Risk of cardiovascular diseases and gastrointestinal tract disorders in relation to the impact of shift work among male workers of textile mills in Pali district of Rajasthan, India
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Abstract
he present study was conducted in textile mill of Pali city with the objective to study the risk of cardiac and gastric problems in relation to shift work among male workers. The results showed significant difference between Body Mass Index (?2=14.2, p=0.0008) and waist hip ratio (?2=5.2, p=0.0226) of shift and non shift workers. Results on food intake showed comparatively more deficient daily intake of nutrients like fiber (7.21 g), ? carotene (1842.89 ?g), and folic acid (99.03 ?g) in shift workers with respect to recommended dietary allowances and an overconsumption of fats (37.72 g). Alcoholism (?2=17.3, p=0.0001) and smoking habit (?2=14, p=0.0029) was found to be significantly higher among shift workers. Comparatively higher segment of shift workers suffered from hypertension (56.0%), disturbed appetite (87.50%), stomach upsets (90.0%), nausea (88.50%), heartburn (85.0%) and breathlessness (34.0%). Shift workers also had higher mean levels of lipid profile fractions and relatively more subjects fell into the category of high risk (20.50%) of CVD. Longer duration of involvement in shift work also influenced the occurrence of gastric and cardiac problems like disturbed appetite (?2=9.96, p=0.0411), stomach upsets (?2=9.73, p=0.0452), stomach ache (?2=10.1, p=0.0389), constipation (?2=9.88, p=0.0424), dizziness (47.37%), breathlessness (50.0%) and swollen feet (44.74%). The study concludes that shift work affects food intake, BMI, WHR, BP, alcohol intake, smoking habits and lipid profile of the subjects, thus increasing the risk of health problems like cardiovascular and gastric diseases.
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Keywords
CVD, Food Intake, Gastric Problems, Lipid Profile, Shift Work
References
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complications: A case study in the security personnel of a refinery complex. Journal of Ergonomics, 2(1):46-53
Admi, H., Tzischinsy, O., Epstein, R., Herer, P., & Laue, P. (2008). Shift work in nursing: Is it really a risk factor for nurses’ health and patient’s safety? Nursing
Economics, 26(4):250-257.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014). International classification of Sleep Disorders. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 3rd edn, Darien, IL.
Asare-Anane, H., Abdul-Latif, A., Ofori, E.K., Abdul-Rahman, A., Amanquah, S.D. (2015). Shift work and the risk of cardiovascular disease among workers in cocoa processing company, Tema. BMC Research Notes, 8: 798.
Atkinson, G., Fullick, S., Grindey, C. and Maclaren, D. (2008). Exercise, energy balance and the shift workers. Sports Medicine, 38(8):671-85
Barton, J., Costa, G., Smith, L., Spelten, E., Totterdell, P. and Folkard, S. (1995). The Standard Shiftwork Index: A battery of questionnaires for assessing shiftwork-related problems. Work & Stress, 9:3-30.
Bell, K., Twiggs, J. and Olin, B.R. (2015). Hypertension: The Silent Killer: Updated JNC-8 Guideline Recommendations. Continuing Education. Alabama Pharmacy Association. Retrieved From:
https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/aparx.siteym.com/resource/resmgr/CEs/CE_Hypertension_The_Silent_Killer.pdfon 13th October 2016.
Biggi N, Consonni D, Galluzzo V, Sogliani M, Costa G. (2008). Metabolic syndrome in permanent night workers. Chronobiol Int., 25:443–54
Bilici, S. and NavruzVarli, S. (2016). The nutritional status of nurses working shifts: A pilot study in Turkey. Rev. Nutr., 29 (4).
Blachowicz, E. and Letizia, M. (2006). The challenges of shift work. Medsurg. Nursing, 15 (5): 274-280.
De Backer, G., De Bacquer, D., Braeckman, L., Clays, E., Kittel, F. and Van Risseghem, M. (2009). Rotating shift work and the metabolic syndrome: a prospective study. Int. J.Epidemiol, 38:848–854
Devadarshini, C., Kasturiba, B. and Yenagi, N. (2011).
Nutritional Status of Shift Workers. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 24 (4): 612-615.
Dochi, M., Suwazono, Y., Sakata, K., Okubo, Y., Oishi, M. and Tanaka K. (2009). Shift work is a risk factor for increased total cholesterol level: a 14-year prospective cohort study in 6886 male workers. Occup. Environ. Med., 66:592–7
Easwaran, P., Remya, R. and Uma, N.S. (2001). Formulation of “Risk Assessment Index” to predict Cardiovascular Disease among young adults. The Indian J. Nutr.
Dietet., 38:1 10
Essays, U. K. (November 2013). Sampling Methods and Techniques. Retrieved from:https://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/sampling-methods-and-techniques.php?cref=1 on 13th February 2017.
Frost, P., Kolstad, H.A. and Bonde, J.P. (2009). Shift work and the risk of ischemic heart disease – a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Scand J. Work Environ. Health, 35(3):163–179
Gholami-Fesharaki, M., Kazemnejad, A., Zayeri, F., Rowzati, M., Sanati, J. and Akbari, H. (2014). Multicenter
historical cohort study of the relationship between shift work and blood pressure. ARYA Atheroscler., 10 (6): 287-91
Gopalan, C., Ramashastri, B.V. and Balasubramaniam, S.C. Revised and updated by Rao, B.S., Deosthale, Y.G. and Pant, K.C. (2002). Nutritive value of Indian food.
National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad.
Health and Safety Authority (2012). Guidance for Employers and Employees on Night and Shift Work. Health and Safety Authority, The Metropolitan Building, James Joyce Street, Dublin 1: 3.Retrieved From:http://www.hsa.ie/eng/publications_and_forms/publications/healthcare_sector/night_and_shift_work_2012.pdf on 17th February 2017.
ICMR (2010). Nutrient requirements and recommended dietary allowances for Indians: A report of the expert group of the Indian Council of Medical Research. NIN, Hyderabad.
Jelliffe, D.B. (1966). Assessment of the nutritional status of community. WHO monograph series no. 53, Geneva.
Juda, M., Kantermann, T., Roenneberg, T. and Vetter, C. (2010). Shift-work research: Where do we stand, where should we go? Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 8 (2):95–105.
Knutsson, A.and Bøggild, H. (2010). Gastrointestinal disorders among shift workers. Scand J. Work Environ Health, 36: 85-95.
Koradecka, D. (2010).Handbook of occupational safety and health. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742.
Kwatra, S. and Singh, D. (2012). Psycho-physiological effects of shift work on the lives of railway employees: An ergonomic intervention. International Journal of
Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, 1(2):99-105.
Morikawa, Y., Nakagawa, H., Miura, K., Soyama, Y.,
Ishizaki, M. and Kido, T. (2007). Effect of shift work on body mass index and metabolic parameters. Scand J. Work Environ. Health, 33(1):45–50.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2001). ATP III At a glance: Quick Desk Reference. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. Retrieved From:http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-pro/guidelines/current/cholesterol-guidelines/quick-desk-reference-html on 13th October 2016
National Sleep Foundation. (2014). Shift Work and Sleep. Retrieved From:https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics/shift-work-and-sleep/page/0/3 on 5th August 2015.
O'Donnell, M.J., Xavier, D., Liu, L., Zhang, H., Chin, S.L., Rao-Melacini, P., Rangarajan, S., Islam, S., Pais, P., McQueen, M.J., Mondo, C., Damasceno, A.,
Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Hankey, G.J., Dans, A.L., Yusoff, K., Truelsen, T., Diener, H.C., Sacco, R.L., Ryglewicz, D., Czlonkowska, A., Weimar, C., Wang, X.and Yusuf, S. (2010). Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a casecontrol study.Lancet, 376 (9735): 112-23.
Ohlander, J., Keskin, M. C., Stork, J. and Radon, K. (2015). Shift work and hypertension: Prevalence and analysis of disease pathways in a German car manufacturing
company. Am. J. Ind. Med., 58: 549-60.
Puttonen, S., Härmä, M. and Hublin, C. (2010). Shift work and cardiovascular disease - pathways from circadian stress to morbidity. Scand J. Work Environ. Health, 36 (2): 96-108.
Ramin, C., Devore, E., Wang, W., Pierre-Paul, J., Wegrzyn, L.R. and Schernhammer, E.S. (2015). Night shift work at specific age ranges and chronic disease risk factors. Occup. Environ. Med., 72 (2): 100–107.
Sassoon, J.R. (2010). Diabetes in the elderly and in women. www.pubmed.gov.
Souza, B.B., Monteze, N.M., de Oliveira, F.L., de Oliveira, J.M., de Freitas Nascimento, S., Marques de Nascimento Neto, R., Sales, M.L. and Souza, G.G. (2015). Lifetime shift work exposure: association with
anthropometry, body composition, blood pressure,
glucose and heart rate variability. Occup. Environ. Med., 72 (3): 208-15.
Suwazono, Y., Dochi, M., Sakata, K., Okubo, Y., Oishi, M., and Tanaka, K. (2008). A longitudinal study on the effect of shift work on weight gain in male Japanese workers. Obesity (Silver Spring), 16:1887–93
Tada, Y., Kawano, Y., Maeda, I., Yoshizaki, T., Sunami, A., Yokoyama, Y., Matsumoto, H., Hida, A., Komatsu, T. and Togo, F. (2014). Association of body mass index with lifestyle and rotating shift work in Japanese female nurses. Obesity (Silver Spring), 22: 2489-2493
Tucker, P., Marquié, J. C., Folkard, S., Ansiau, D. and
Esquirol, Y. (2012). Shift work and metabolic
syndrome.Chronobiology International, 29(5): 549–555
Vetter, C., Devore, E. E. and Wegrzyn, L.R. (2016). Association between rotating night shift work and risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA, 315 (16): 1726-1734
Vyas, M., Garg, A.X., Iansavichus, A.V., Costella, J., Donner, A., Laugsand, L. (2012). Shift work and vascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 345: e4800.
Wang, A., Arah, O.A., Kauhanen, J. and Krause, N. (2015). Work schedules and 11-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged Finnish men. Am. J. Ind. Med., 58 (1): 1–13
WHO. (2000). The Asia Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and its Treatment. Health Communications Australia. 17-18. Retrieved From: http://www.wpro.who.int/nutrition/documents/docs/Redefiningobesity.pdf on 13th October 2016
Wirth, M.D., Burch, J., Shivappa, N., Steck, S.E., Hurley, T.G., Vena, J.E. and Hébert, J.R. (2014). Dietary inflammatory index scores differ by shift work status: NHANES 2005 to 2010. J.Occup. Environ. Med., 56 (2): 145-148
Zimberg, I.Z., Fernandes Junior, S.A., Crispim, C.A., Tufik, S. and De Mello, M.T. (2012). Metabolic impact of shift work. Work,41 (1): 4376-4383
complications: A case study in the security personnel of a refinery complex. Journal of Ergonomics, 2(1):46-53
Admi, H., Tzischinsy, O., Epstein, R., Herer, P., & Laue, P. (2008). Shift work in nursing: Is it really a risk factor for nurses’ health and patient’s safety? Nursing
Economics, 26(4):250-257.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014). International classification of Sleep Disorders. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 3rd edn, Darien, IL.
Asare-Anane, H., Abdul-Latif, A., Ofori, E.K., Abdul-Rahman, A., Amanquah, S.D. (2015). Shift work and the risk of cardiovascular disease among workers in cocoa processing company, Tema. BMC Research Notes, 8: 798.
Atkinson, G., Fullick, S., Grindey, C. and Maclaren, D. (2008). Exercise, energy balance and the shift workers. Sports Medicine, 38(8):671-85
Barton, J., Costa, G., Smith, L., Spelten, E., Totterdell, P. and Folkard, S. (1995). The Standard Shiftwork Index: A battery of questionnaires for assessing shiftwork-related problems. Work & Stress, 9:3-30.
Bell, K., Twiggs, J. and Olin, B.R. (2015). Hypertension: The Silent Killer: Updated JNC-8 Guideline Recommendations. Continuing Education. Alabama Pharmacy Association. Retrieved From:
https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/aparx.siteym.com/resource/resmgr/CEs/CE_Hypertension_The_Silent_Killer.pdfon 13th October 2016.
Biggi N, Consonni D, Galluzzo V, Sogliani M, Costa G. (2008). Metabolic syndrome in permanent night workers. Chronobiol Int., 25:443–54
Bilici, S. and NavruzVarli, S. (2016). The nutritional status of nurses working shifts: A pilot study in Turkey. Rev. Nutr., 29 (4).
Blachowicz, E. and Letizia, M. (2006). The challenges of shift work. Medsurg. Nursing, 15 (5): 274-280.
De Backer, G., De Bacquer, D., Braeckman, L., Clays, E., Kittel, F. and Van Risseghem, M. (2009). Rotating shift work and the metabolic syndrome: a prospective study. Int. J.Epidemiol, 38:848–854
Devadarshini, C., Kasturiba, B. and Yenagi, N. (2011).
Nutritional Status of Shift Workers. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 24 (4): 612-615.
Dochi, M., Suwazono, Y., Sakata, K., Okubo, Y., Oishi, M. and Tanaka K. (2009). Shift work is a risk factor for increased total cholesterol level: a 14-year prospective cohort study in 6886 male workers. Occup. Environ. Med., 66:592–7
Easwaran, P., Remya, R. and Uma, N.S. (2001). Formulation of “Risk Assessment Index” to predict Cardiovascular Disease among young adults. The Indian J. Nutr.
Dietet., 38:1 10
Essays, U. K. (November 2013). Sampling Methods and Techniques. Retrieved from:https://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/sampling-methods-and-techniques.php?cref=1 on 13th February 2017.
Frost, P., Kolstad, H.A. and Bonde, J.P. (2009). Shift work and the risk of ischemic heart disease – a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Scand J. Work Environ. Health, 35(3):163–179
Gholami-Fesharaki, M., Kazemnejad, A., Zayeri, F., Rowzati, M., Sanati, J. and Akbari, H. (2014). Multicenter
historical cohort study of the relationship between shift work and blood pressure. ARYA Atheroscler., 10 (6): 287-91
Gopalan, C., Ramashastri, B.V. and Balasubramaniam, S.C. Revised and updated by Rao, B.S., Deosthale, Y.G. and Pant, K.C. (2002). Nutritive value of Indian food.
National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad.
Health and Safety Authority (2012). Guidance for Employers and Employees on Night and Shift Work. Health and Safety Authority, The Metropolitan Building, James Joyce Street, Dublin 1: 3.Retrieved From:http://www.hsa.ie/eng/publications_and_forms/publications/healthcare_sector/night_and_shift_work_2012.pdf on 17th February 2017.
ICMR (2010). Nutrient requirements and recommended dietary allowances for Indians: A report of the expert group of the Indian Council of Medical Research. NIN, Hyderabad.
Jelliffe, D.B. (1966). Assessment of the nutritional status of community. WHO monograph series no. 53, Geneva.
Juda, M., Kantermann, T., Roenneberg, T. and Vetter, C. (2010). Shift-work research: Where do we stand, where should we go? Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 8 (2):95–105.
Knutsson, A.and Bøggild, H. (2010). Gastrointestinal disorders among shift workers. Scand J. Work Environ Health, 36: 85-95.
Koradecka, D. (2010).Handbook of occupational safety and health. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742.
Kwatra, S. and Singh, D. (2012). Psycho-physiological effects of shift work on the lives of railway employees: An ergonomic intervention. International Journal of
Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, 1(2):99-105.
Morikawa, Y., Nakagawa, H., Miura, K., Soyama, Y.,
Ishizaki, M. and Kido, T. (2007). Effect of shift work on body mass index and metabolic parameters. Scand J. Work Environ. Health, 33(1):45–50.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2001). ATP III At a glance: Quick Desk Reference. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. Retrieved From:http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-pro/guidelines/current/cholesterol-guidelines/quick-desk-reference-html on 13th October 2016
National Sleep Foundation. (2014). Shift Work and Sleep. Retrieved From:https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics/shift-work-and-sleep/page/0/3 on 5th August 2015.
O'Donnell, M.J., Xavier, D., Liu, L., Zhang, H., Chin, S.L., Rao-Melacini, P., Rangarajan, S., Islam, S., Pais, P., McQueen, M.J., Mondo, C., Damasceno, A.,
Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Hankey, G.J., Dans, A.L., Yusoff, K., Truelsen, T., Diener, H.C., Sacco, R.L., Ryglewicz, D., Czlonkowska, A., Weimar, C., Wang, X.and Yusuf, S. (2010). Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a casecontrol study.Lancet, 376 (9735): 112-23.
Ohlander, J., Keskin, M. C., Stork, J. and Radon, K. (2015). Shift work and hypertension: Prevalence and analysis of disease pathways in a German car manufacturing
company. Am. J. Ind. Med., 58: 549-60.
Puttonen, S., Härmä, M. and Hublin, C. (2010). Shift work and cardiovascular disease - pathways from circadian stress to morbidity. Scand J. Work Environ. Health, 36 (2): 96-108.
Ramin, C., Devore, E., Wang, W., Pierre-Paul, J., Wegrzyn, L.R. and Schernhammer, E.S. (2015). Night shift work at specific age ranges and chronic disease risk factors. Occup. Environ. Med., 72 (2): 100–107.
Sassoon, J.R. (2010). Diabetes in the elderly and in women. www.pubmed.gov.
Souza, B.B., Monteze, N.M., de Oliveira, F.L., de Oliveira, J.M., de Freitas Nascimento, S., Marques de Nascimento Neto, R., Sales, M.L. and Souza, G.G. (2015). Lifetime shift work exposure: association with
anthropometry, body composition, blood pressure,
glucose and heart rate variability. Occup. Environ. Med., 72 (3): 208-15.
Suwazono, Y., Dochi, M., Sakata, K., Okubo, Y., Oishi, M., and Tanaka, K. (2008). A longitudinal study on the effect of shift work on weight gain in male Japanese workers. Obesity (Silver Spring), 16:1887–93
Tada, Y., Kawano, Y., Maeda, I., Yoshizaki, T., Sunami, A., Yokoyama, Y., Matsumoto, H., Hida, A., Komatsu, T. and Togo, F. (2014). Association of body mass index with lifestyle and rotating shift work in Japanese female nurses. Obesity (Silver Spring), 22: 2489-2493
Tucker, P., Marquié, J. C., Folkard, S., Ansiau, D. and
Esquirol, Y. (2012). Shift work and metabolic
syndrome.Chronobiology International, 29(5): 549–555
Vetter, C., Devore, E. E. and Wegrzyn, L.R. (2016). Association between rotating night shift work and risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA, 315 (16): 1726-1734
Vyas, M., Garg, A.X., Iansavichus, A.V., Costella, J., Donner, A., Laugsand, L. (2012). Shift work and vascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 345: e4800.
Wang, A., Arah, O.A., Kauhanen, J. and Krause, N. (2015). Work schedules and 11-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged Finnish men. Am. J. Ind. Med., 58 (1): 1–13
WHO. (2000). The Asia Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and its Treatment. Health Communications Australia. 17-18. Retrieved From: http://www.wpro.who.int/nutrition/documents/docs/Redefiningobesity.pdf on 13th October 2016
Wirth, M.D., Burch, J., Shivappa, N., Steck, S.E., Hurley, T.G., Vena, J.E. and Hébert, J.R. (2014). Dietary inflammatory index scores differ by shift work status: NHANES 2005 to 2010. J.Occup. Environ. Med., 56 (2): 145-148
Zimberg, I.Z., Fernandes Junior, S.A., Crispim, C.A., Tufik, S. and De Mello, M.T. (2012). Metabolic impact of shift work. Work,41 (1): 4376-4383
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Risk of cardiovascular diseases and gastrointestinal tract disorders in relation to the impact of shift work among male workers of textile mills in Pali district of Rajasthan, India. (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(3), 1329-1337. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1362
