Effect of growth stages and fertility levels on growth, yield and quality of fodder oats (Avena sativa L.)
Article Main
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield and quality parameters of oats (Avena sativa L.) at forage research farm in Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Four different nitrogen levels viz. 0 (control), 50, 75 (recommended) and 100 Kg N/ha were applied in the form of urea. Samples were collected at three different growth stages i.e. 30, 45 and 60 DAS. As the growth of plant continued decrease in total nitrogen (45%), non protein nitro-gen (37%), ether extract (13%), ash content (24%) and digestibility (23%) was observed. But increase in free amino acids (48%) and cell wall constituents i.e. ADF (19%), NDF (31%) and CF (34%)with plant’s growth was reported. The interactive effect of varying levels of inorganic fertilizer application on the chemical composition of the plant at various growth stages revealed an increase in total nitrogen (18%), non protein nitrogen (26%), ether extract (18%), free amino acids (32%), ash content (13%) and digestibility (7%) with increase in fertilizer level however ADF (7%), NDF (2%) and CF (3%)content decreased with increased levels of nitrogen fertilization. Correlation studies showed that significant negative correlation was present forin vitro dry matter digestibility with acid detergent fiber (r= -.861**), neutral detergent fiber (r= -.891**) and crude fiber (r= -.740**) at recommended dose of N fertilization. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different doses of nitrogen fertilization at different growth stages on quality components in oats fodder.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Chemical composition, Growth stages, Nitrogen levels, Oats, Yield
References
Ahmad, A. H., Tariq, M., Ayub, M., Elahi, M., Chaudhary, M. N. and Nadeem, M. A. (2011). Forage yield and some quality attributes of mille (Pennisetuma mericanum L.) hybrid under various regimes of nitrogen fertilization and harvesting dates. African Journal of Agricultural Reserach, 6(16): 3883-90.
Alam, M. Z. and Haider, S. A. (2006). Growth attributes of barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) cultivars in relation to different doses of nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Life and Earth Science,1(2): 77-82.
Amin, M. and Hasan, E. M.,(2011). Effect of different nitrogen sources on growth, yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences,10: 17-23.
AOAC (1970). official Methods of Analysis (11th ed.) Association of official analytical chemists, Washington, D.C.
Arshadullah, M., Malik, M. A., Rasheed, M., Jilani, G., Zahoor, F. and Kaleem, S. (2011). Seasonal and Genotypic Variations Influence the Biomass and Nutritional Ingredients of Cenchrusciliaris Grass Forage. International Journal Of Agriculture & Biology,13:120-124.
Aslam, M., Iqbal, S., Zamir, M. S. I., Mubeen, M. and Amin, M. (2011). Effect of different nitrogen levels and seed rates on yield and quality of maize fodder. Crop & Environment, 2(2): 47-51.
Ayub, M., Nadeem, M. A. andSuleheri, M. J. (2003). Effect of harvesting times on maize fodder yield and quality. Bangladesh Journal of Agriculture, 27: (28) 71-5.
Ayub, M., Nadeem, M. A., Tanveer, A. and Husnain, A. (2002). Effect of different levels of nitrogen and harvesting times on growth, yield and quality of sorghum fodder. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences,4: 304-7.
Ayub, M., Nadeem, M. A, Tanvir, A, Tahir, M., Khan, R. M. A. 2007. Interactive effect of different nitrogen levels and seeding rates on fodder yield and quality of pearl millet. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science, 44: 592-6.
Babu, R., Gumaste, S., Patil, T.C. and Prabhakar, A.S. (1995). Effect of stage of cutting, nitrogen and phosphorus levels on forage pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)]. Forage research,20(4): 225-31.
Balabanli, C., Albayrak, S. and Yüksel, O. (2010). Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization on the quality and yield of native rangeland. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2): 164-8.
Ball, D. M., Collins, M., Lacefield, G. D., Martin, N. P., Mertens, D. A., Olson, K. A., Putnam D. H., Undersander, D. J. and Wolf, M. W. (2001). Understanding Forage Quality. American Farm Bureau Federation Publication 1-01, Park Ridge, Illinois, USA.
Batista, K., Giacomini, A. A., Gerdes, L., Mattos, W. T., Colloza, M. T. and Otsuk, I. P. (2014). Influence of Nitrogen on the production characteristics of ruzi grass. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(5):533-8.
Bayble, T., Melaku, S. and Prasad, N. K. (1995). Effects of cutting dates on nutritive value of Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) grass planted sole and in association with Desmodium (Desmodium intortum) or Lablab (Lablab purpureus). In: Proceedings of 3rd National Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production, Pp. 316-322
Damame, S. V., Bhingarde, R. N. and Pathan, S. H. (2013). Effect of different nitrogen levels on nutritional quality and nitrate nitrogen accumulation in forage pearl millet genotypes grown under rainfed conditions. Forage Research, 39(2): 93-95
Dawit, A. and Wegi, T. (2014). Determination of optimum seed and fertilizer rate for fodder oat in Bale Highland South eastern Ethopia. International Journal of Soil and Crop Science, 2(7): 73-76
Devi, L. G. (2002). Forage yield of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by nitrogen levels and bio-fertilizers. Forage Research 27: 263-6
Dixit, A. K.., Kachroo, D. and Bali, A. S. (2005). Response of promising rainy season sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 50 : 206-9
Dubey, A., Rathi, G. S. and Sahu, R. (2013). Effect of nitrogen levels on green fodder yield of oat (Avena sativa) varieties. Forage Research, 39(1): 39-41
Eppendorfer, W. H. (1971). Effect of sulfur, nitrogen and phosphoruson the amino acid composition of the field bean (Viciafaba) and responses of the biological value of the seed protein and sulfur-amino acid content. Journal of Science and Food Agriculture, 22:501-5
Firdous, R. and Gilani, A. H. (1998). Effect of stage of growth and cultivator on chemical composition of whole maize plant and its morphological fractions. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences, 12(3): 366-370
Firdous, R. and Gilani, A H. (2001). Changes in chemical composition of sorghum as influenced by growth stage and cultivar Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences, 7:935-40
Gasim, S. H. (2001). Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and seed rate on growth, yield and quality of forage maize (Zea mays L.). M.Sc.Thesis, Faculty of Agric Univ of Khartoum.
Georing, H. K. and Van Soest, P. J. (1970). Forage fibre analysis, Apparatus reagents, procedures and some application. Agriculture hand book No. 379, USA Washington, D.C.
Gul, I., Demirel, R., Kilicalp, N., Sumerli, M. and Kilc, H. (2008). Effect of crop maturity stages on yield, silage chemical composition and in-vivo digestibilities of maize, sorghum and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids grown in semi-arid conditions. Journal of Animal and Veterinary, 7: 1021-28.
Hasan, B. and Shah, W. A. (2000). Biomass grain production and quality of oat (Avena sativa) under different cutting regimes and nitrogen levels. Cereal Reserach Communication, 28:203-10.
Hasan, M. R., Akbar, M. A., Khandaker, Z. H. and Rahman, M. M. (2010). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield contributing character, biomass yield and nutritive value of cowpea forage. Bangaldesh Journal of Animal Sciences, 39(1&2): 83-88.
Iqbal, M. F., Iqbal, Z., Farooq, M., Ali, L. and Fiaz, M. (2013). Impact nitrogenous fertilizer on yield and quality of oat. Pakistan Journal of Science, 65(1): 1-4.
Karasu, A., Oz, M., Bayram, G., Turgut, I. (2009). The effect of nitrogen levels on forage yield and some attributes in some hybrid corn (Zeamaysindentata Sturt.) cultivars sown as second crop for silage. African Journal of Agricultural Research., 4:166-70.
Karic, L., Vukasinovic, S. and Znidarcic, D. (2005). Response of leek (Allium porrum L.) to different levels of nitrogen dose under agro-climate conditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Acta AgriculturaeSlovenica, 85: 219-6.
Kaur, G., Asthir, B., Bains, N. S. and Farooq, M. (2015) Nitrogen nutrition, its assimilation and remobilization in diverse genotypes.International Journal of Agricultural Biology, 17:531-8.
Kering, Maru, K., Guretzky, J., Funderburg, E. and Mosali, J. (2011). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rate and harvest season on forage yield, quality and macronutrient concentrations in midland bermuda grass. Communication in Soil Sciences and Plant Analysis Journal, 42:1958-71.
Keskin, B., Akdeniz, H., Yilmaz, I. H., Turan, N. (2005). Yield and quality of forage corn (Zea mays L.) as influenced by cultivars and nitrogen rates.Jouranl of Agronomy, 4: 138-41.
Khan, A., Anjum, M. H., Rehman, M. K. U., Zaman, Q. and Ullah, R.(2014). Comparative Study on Quantitative and Qualitative Characters of Different Oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes under Agro-Climatic conditions of Sargodha,Pakistan. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5: 3097-103.
Khan, H. K., Khan, A. G., Sarwar, M., Azim, A. (2007). Effect of maturity on production efficiency, nutritive value, and in-situ nutrient digestibility of three cereal fodders. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2: 900-9.
Khogali,Muna, E., DagashYassin, M. I. and EL-Hag Mahgoub, G. (2011).Productivity of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris var. Crassa) cultivars affected by nitrogen and plant spacing. Agriculture and Biology Journal North America, 2(5): 791-98.
Kibe, A. M., Singh, S. and Karla, N. (2006). Water nitrogen relationship for wheat growth and productivity in late sown conditions. Agricultural water Management, 8(4): 221-28.
Kumar, S., Agrawal, R. K., Dixit, A. K., Rai, A. K., Singh, J. B., Rai, S. K. (2012). Forage Production Technology for Arable Lands. Technology Bulletin No. 01/2012.
Kumari, A., Kumar, P., Ahmad, E., Singh, M., Kumar, R., Yadav, R. K., Datt, C. and Chinchmalatpure, A. (2014). Fodder yield and quality of oat fodder (Avena Sativa) as influenced by salinity of irrigation water and applied nitrogen levels. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition,31(3): 266-71.
Lea, Y. P. and Takahashi, T. (1966). An improved colorimetric determination of amino acid with the use of ninhydrin. Analytical Biochemistry, 14: 71-77.
Liu, C. W., Sung, Y., Chen, B. C. and Lia, H. Y. (2014). Effects of nitrogen fertilizers on the growth and nitrate content of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11:4427-40.
Losak, T., Vollmann, J., Hlusek, J., Peterka, J., Filipik, R. and Praskova, L.(2010). Influence of combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilization on false flax (Camelina sativa L. Crtz.) yield and quality. Acta Aliment, 39:431-44.
Luikham, E., Kamei, S. and Mariam, Anal, P. S.,(2012). Yield, quality and economics of oat fodder (Avena sativa L.) as influenced by nitrogen and varieties. Forage Research, 38(2): 112-4.
Mahale, B. B., Nevase, V. B., Thorat, S. T. and Dhekale, J. S. (2003). Effect of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers on the forage yield of oat (Avena sativa L). Annals of Agriculture Research Indian Society of Agriculture Sciences, 24: 121-3.
Malik, M. A., Cheema, M. A., and Khan, H. Z. (2006). Growth and yield response of soybean (Glycine max L.) to seed inoculation and varying phosphorus levels. Journal of Agricultural Research, 44(1): 47-53.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalgh, J. F. D. and Morgan, C. A. (2001). Animal Nutrition (6th ed.). Prentice Hall, Essex. Pp. 495-514.
Meena, S. N., Jain, K. K., Prasad, D. and Ram, A. (2012). Effect of nitrogen on growth, yield and quality of fodder pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) cultivars under irrigated conditionof North-Western Rajasthan. Annals of Agriculture Research New Series, 33 (3) : 183-188
Mizan, R. (2010). Effect of nitrogen and plant spacing on the yield of Boro rice cv. BRRI dhan45. Pp. 32
Namvar, A., Sharifi, R. S. and Khandan, T. (2011). Growth analysis and yield of chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.) in relation to organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilization. Ekologija, 57(3): 97–108.
Njidda, A. A. (2014). Determining dry matter degradability of some semi-arid browse species of north- eastern Nigeria using the in vitro technique. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 18(2): 160-167.
Oad, F. C., Buriro, U. A. and Agha, S. K. (2004). Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on maize fodder production. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 3:375-7.
Onasanya, R. O.,Aiyelari, O. P., Onasanya, A., Oikeh, S., Nwilene, F. E., and Oyelakin, O. O.,(2009). Growth and yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) to different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in southern Ngeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5 (4): 400-7.
Paschalidis, X., Ioannou, Z., Mouroutoglou, X., Koriki, A., Kavvadias, V., Baruchas, P., Chouliaras, I. and Sotiropoulos, S. (2015). Effect of Fertilization and Irrigation on Plant Mass Accumulation and Maize production (Zea mays). International Journal of Waste Resources, 5(1): 1000173.
Patel, A. S., Sadhu, A. C., Patel, M. R. and Patel, P. C. (2007) Effect of zinc, FYM and fertility levels on yield and quality of forage maize Forage Research,32(4): 209-12.
Pathan, S. H., Tumbare, A. D. and Kamble, A. B. (2012). Impact of planting material, cutting management and fertilizer levels on nutritional quality of bajra x napier hybrid. Forage Research,38(2): 74-79
Paul, K., Chopra, N. K., Soni, P. G., Kumar, R. and Mondal, G. (2014). Influence of Different Nitrogen Levels and Weed Control on Yield and Chemical Composition of Mustard (Brassica rapa L. sub. chinensis) Fodder. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 31 (4): 400-3.
Rostamza, M., Mohammad-Reza, C., Mohammad-Reza, J. and Ahmad, A. (2011). Forage quality, water use and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of pearl millet (PennisetumamericanumL.) grown under different soil moisture and nitrogen levels. Agricultural Water Management,98: 1607-14.
Roy, N., Laskar, S. and Barik, A. (2013). Amino acids through developmental stages of sunflower leaves.Acta Bot Croat, 72 (1): 23–33.
Ruso, V. M. (2006). Mineral nutrient and protein contents in tissues and yield of navy bean, in response to nitrogen fertilization and row spacing. Journal of Food Agiculture and Environment, 4(2): 168-71.
Russel, J. R., Irlbeck, N. A., Hallauer, A. R., Buxton, D. R. (1992). Nutritive value and ensiling characteristics of maize herbage as influenced by agronomic factors. Animal Feed Science Technology, 38: 11-24.
Sawan, Z. M. (2006). Egyptian cotton (GossypiumbarbadenseL.) yield as affected by nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of potassium and mepiquat chloride. Commun Bio Crop Science, 1(2): 99-105.
Shahin, M. G., Abdrabou, R. Th., Abdelmoemn, W. R. and Hamada, M. M. (2013). Response of growth and forage yield of pearl millet (Pennisetumgalucum) to nitrogen fertilizer rates and cutting height. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 58(2): 153–62.
Sharma, A. K., Sharma, A. K., Sharma, R. K., Rajiv, B. and Rai, P. K. (2012). Effect of different levels of nitrogen, organic manure and planting time on yield and quality of hybrid napier. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 29(1): 33-39.
Sharma, P. K., Kalra, V. K. and Tiwana, U. S. (2016). Effect of farmyard manure and nitrogen levels on growth, quality and fodder yield of summer maize (Zea mays L.). Agricultural Research Journal, 53(3): 355-59.
Singh, P. and Sumeriya, H. K. (2012). Effect of nitrogen on yield, economics and quality of fodder sorghum genotypes. Annals of Plant and Soil Research, 14(2):133-5.
Somashekar, K. S., Shekara, B. G., Kalyana, Murthy, K. N. and Harish, L. (2014). Yield, nitrogen uptake, available soil nutrients and economics of multicut fodder sorghum (Sorghum sudanense L.) to different seed rates and nitrogen levels. Forage Research, 40(1): 23-27.
Tajul, M. I., Alam, M. M., Hossain, S. M. M., Naher, K., Rafii, M. Y. and Latif, M. A. (2013). Influence of Plant Population and Nitrogen-Fertilizer at Various Levels on Growth and Growth Efficiency of Maize. Scientific World Journal, 1-9.
Taute, A., Van Niekerk, W. A., Rethman, N. F. G. and Coertze, R. J. (2002). An evaluation of nitrogen fertilisedPanicum maximum cv. Gatton at different stages of maturity during autumn: 1. Dry matter yield and certain qualitative parameters. South African Journal of Animal Sciences, 32(3): 208-15.
Tena, W. and Beyene, S. (2011). Identification of growth limiting nutrient(s) in alfisols: Soil physico-chemical properties, nutrient concentrations and biomass yield of maize. American Journal of Plant Nutrition Fertilizer Technology, 1: 23-35
Thavaprakaash, N., Velayudham, K. and Muthukumar. (2008). Response of crop geometry, intercropping systems and INM practices on yield and fodder quality of baby corn. Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 1(2): 153-59.
Tilley, J. M. A. and Terry, R. A. (1963). A two stage technique for the in vitro digestion of force crops. British Journal of Grassland Society, 18:104-11.
Tiwana, M. S., Puri, K. P., Tiwana, U. S. and Singh, A. (2004). Forage production potential of napier-bajra hybrid varieties under different nitrogen levels. Forage Research, 30: 80-85.
Uddin, M. M., Khandaker, Z. H., Sultana, M. N. (2005). Effect of levels of nitrogen with or without phosphorus fertilizer on oat (Avena sativa) forage production harvested at various ages: II. Nutritive value and macro mineral contents. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Sciences, 34 (1-2): 73-81.
Vuckovic, S., Simic, A., Dordivic, N., Zivanovic, T., Stojanovic, I. and Stanisavljevic, R. (2005). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and underseeding on the productivity and chemical composition of Cynosuretumcristatitype meadows on hilly-mountains grassland in Serbia. Grassland Science in Europe, 10: 489-92.
Xiangfeng, Z., Shikui, D., Xujiang, Y. and Zizhi, H. (2007). Variation of productivity and nutritive values of oat (Avena sativa) with geographical locations in Gansu Province of Northwest China under irrigation and fertilization conditions. African Journal of Biotechnolgy, 6(5):553-60.
Zahid, M. S., Haqqani, M. S., Mufti, M. S. and Shafeeq, M. S. (2002). Optimization of N and P fertilizer for higher fodder yield and quality in mottgrass under irrigation-cum rainfed conditions of Pakistan. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 1(6):690-3
Zhai, G., Shen, Y., Zhai, Y., Liu, X. and Jiang, H. (2008). Forage yield performance and nutritive value of selected wild soybean ecotypes. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences, 88: 465-72.
Alam, M. Z. and Haider, S. A. (2006). Growth attributes of barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) cultivars in relation to different doses of nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Life and Earth Science,1(2): 77-82.
Amin, M. and Hasan, E. M.,(2011). Effect of different nitrogen sources on growth, yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences,10: 17-23.
AOAC (1970). official Methods of Analysis (11th ed.) Association of official analytical chemists, Washington, D.C.
Arshadullah, M., Malik, M. A., Rasheed, M., Jilani, G., Zahoor, F. and Kaleem, S. (2011). Seasonal and Genotypic Variations Influence the Biomass and Nutritional Ingredients of Cenchrusciliaris Grass Forage. International Journal Of Agriculture & Biology,13:120-124.
Aslam, M., Iqbal, S., Zamir, M. S. I., Mubeen, M. and Amin, M. (2011). Effect of different nitrogen levels and seed rates on yield and quality of maize fodder. Crop & Environment, 2(2): 47-51.
Ayub, M., Nadeem, M. A. andSuleheri, M. J. (2003). Effect of harvesting times on maize fodder yield and quality. Bangladesh Journal of Agriculture, 27: (28) 71-5.
Ayub, M., Nadeem, M. A., Tanveer, A. and Husnain, A. (2002). Effect of different levels of nitrogen and harvesting times on growth, yield and quality of sorghum fodder. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences,4: 304-7.
Ayub, M., Nadeem, M. A, Tanvir, A, Tahir, M., Khan, R. M. A. 2007. Interactive effect of different nitrogen levels and seeding rates on fodder yield and quality of pearl millet. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science, 44: 592-6.
Babu, R., Gumaste, S., Patil, T.C. and Prabhakar, A.S. (1995). Effect of stage of cutting, nitrogen and phosphorus levels on forage pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)]. Forage research,20(4): 225-31.
Balabanli, C., Albayrak, S. and Yüksel, O. (2010). Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization on the quality and yield of native rangeland. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2): 164-8.
Ball, D. M., Collins, M., Lacefield, G. D., Martin, N. P., Mertens, D. A., Olson, K. A., Putnam D. H., Undersander, D. J. and Wolf, M. W. (2001). Understanding Forage Quality. American Farm Bureau Federation Publication 1-01, Park Ridge, Illinois, USA.
Batista, K., Giacomini, A. A., Gerdes, L., Mattos, W. T., Colloza, M. T. and Otsuk, I. P. (2014). Influence of Nitrogen on the production characteristics of ruzi grass. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(5):533-8.
Bayble, T., Melaku, S. and Prasad, N. K. (1995). Effects of cutting dates on nutritive value of Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) grass planted sole and in association with Desmodium (Desmodium intortum) or Lablab (Lablab purpureus). In: Proceedings of 3rd National Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production, Pp. 316-322
Damame, S. V., Bhingarde, R. N. and Pathan, S. H. (2013). Effect of different nitrogen levels on nutritional quality and nitrate nitrogen accumulation in forage pearl millet genotypes grown under rainfed conditions. Forage Research, 39(2): 93-95
Dawit, A. and Wegi, T. (2014). Determination of optimum seed and fertilizer rate for fodder oat in Bale Highland South eastern Ethopia. International Journal of Soil and Crop Science, 2(7): 73-76
Devi, L. G. (2002). Forage yield of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by nitrogen levels and bio-fertilizers. Forage Research 27: 263-6
Dixit, A. K.., Kachroo, D. and Bali, A. S. (2005). Response of promising rainy season sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 50 : 206-9
Dubey, A., Rathi, G. S. and Sahu, R. (2013). Effect of nitrogen levels on green fodder yield of oat (Avena sativa) varieties. Forage Research, 39(1): 39-41
Eppendorfer, W. H. (1971). Effect of sulfur, nitrogen and phosphoruson the amino acid composition of the field bean (Viciafaba) and responses of the biological value of the seed protein and sulfur-amino acid content. Journal of Science and Food Agriculture, 22:501-5
Firdous, R. and Gilani, A. H. (1998). Effect of stage of growth and cultivator on chemical composition of whole maize plant and its morphological fractions. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences, 12(3): 366-370
Firdous, R. and Gilani, A H. (2001). Changes in chemical composition of sorghum as influenced by growth stage and cultivar Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences, 7:935-40
Gasim, S. H. (2001). Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and seed rate on growth, yield and quality of forage maize (Zea mays L.). M.Sc.Thesis, Faculty of Agric Univ of Khartoum.
Georing, H. K. and Van Soest, P. J. (1970). Forage fibre analysis, Apparatus reagents, procedures and some application. Agriculture hand book No. 379, USA Washington, D.C.
Gul, I., Demirel, R., Kilicalp, N., Sumerli, M. and Kilc, H. (2008). Effect of crop maturity stages on yield, silage chemical composition and in-vivo digestibilities of maize, sorghum and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids grown in semi-arid conditions. Journal of Animal and Veterinary, 7: 1021-28.
Hasan, B. and Shah, W. A. (2000). Biomass grain production and quality of oat (Avena sativa) under different cutting regimes and nitrogen levels. Cereal Reserach Communication, 28:203-10.
Hasan, M. R., Akbar, M. A., Khandaker, Z. H. and Rahman, M. M. (2010). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield contributing character, biomass yield and nutritive value of cowpea forage. Bangaldesh Journal of Animal Sciences, 39(1&2): 83-88.
Iqbal, M. F., Iqbal, Z., Farooq, M., Ali, L. and Fiaz, M. (2013). Impact nitrogenous fertilizer on yield and quality of oat. Pakistan Journal of Science, 65(1): 1-4.
Karasu, A., Oz, M., Bayram, G., Turgut, I. (2009). The effect of nitrogen levels on forage yield and some attributes in some hybrid corn (Zeamaysindentata Sturt.) cultivars sown as second crop for silage. African Journal of Agricultural Research., 4:166-70.
Karic, L., Vukasinovic, S. and Znidarcic, D. (2005). Response of leek (Allium porrum L.) to different levels of nitrogen dose under agro-climate conditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Acta AgriculturaeSlovenica, 85: 219-6.
Kaur, G., Asthir, B., Bains, N. S. and Farooq, M. (2015) Nitrogen nutrition, its assimilation and remobilization in diverse genotypes.International Journal of Agricultural Biology, 17:531-8.
Kering, Maru, K., Guretzky, J., Funderburg, E. and Mosali, J. (2011). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rate and harvest season on forage yield, quality and macronutrient concentrations in midland bermuda grass. Communication in Soil Sciences and Plant Analysis Journal, 42:1958-71.
Keskin, B., Akdeniz, H., Yilmaz, I. H., Turan, N. (2005). Yield and quality of forage corn (Zea mays L.) as influenced by cultivars and nitrogen rates.Jouranl of Agronomy, 4: 138-41.
Khan, A., Anjum, M. H., Rehman, M. K. U., Zaman, Q. and Ullah, R.(2014). Comparative Study on Quantitative and Qualitative Characters of Different Oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes under Agro-Climatic conditions of Sargodha,Pakistan. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5: 3097-103.
Khan, H. K., Khan, A. G., Sarwar, M., Azim, A. (2007). Effect of maturity on production efficiency, nutritive value, and in-situ nutrient digestibility of three cereal fodders. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2: 900-9.
Khogali,Muna, E., DagashYassin, M. I. and EL-Hag Mahgoub, G. (2011).Productivity of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris var. Crassa) cultivars affected by nitrogen and plant spacing. Agriculture and Biology Journal North America, 2(5): 791-98.
Kibe, A. M., Singh, S. and Karla, N. (2006). Water nitrogen relationship for wheat growth and productivity in late sown conditions. Agricultural water Management, 8(4): 221-28.
Kumar, S., Agrawal, R. K., Dixit, A. K., Rai, A. K., Singh, J. B., Rai, S. K. (2012). Forage Production Technology for Arable Lands. Technology Bulletin No. 01/2012.
Kumari, A., Kumar, P., Ahmad, E., Singh, M., Kumar, R., Yadav, R. K., Datt, C. and Chinchmalatpure, A. (2014). Fodder yield and quality of oat fodder (Avena Sativa) as influenced by salinity of irrigation water and applied nitrogen levels. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition,31(3): 266-71.
Lea, Y. P. and Takahashi, T. (1966). An improved colorimetric determination of amino acid with the use of ninhydrin. Analytical Biochemistry, 14: 71-77.
Liu, C. W., Sung, Y., Chen, B. C. and Lia, H. Y. (2014). Effects of nitrogen fertilizers on the growth and nitrate content of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11:4427-40.
Losak, T., Vollmann, J., Hlusek, J., Peterka, J., Filipik, R. and Praskova, L.(2010). Influence of combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilization on false flax (Camelina sativa L. Crtz.) yield and quality. Acta Aliment, 39:431-44.
Luikham, E., Kamei, S. and Mariam, Anal, P. S.,(2012). Yield, quality and economics of oat fodder (Avena sativa L.) as influenced by nitrogen and varieties. Forage Research, 38(2): 112-4.
Mahale, B. B., Nevase, V. B., Thorat, S. T. and Dhekale, J. S. (2003). Effect of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers on the forage yield of oat (Avena sativa L). Annals of Agriculture Research Indian Society of Agriculture Sciences, 24: 121-3.
Malik, M. A., Cheema, M. A., and Khan, H. Z. (2006). Growth and yield response of soybean (Glycine max L.) to seed inoculation and varying phosphorus levels. Journal of Agricultural Research, 44(1): 47-53.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalgh, J. F. D. and Morgan, C. A. (2001). Animal Nutrition (6th ed.). Prentice Hall, Essex. Pp. 495-514.
Meena, S. N., Jain, K. K., Prasad, D. and Ram, A. (2012). Effect of nitrogen on growth, yield and quality of fodder pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) cultivars under irrigated conditionof North-Western Rajasthan. Annals of Agriculture Research New Series, 33 (3) : 183-188
Mizan, R. (2010). Effect of nitrogen and plant spacing on the yield of Boro rice cv. BRRI dhan45. Pp. 32
Namvar, A., Sharifi, R. S. and Khandan, T. (2011). Growth analysis and yield of chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.) in relation to organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilization. Ekologija, 57(3): 97–108.
Njidda, A. A. (2014). Determining dry matter degradability of some semi-arid browse species of north- eastern Nigeria using the in vitro technique. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 18(2): 160-167.
Oad, F. C., Buriro, U. A. and Agha, S. K. (2004). Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on maize fodder production. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 3:375-7.
Onasanya, R. O.,Aiyelari, O. P., Onasanya, A., Oikeh, S., Nwilene, F. E., and Oyelakin, O. O.,(2009). Growth and yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) to different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in southern Ngeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5 (4): 400-7.
Paschalidis, X., Ioannou, Z., Mouroutoglou, X., Koriki, A., Kavvadias, V., Baruchas, P., Chouliaras, I. and Sotiropoulos, S. (2015). Effect of Fertilization and Irrigation on Plant Mass Accumulation and Maize production (Zea mays). International Journal of Waste Resources, 5(1): 1000173.
Patel, A. S., Sadhu, A. C., Patel, M. R. and Patel, P. C. (2007) Effect of zinc, FYM and fertility levels on yield and quality of forage maize Forage Research,32(4): 209-12.
Pathan, S. H., Tumbare, A. D. and Kamble, A. B. (2012). Impact of planting material, cutting management and fertilizer levels on nutritional quality of bajra x napier hybrid. Forage Research,38(2): 74-79
Paul, K., Chopra, N. K., Soni, P. G., Kumar, R. and Mondal, G. (2014). Influence of Different Nitrogen Levels and Weed Control on Yield and Chemical Composition of Mustard (Brassica rapa L. sub. chinensis) Fodder. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 31 (4): 400-3.
Rostamza, M., Mohammad-Reza, C., Mohammad-Reza, J. and Ahmad, A. (2011). Forage quality, water use and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of pearl millet (PennisetumamericanumL.) grown under different soil moisture and nitrogen levels. Agricultural Water Management,98: 1607-14.
Roy, N., Laskar, S. and Barik, A. (2013). Amino acids through developmental stages of sunflower leaves.Acta Bot Croat, 72 (1): 23–33.
Ruso, V. M. (2006). Mineral nutrient and protein contents in tissues and yield of navy bean, in response to nitrogen fertilization and row spacing. Journal of Food Agiculture and Environment, 4(2): 168-71.
Russel, J. R., Irlbeck, N. A., Hallauer, A. R., Buxton, D. R. (1992). Nutritive value and ensiling characteristics of maize herbage as influenced by agronomic factors. Animal Feed Science Technology, 38: 11-24.
Sawan, Z. M. (2006). Egyptian cotton (GossypiumbarbadenseL.) yield as affected by nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of potassium and mepiquat chloride. Commun Bio Crop Science, 1(2): 99-105.
Shahin, M. G., Abdrabou, R. Th., Abdelmoemn, W. R. and Hamada, M. M. (2013). Response of growth and forage yield of pearl millet (Pennisetumgalucum) to nitrogen fertilizer rates and cutting height. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 58(2): 153–62.
Sharma, A. K., Sharma, A. K., Sharma, R. K., Rajiv, B. and Rai, P. K. (2012). Effect of different levels of nitrogen, organic manure and planting time on yield and quality of hybrid napier. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 29(1): 33-39.
Sharma, P. K., Kalra, V. K. and Tiwana, U. S. (2016). Effect of farmyard manure and nitrogen levels on growth, quality and fodder yield of summer maize (Zea mays L.). Agricultural Research Journal, 53(3): 355-59.
Singh, P. and Sumeriya, H. K. (2012). Effect of nitrogen on yield, economics and quality of fodder sorghum genotypes. Annals of Plant and Soil Research, 14(2):133-5.
Somashekar, K. S., Shekara, B. G., Kalyana, Murthy, K. N. and Harish, L. (2014). Yield, nitrogen uptake, available soil nutrients and economics of multicut fodder sorghum (Sorghum sudanense L.) to different seed rates and nitrogen levels. Forage Research, 40(1): 23-27.
Tajul, M. I., Alam, M. M., Hossain, S. M. M., Naher, K., Rafii, M. Y. and Latif, M. A. (2013). Influence of Plant Population and Nitrogen-Fertilizer at Various Levels on Growth and Growth Efficiency of Maize. Scientific World Journal, 1-9.
Taute, A., Van Niekerk, W. A., Rethman, N. F. G. and Coertze, R. J. (2002). An evaluation of nitrogen fertilisedPanicum maximum cv. Gatton at different stages of maturity during autumn: 1. Dry matter yield and certain qualitative parameters. South African Journal of Animal Sciences, 32(3): 208-15.
Tena, W. and Beyene, S. (2011). Identification of growth limiting nutrient(s) in alfisols: Soil physico-chemical properties, nutrient concentrations and biomass yield of maize. American Journal of Plant Nutrition Fertilizer Technology, 1: 23-35
Thavaprakaash, N., Velayudham, K. and Muthukumar. (2008). Response of crop geometry, intercropping systems and INM practices on yield and fodder quality of baby corn. Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 1(2): 153-59.
Tilley, J. M. A. and Terry, R. A. (1963). A two stage technique for the in vitro digestion of force crops. British Journal of Grassland Society, 18:104-11.
Tiwana, M. S., Puri, K. P., Tiwana, U. S. and Singh, A. (2004). Forage production potential of napier-bajra hybrid varieties under different nitrogen levels. Forage Research, 30: 80-85.
Uddin, M. M., Khandaker, Z. H., Sultana, M. N. (2005). Effect of levels of nitrogen with or without phosphorus fertilizer on oat (Avena sativa) forage production harvested at various ages: II. Nutritive value and macro mineral contents. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Sciences, 34 (1-2): 73-81.
Vuckovic, S., Simic, A., Dordivic, N., Zivanovic, T., Stojanovic, I. and Stanisavljevic, R. (2005). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and underseeding on the productivity and chemical composition of Cynosuretumcristatitype meadows on hilly-mountains grassland in Serbia. Grassland Science in Europe, 10: 489-92.
Xiangfeng, Z., Shikui, D., Xujiang, Y. and Zizhi, H. (2007). Variation of productivity and nutritive values of oat (Avena sativa) with geographical locations in Gansu Province of Northwest China under irrigation and fertilization conditions. African Journal of Biotechnolgy, 6(5):553-60.
Zahid, M. S., Haqqani, M. S., Mufti, M. S. and Shafeeq, M. S. (2002). Optimization of N and P fertilizer for higher fodder yield and quality in mottgrass under irrigation-cum rainfed conditions of Pakistan. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 1(6):690-3
Zhai, G., Shen, Y., Zhai, Y., Liu, X. and Jiang, H. (2008). Forage yield performance and nutritive value of selected wild soybean ecotypes. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences, 88: 465-72.
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Effect of growth stages and fertility levels on growth, yield and quality of fodder oats (Avena sativa L.). (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(3), 1287-1296. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1355
