W. E., Klein, L., Lafond, G. P., McConnell, J. T. and Phelps, S. M. (2007). The suitability of cool and warm season annual cereal species for winter grazing in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 87: 739-752.
McDowell, L. R., Conrad, G. H., Ellis, G. L. and Loosli, J. K. (1983). Minerals for Grazing Ruminants in Tropical Regions. University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 13: 121-128.
Mikkelsen, R. and Hartz, T. K. (2008). Nitrogen Sources for Organic Crop Production. Better Crops. 92(4): 16-19.
Namvar, A., Sharifi, R. S., Khandan, T. and Moghadam, M. J. (2013). Seed inoculation and inorganic nitrogen fertilization effects on some physiological and agronomical traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Irrigated Condition. J. Central Eur. Agric. 14(3): 28-40.
Odunze, A. C., Tarawali, S. A., de Haan, N. C., Akoueguon, E., Amadji, A. F., Schultze-Kraft, R. and Bawa, G. S. (2004). Forage legumes for soil productivity enhancement and quality fodder production. J. Food Agric. Environ. 2(2): 201-209.
Onyeonagu, C. C. and Eze, S. M. (2013). Proximate compositions of some forage grasses and legumes as influenced by season of harvest. African J. Agric. Res. 8(29): 4033-4037.
Patel, A. S., Sadhu, A. C., Patel, M. R. and Patel, P. C. (2007). Effect of zinc, FYM and fertility levels on yield and quality of forage maize. Forage Res. 32(4): 209-212.
Pathan, S. H., Tumbare, A. D. and Kamble, A. B. (2012). Impact of planting material, cutting management and fertilizer levels on nutritional quality of bajra × napier hybrid. Forage Res. 38 (2): 74-79.
Rostamza, M., Mohammad-Reza, C., Mohammad-Reza, J. and Ahmad, A. (2011). Forage quality, water use and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) grown under different soil moisture and nitrogen levels. Agric. Water. Manag. 98: 1607-1614.
Russo, V. M. (2006). Mineral nutrient and Protein contents in tissues, and yield of navy bean, in response to nitrogen fertilization and row spacing. J. Food Agric. and Environ. 4(2): 168-171.
Salis, L. and Vargiu, M. (2008). Influence of mineral fertilization on production and quality of forage in a Sardinian pasture. Grassl. Sci. Eur. 13: 308-310.
Sharma, A. and Chandra, A. (2004). Effect of plant density and nitrogen levels on physiochemical parameters of cauliflower. Haryana J. Hort. Sci. 33: 148-149.
Sharma, A. K., Sharma, A. K., Sharma, R. K., Rajiv, B. and Rai, P. K. (2012). Effect of different levels of nitrogen, organic manure and planting time on yield and quality of hybrid napier. Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 29(1): 33-39.
Thavaprakaash, N., Velayudham, K. and Muthukumar, V. B. (2008). Response of Crop Geometry, Intercropping Systems and INM Practices on yield and fodder Quality of Baby Corn. Asian J. Scientific Res. 1(2): 153-159.
Tilley, J. M. A. and Terry, R. A. (1963). A two stage technique for the in vitro digestion of force crops. British J. Grassl. Soc. 18: 104-111.
Tiwana, M. S., Puri, K. P., Tiwana, U. S. and Singh, A. (2004). Forage production potential of napier-bajra hybrid varities under different nitrogen levels. Forage Res. 30: 80-85.
Vasileva, V. and Ilieva, A. (2011). Chemical composition, nitrate reductase activity and plastid pigments content in lucerne under the influence of ammonium and nitrate form mineral nitrogen. Agron. Res. 9 (1–2): 357-364.
Vinay Raj, D. J. and Palled, Y. B. (2014). Responses of hybrid napier genotype to nitrogen levels. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 27(1): 74-75.
Vough, L. R. and Marten, G. C. (1971). Influence of soil moisture and ambient temperature on yield and quality of alfalfa forage. Agron. J. 63: 40-42.
Vuckovic, S., Simic, A., Djordjevic, N., Zivanovic, T., Stojanovic, I. and Stanisavljevic, R. (2005). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and underseeding on the productivity and chemical composition of Cynosuretum cristati type meadows on hilly-mountainous grassland in Serbia. Grassl. Sci. Eur. 10: 489-492.
Wang, Z. Q., Yuan, Y. Z., Ou, J. Q., Lin, Q. H. and Zhang, C.F. (2007). Glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase contribute differentially to proline accumulation in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings exposed to different salinity. J. Plant Physiol. 164: 695-701.
AOAC. (1970). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 11th edition. Washington, D.C.
Aydin, I. and Uzun, F. (2005). Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization of rangelands affects yield, forage quality and the botanical composition. Eur. J. Agron. 23: 8-14.
Ayub, M., Nadeem, M. A., Tahir, M., Ibrahim, M. and Aslam, M. N. (2009). Effect of nitrogen application and harvesting intervals on forage yield and quality of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.). Pak. J. Life. Soc. Sci. 7(2): 185-189.
Bandeswaran, C., Radhakrishnan, L. and Murugan, M. (2013). Influence of various types of organic manures and different levels of nitrogen fertilization on the biomass yield and nutrient content of Napier-bajra hybrid grass. Inter. J. Vet. Sci. 2(3): 93-95.
Batista, K., Giacomini, A. A., Gerdes, L., Mattos, W. T., Colloza, M. T. and Otsuk, I. P. (2014). Influence of Nitrogen on the production characteristics of ruzi grass. African J. Agric. Res. 9(5): 533-538.
Buxton, D. R. (1996). Quality related characteristics of forages as influenced by plant environment and agronomic factors. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 59: 37-49.
Cherney, J. H. and Volenec, J. J. (1992). Forage evolution as influenced by environmental replication: A review. Crop Sci. 32: 841.
Ezenwa, I. V., Reynolds, Z., Aken’Ova, M. E., Attakpahs, I. A. N. and Cobbina, J. (1995). Cutting Management of Alley Cropped leucaena gliricidia - Guinea Grass Mixtures for forage production in southwestern Nigeria: Livestock Research for Rural Development. Agrofor. Syst. 44: 13-19.
George, M. F., Lin, C. H., Lerch, R. N. and Garrett, H. E. (2005). Incorporating forage grasses in riparian buffers for bioremediation of atrazine isoxaflutole and nitrate in Missouri. Agrofor. Syst. 63: 87-95.
Goering, H. K. and Van Soest, P. J. (1970). Forage Fibre Analysis, Apparatus reagents, procedures and some application. Agriculture Hand Book No. 379, USDA Washington, D.C.
Han, F., Ullrich, S. E., Romagosa, I., Clancy, J. A., Froseth, J. A. and Wesenberg, D. M. (2003). Quantitative genetic analysis of acid detergent fibre content in barley grain. J. Cereal Sci. 38: 167-172.
Hasan, B. and Shah, W. A. (2000). Biomass grain production and quality of oat (Avena sativa) under different cutting regimes and nitrogen levels. Cereal Res. Commun. 28(1-2): 203-210.
Hasan, M. R., Akbar, M. A., Khandaker, Z. H. and Rahman, M. M. (2010). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield contributing character, biomass yield and nutritive value of cowpea forage. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 39(1&2): 83-88.
Hassan Amin, M. El-M. (2011). Effect of different nitrogen sources on growth, yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.). J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 10: 17-23.
Ilieva, A. and Vasileva, V. (2010). Variation in chemical composition of lucerne varieties in conditions of water deficiency stress. J. Mountain Agric. on the Balkans 13(5): 1106-1117.
Kering, M. K., Guretzky, J., Funderburg, E. and Mosali, J. (2011). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rate and harvest season on forage yield, quality, and macronutrient concentrations in Midland bermuda grass. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 42: 1958-1971.
Kneževi?, M., Leto, J., Per?ulija, G., Bošnjak, K. and Vrani?, M. (2007). Effect of liquid manure application on yield quality and botanical composition of grassland. VI. Alps-Adria Scientific Workshop, Obervellach, Australia. pp 637-640.
Kopp, J. C., Mccaughey, W. P. and Wittenberg, K. M. (2003). Yield, quality and cost effectiveness of using fertilizer and/or alfalfa to improve meadow bromegrass pastures. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 83: 291-298.
Koul, G. G. (1997). Effect of sowing methods, nitrogen levels and seed rates on yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.). M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Agric, University of Khartoum.
May, W. E., Klein, L., Lafond, G. P., McConnell, J. T. and Phelps, S. M. (2007). The suitability of cool and warm season annual cereal species for winter grazing in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 87: 739-752.
McDowell, L. R., Conrad, G. H., Ellis, G. L. and Loosli, J. K. (1983). Minerals for Grazing Ruminants in Tropical Regions. University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 13: 121-128.
Mikkelsen, R. and Hartz, T. K. (2008). Nitrogen Sources for Organic Crop Production. Better Crops. 92(4): 16-19.
Namvar, A., Sharifi, R. S., Khandan, T. and Moghadam, M. J. (2013). Seed inoculation and inorganic nitrogen fertilization effects on some physiological and agronomical traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Irrigated Condition. J. Central Eur. Agric. 14(3): 28-40.
Odunze, A. C., Tarawali, S. A., de Haan, N. C., Akoueguon, E., Amadji, A. F., Schultze-Kraft, R. and Bawa, G. S. (2004). Forage legumes for soil productivity enhancement and quality fodder production. J. Food Agric. Environ. 2(2): 201-209.
Onyeonagu, C. C. and Eze, S. M. (2013). Proximate compositions of some forage grasses and legumes as influenced by season of harvest. African J. Agric. Res. 8(29): 4033-4037.
Patel, A. S., Sadhu, A. C., Patel, M. R. and Patel, P. C. (2007). Effect of zinc, FYM and fertility levels on yield and quality of forage maize. Forage Res. 32(4): 209-212.
Pathan, S. H., Tumbare, A. D. and Kamble, A. B. (2012). Impact of planting material, cutting management and fertilizer levels on nutritional quality of bajra × napier hybrid. Forage Res. 38 (2): 74-79.
Rostamza, M., Mohammad-Reza, C., Mohammad-Reza, J. and Ahmad, A. (2011). Forage quality, water use and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) grown under different soil moisture and nitrogen levels. Agric. Water. Manag. 98: 1607-1614.
Russo, V. M. (2006). Mineral nutrient and Protein contents in tissues, and yield of navy bean, in response to nitrogen fertilization and row spacing. J. Food Agric. and Environ. 4(2): 168-171.
Salis, L. and Vargiu, M. (2008). Influence of mineral fertilization on production and quality of forage in a Sardinian pasture. Grassl. Sci. Eur. 13: 308-310.
Sharma, A. and Chandra, A. (2004). Effect of plant density and nitrogen levels on physiochemical parameters of cauliflower. Haryana J. Hort. Sci. 33: 148-149.
Sharma, A. K., Sharma, A. K., Sharma, R. K., Rajiv, B. and Rai, P. K. (2012). Effect of different levels of nitrogen, organic manure and planting time on yield and quality of hybrid napier. Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 29(1): 33-39.
Thavaprakaash, N., Velayudham, K. and Muthukumar, V. B. (2008). Response of Crop Geometry, Intercropping Systems and INM Practices on yield and fodder Quality of Baby Corn. Asian J. Scientific Res. 1(2): 153-159.
Tilley, J. M. A. and Terry, R. A. (1963). A two stage technique for the in vitro digestion of force crops. British J. Grassl. Soc. 18: 104-111.
Tiwana, M. S., Puri, K. P., Tiwana, U. S. and Singh, A. (2004). Forage production potential of napier-bajra hybrid varities under different nitrogen levels. Forage Res. 30: 80-85.
Vasileva, V. and Ilieva, A. (2011). Chemical composition, nitrate reductase activity and plastid pigments content in lucerne under the influence of ammonium and nitrate form mineral nitrogen. Agron. Res. 9 (1–2): 357-364.
Vinay Raj, D. J. and Palled, Y. B. (2014). Responses of hybrid napier genotype to nitrogen levels. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 27(1): 74-75.
Vough, L. R. and Marten, G. C. (1971). Influence of soil moisture and ambient temperature on yield and quality of alfalfa forage. Agron. J. 63: 40-42.
Vuckovic, S., Simic, A., Djordjevic, N., Zivanovic, T., Stojanovic, I. and Stanisavljevic, R. (2005). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and underseeding on the productivity and chemical composition of Cynosuretum cristati type meadows on hilly-mountainous grassland in Serbia. Grassl. Sci. Eur. 10: 489-492.
Wang, Z. Q., Yuan, Y. Z., Ou, J. Q., Lin, Q. H. and Zhang, C.F. (2007). Glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase contribute differentially to proline accumulation in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings exposed to different salinity. J. Plant Physiol. 164: 695-701.
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Yield and quality attributes with seasonal variation in Napier Bajra hybrid (Pennisetum purpureum × Pennisetum glaucum) under different nitrogen environments. (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(3), 1350-1357. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1365
