Effect of EMS on morpho-physiological characters of wheat in reference to stay green trait
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Abstract
To feed the ever growing world population, the demand of food supply must be increased by 70 % of major cereal crops like wheat, rice etc. It was predicted that the detrimental effect of abiotic stresses like drought, heat, salt etc. on yield would be decreased by genetic improvement in terms of photosynthetic response, long green leaf duration and delayed leaf senescence. ‘Stay green’ is a vital trait of all crops which is directly associated with the capacity of the plant to maintain CO2 assimilation, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content. The present study was conducted to develop the stay green mutants genotype by using 1.5 % Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS). The variety K 7410 showed highest leaf area 37.34 cm2, seeds per spike 65.47, 1000 grain weight 62.03 g after treatment of EMS among morphological characters observed. Among physiological characters of wheat variety Sonalik showed lowest RWC (21.48 %), HD 2135 showed lowest chlorophyll content (33.53 µg/cm2) and C 306 showed lowest photosynthetic rate (15.05 µmol/m2sec) after treatment of EMS. But varieties K 7410, VL 401 and RAJ 3765 varieties showed higher value of physiological characters after the treatment. The results suggested that the stay green trait had been developed by mutation (EMS) in these three wheat varieties and they can exhibit better tolerance under abiotic stress conditions like drought, high temperature. Such results would prove useful for further research and crop management in stress affected areas or under unfavourable climatic conditions.
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Keywords
Chlorophyll, Morphological, Photosynthesis, RWC, Stay green, Wheat
References
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Arora, A., Sairam, R. K. and Srivastava, G. C. (2002). Oxidative stress and oxidative system in plants. Curr. Sci., 82: 1227-1238
Bahar, B., Yildirim, M. and Barutcular, C. (2009). Relationships between stomatal conductance and yield components in spring durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici
Cluj-napoca., 37(2):45-48
Bahar, B., Yildirim, M., Barutcular, C. and Genc, I. (2008). Effect of canopy temperature depression on grain yield and yield components in bread and durum wheat. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-napoca., 36(1): 34-37
Balota, M., Payne, W.A., Evet, S.R. and Lazar, M.D. (2007). Canopy temperature depression sampling to assess grain yield and genotypic differentiation in winter wheat. Crop Sci., 47: 1518-1529
Bhullar, S.S. and Jenner, C.F. (1985). Differential responses to high temperature of starch and nitrogen accumulation in the grain of four cultivars of wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 12: 363-75
Bohnert, H. J., Gong, Q., Li, P. and Ma, S. (2006). Unraveling abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms getting
genomics going. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 9: 180-188
Curtis, B.C. (2002). Wheat in the world. In: Curtis, B. C., Rajaram, S., Macpherson, H. G. (eds.) Bread wheat improvement and production. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, Rome. Pp. 30
Donmez, E., Sears, R. G., Shroyer, J. P. and Paulsen, G. M. (2001). Genetic gain in yield attributes of winter wheat in the great plains. Crop Sci. Res., 41: 1412-1419
Falqueto, A. R., Cassol, D., De MagalhãesJúnior, M. A., De Oliveira, A. C. and Bacarin, M. A. (2009). Physiological analysis of leaf senescence of two rice cultivars with different yield potential. Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília. 44: 695-700
Fang, Z., Bouwkamp, J. C. and Solomos, T. (1998). Chlorophyllase activities and chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence in the non-yellowing mutant and the wild-type of Phaseolus vulgaris L. J. Exp. Bot., 49:503–510
Fischer, R. A. (1986). Physiological limitations to producing wheat in semitropical and tropical environments and possible selection criteria. In: Proc. Int. Sym. Wheat for Tropical Environments. CIMMYT, Mexico. Pp. 209-230
Foulkes, M. J., Slafer, G. A., Davies, W. J., Berry, P. M., Sylvester-Bradley, R., Martre, P., Calderini, D. F., Griffiths, S. and Reynolds, M. P. (2011).Raising yield potential of wheat. III. Optimizing partitioning to grain while maintaining lodging resistance. J. Exp. Bot., 62:469-486
Gaju, O., Allard, V., Martre, P., Snape, J.W., Heumez, E., Le Gouis, J., Moreau, D., Bogard, M., Griffiths, S., Orford, S., Hubbart, S. and Foulkes, M. J. (2011). Identification of traits to improve the nitrogen-use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Field Crops Research., 123: 139-152
Gholamin, R. and Khayatnezhad, M. (2010). Study of some physiological respones of drought stress in hexaploid and tetraploid wheat genotypes in Iran. J. Sci. Res., 6: 246-250
Gregersen, P. L., Holm, P. B. and Krupinska, K. (2008).Leaf senescence and nutrient remobilization in barley and wheat. Plant Biology, 10: 37-49
Gupta, N. K., Gupta, S. and Kumar, A. (2001). Effect of water stress on physiological attributes and their relationship with growth and yield of wheat cultivars at different stages. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 186: 55-62
Hafsi, M., Akhter, J. and Monneveux, P. (2007). Leaf senescence and carbon isotope discrimination in durum wheat (Triticum durum desf.) under severe drought conditions. Cereal Research Communications, 35: 71-80
Hoang, T. B. and Kobata, T. (2009). Stay-green in rice (OryzasativaL.) of drought-prone areas in desiccated soils. Plant Production Science, 12: 397-408
Keyvan, S. (2010). The effects of drought stress on yield, relative water content, proline, soluble carbohydrates and chlorophyll of bread wheat cultivars. J. Anim. Plant Sci., 8: 1051-1060
Khayatnezhad, M., Gholamin, R., Jamaati-e-Somarin, S. H. and Zabihie-Mahmoodabad, H. (2011). The leaf chlorophyll content and stress resistance relationship considering in Corn cultivars (Zea mays). Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(1): 118-122
Kichey, T., Hirel, B., Heumez, E., Dubois, F. and Le Gouis, J. (2007). In winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.), post-anthesis nitrogen uptake and remobilisation to the grain correlates with agronomic traits and nitrogen physiological markers. Field Crops Res., 102: 22–32
Koc, M., Barutcular, C. and Genc, I. (2003). Photosynthesis and productivity of old and modern durum wheats in a Mediterranean Environment. Crop Sci., 43(6):2089-2097
Larbi, A. and Mekliche, A. (2004). Relative water content (RWC) and leaf senescence as screening tools for drought tolerance in wheat. In: Cantero-Martinez C, Cabina D. (Eds.), Mediterranean rainfed agriculture: Strategies for sustainability: Final Seminar of the Regional Action Program on Rainfed Agriculture, 2-3 June 2003, Zaragoza, Spain. Options Mediterraneennes. Series A, Seminaires Mediterraneens. Paris: International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, 60: 193-196
Lobell, B. D., Sibley, A. and Ortiz-Monasterio, J. I. (2012). Extreme heat effects on wheat senescence in India. Nat. Clim. Change, 2: 186-189
Lobell, D. B., Hammer, G. L., McLean, G., Messina, C., Roberts, M. J. and Schlenker, W. (2013). The critical role of extreme heat for maize production in the United States. Nat. Clim. Change, 3: 497-501
Matin, M. A., Jarvis, H. B. and Hayden, F. (1989). Leaf water potential, relative water content, and diffusive resistant as a screening techniques for drought tolerance in barley. Agron. J., 81: 100–105
Michael O. A., Sparkes, D. L., Parmar, A. and Yawson, D. O. (2011). ‘Stay Green’ in wheat: comparative study of modern bread wheat and ancient wheat cultivars. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 6(9):16-24
Nageswara, R. R. C., Talwar, H. S. and Wright, G. C. (2001). Rapid assessment of specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen in peanut (Arachishypogaea L.) using chlorophyll meter. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 189:175-182
Panse, V. G. and Sukhatme, P. V. (1978). Statistical methods for agricultural workers ICAR, New Delhi, 145-150
Parry, M. A. J., Reynolds, M., Salvucci, M. E., Raines, C., Andralojc, P. J., Zhu, X. G., Price, G. D., Condon, A. G. and Furbank, R. T. (2011). Raising yield potential of wheat. II. Increasing photosynthetic capacity and efficiency. J. Exp. Bot., 62: 453-467
Pearson, K. (1895). Notes on regression and inheritance in the case of two parents. Proceeding of the Royal Society of London. 58: 240-242
Porter, J. R. and Semenov, M. A. (2005). Crop responses to climatic variation. Phil. Transact. Royal Soc. B-Biol. Sci., 360: 2021-2035
Rawson, H., Hindmarsh, J., Fischer, R. and Stockman, Y. (1983). Changes in leaf photosynthesis with plant ontogeny and relationship with yield per ear in wheat cultivars and 120- progeny. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 10: 161-166
Reynolds, M. P., Nagarajan, S., Razzaque, M. A. and Ageeb, O. A. A. (2001). Breeding for adaptation to environmental factors, heat tolerance. In: Reynolds M. P., Ortiz-Monasterio I., McNab, A. (eds.) Application of physiology in wheat breeding, CIMMYT, Mexico. Pp. 124-125
Reynolds, M., Bonnett, D., Chapman, S. C., Furbank, R. T., Manes, Y., Mather, D. E. and Parry, M. A. J. (2011). Raising yield potential of wheat. I. Overview of a consortium approach and breeding strategies. J. Exp. Bot., 62: 439-452
Richards, R. A. (2000). Selectable traits to increase crop photosynthesis and yield of grain crops. J. Exp. Bot., 51: 447–458
Semenov, M.A. and Halford, N.G. (2009). Identifying target traits and molecular mechanisms for wheat breeding under a changing climate. J. Exp. Bot., 60: 2791-2804
Semenov, M. A. and Shewry, P. R. (2011). Modelling Predicts that Heat Stress, not Drought, will Increase Vulnerability of Wheat. Europe Scientific Reports 1. Pp. 66
Shahriari, R. and Khayatnezhad, M. (2011). Humiforte application for production of wheat under end seasonal drought stress. Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(1): 141-144
Shinozaki, K. and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2007). Gene networks involved in drought stress response and tolerance. J. Exp. Bot., 58: 221-227
Sillmann, J. and Roeckner, E. (2008). Indices for extreme events in projections of anthropogenic climate change. Clim. Change, 86: 83-104
Spano, G., Fonzo, N. Di., Perrotta, C., Platani, C., Ronga, G., Lawlor, D. W., Napier J. A. and Shewry P. R. (2003). Physiological characterization of `stay green' mutants in durum wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54: 386
Sparkes, D.L. (2010). Are ‘ancient wheat species’ more adapted to hostile environments than modern bread wheat? South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 27:331-334
Srivalli, S. and Khanna-Chopra, R. (2009). Delayed wheat flag leaf senescence due to removal of spikelets is associated with increased activities of leaf antioxidant enzymes, reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio and oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 47: 663-670
Thomas, H. and Howarth, C. J. (2000). Five ways to stay green. J. Exp. Bot., 51: 329-337
Turner, N.C. (1981). Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status. Plant and Soil, 58: 339-366
Wang, H., McCaig, T. N., DePauw, R. M. and Clarke, J. M. (2008). Flag leaf physiological traits in two high-yielding Canada Western Red Spring wheat cultivars. Can. J. Plant Sci., 88: 35–42
Xu, W., Rosenow, D.T. and Nguyen, H.T. (2000). Stay-green trait in grain sorghum: Relationship between visual rating and leaf chlorophyll concentration. Plant Breeding, 119: 365-36
Y?ld?r?m, M., Bahar, B., Koç, M., Barutçular, C. (2009). Membrane thermal stability at different developmental stages of spring wheat genotypes and their diallel cross populations. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi., 15(4): 293- 300
Y?ld?r?m, M., K?l?c, H., Kendal, E. and Karahan, T. (2011). Applicability of chlorophyll meter readings as yield predictor in durum wheat. J. Plant Nutr., 34(2): 151-164
Zheng, B., Chenu, K., Dreccer, M. F. and Chapman, S. C. (2012). Breeding for the future: what are the potential impacts of future frost and heat events on sowing and flowering time requirements for Australian bread wheat (Triticumaestivium) varieties? Glob. Change Biol., 18: 2899-2914
Anon (2009). How to Feed the World in 2050. High-level Experts Forum. FAO, Rome, Pp. 35
Arora, A., Sairam, R. K. and Srivastava, G. C. (2002). Oxidative stress and oxidative system in plants. Curr. Sci., 82: 1227-1238
Bahar, B., Yildirim, M. and Barutcular, C. (2009). Relationships between stomatal conductance and yield components in spring durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici
Cluj-napoca., 37(2):45-48
Bahar, B., Yildirim, M., Barutcular, C. and Genc, I. (2008). Effect of canopy temperature depression on grain yield and yield components in bread and durum wheat. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-napoca., 36(1): 34-37
Balota, M., Payne, W.A., Evet, S.R. and Lazar, M.D. (2007). Canopy temperature depression sampling to assess grain yield and genotypic differentiation in winter wheat. Crop Sci., 47: 1518-1529
Bhullar, S.S. and Jenner, C.F. (1985). Differential responses to high temperature of starch and nitrogen accumulation in the grain of four cultivars of wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 12: 363-75
Bohnert, H. J., Gong, Q., Li, P. and Ma, S. (2006). Unraveling abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms getting
genomics going. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 9: 180-188
Curtis, B.C. (2002). Wheat in the world. In: Curtis, B. C., Rajaram, S., Macpherson, H. G. (eds.) Bread wheat improvement and production. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, Rome. Pp. 30
Donmez, E., Sears, R. G., Shroyer, J. P. and Paulsen, G. M. (2001). Genetic gain in yield attributes of winter wheat in the great plains. Crop Sci. Res., 41: 1412-1419
Falqueto, A. R., Cassol, D., De MagalhãesJúnior, M. A., De Oliveira, A. C. and Bacarin, M. A. (2009). Physiological analysis of leaf senescence of two rice cultivars with different yield potential. Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília. 44: 695-700
Fang, Z., Bouwkamp, J. C. and Solomos, T. (1998). Chlorophyllase activities and chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence in the non-yellowing mutant and the wild-type of Phaseolus vulgaris L. J. Exp. Bot., 49:503–510
Fischer, R. A. (1986). Physiological limitations to producing wheat in semitropical and tropical environments and possible selection criteria. In: Proc. Int. Sym. Wheat for Tropical Environments. CIMMYT, Mexico. Pp. 209-230
Foulkes, M. J., Slafer, G. A., Davies, W. J., Berry, P. M., Sylvester-Bradley, R., Martre, P., Calderini, D. F., Griffiths, S. and Reynolds, M. P. (2011).Raising yield potential of wheat. III. Optimizing partitioning to grain while maintaining lodging resistance. J. Exp. Bot., 62:469-486
Gaju, O., Allard, V., Martre, P., Snape, J.W., Heumez, E., Le Gouis, J., Moreau, D., Bogard, M., Griffiths, S., Orford, S., Hubbart, S. and Foulkes, M. J. (2011). Identification of traits to improve the nitrogen-use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Field Crops Research., 123: 139-152
Gholamin, R. and Khayatnezhad, M. (2010). Study of some physiological respones of drought stress in hexaploid and tetraploid wheat genotypes in Iran. J. Sci. Res., 6: 246-250
Gregersen, P. L., Holm, P. B. and Krupinska, K. (2008).Leaf senescence and nutrient remobilization in barley and wheat. Plant Biology, 10: 37-49
Gupta, N. K., Gupta, S. and Kumar, A. (2001). Effect of water stress on physiological attributes and their relationship with growth and yield of wheat cultivars at different stages. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 186: 55-62
Hafsi, M., Akhter, J. and Monneveux, P. (2007). Leaf senescence and carbon isotope discrimination in durum wheat (Triticum durum desf.) under severe drought conditions. Cereal Research Communications, 35: 71-80
Hoang, T. B. and Kobata, T. (2009). Stay-green in rice (OryzasativaL.) of drought-prone areas in desiccated soils. Plant Production Science, 12: 397-408
Keyvan, S. (2010). The effects of drought stress on yield, relative water content, proline, soluble carbohydrates and chlorophyll of bread wheat cultivars. J. Anim. Plant Sci., 8: 1051-1060
Khayatnezhad, M., Gholamin, R., Jamaati-e-Somarin, S. H. and Zabihie-Mahmoodabad, H. (2011). The leaf chlorophyll content and stress resistance relationship considering in Corn cultivars (Zea mays). Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(1): 118-122
Kichey, T., Hirel, B., Heumez, E., Dubois, F. and Le Gouis, J. (2007). In winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.), post-anthesis nitrogen uptake and remobilisation to the grain correlates with agronomic traits and nitrogen physiological markers. Field Crops Res., 102: 22–32
Koc, M., Barutcular, C. and Genc, I. (2003). Photosynthesis and productivity of old and modern durum wheats in a Mediterranean Environment. Crop Sci., 43(6):2089-2097
Larbi, A. and Mekliche, A. (2004). Relative water content (RWC) and leaf senescence as screening tools for drought tolerance in wheat. In: Cantero-Martinez C, Cabina D. (Eds.), Mediterranean rainfed agriculture: Strategies for sustainability: Final Seminar of the Regional Action Program on Rainfed Agriculture, 2-3 June 2003, Zaragoza, Spain. Options Mediterraneennes. Series A, Seminaires Mediterraneens. Paris: International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, 60: 193-196
Lobell, B. D., Sibley, A. and Ortiz-Monasterio, J. I. (2012). Extreme heat effects on wheat senescence in India. Nat. Clim. Change, 2: 186-189
Lobell, D. B., Hammer, G. L., McLean, G., Messina, C., Roberts, M. J. and Schlenker, W. (2013). The critical role of extreme heat for maize production in the United States. Nat. Clim. Change, 3: 497-501
Matin, M. A., Jarvis, H. B. and Hayden, F. (1989). Leaf water potential, relative water content, and diffusive resistant as a screening techniques for drought tolerance in barley. Agron. J., 81: 100–105
Michael O. A., Sparkes, D. L., Parmar, A. and Yawson, D. O. (2011). ‘Stay Green’ in wheat: comparative study of modern bread wheat and ancient wheat cultivars. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 6(9):16-24
Nageswara, R. R. C., Talwar, H. S. and Wright, G. C. (2001). Rapid assessment of specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen in peanut (Arachishypogaea L.) using chlorophyll meter. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 189:175-182
Panse, V. G. and Sukhatme, P. V. (1978). Statistical methods for agricultural workers ICAR, New Delhi, 145-150
Parry, M. A. J., Reynolds, M., Salvucci, M. E., Raines, C., Andralojc, P. J., Zhu, X. G., Price, G. D., Condon, A. G. and Furbank, R. T. (2011). Raising yield potential of wheat. II. Increasing photosynthetic capacity and efficiency. J. Exp. Bot., 62: 453-467
Pearson, K. (1895). Notes on regression and inheritance in the case of two parents. Proceeding of the Royal Society of London. 58: 240-242
Porter, J. R. and Semenov, M. A. (2005). Crop responses to climatic variation. Phil. Transact. Royal Soc. B-Biol. Sci., 360: 2021-2035
Rawson, H., Hindmarsh, J., Fischer, R. and Stockman, Y. (1983). Changes in leaf photosynthesis with plant ontogeny and relationship with yield per ear in wheat cultivars and 120- progeny. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 10: 161-166
Reynolds, M. P., Nagarajan, S., Razzaque, M. A. and Ageeb, O. A. A. (2001). Breeding for adaptation to environmental factors, heat tolerance. In: Reynolds M. P., Ortiz-Monasterio I., McNab, A. (eds.) Application of physiology in wheat breeding, CIMMYT, Mexico. Pp. 124-125
Reynolds, M., Bonnett, D., Chapman, S. C., Furbank, R. T., Manes, Y., Mather, D. E. and Parry, M. A. J. (2011). Raising yield potential of wheat. I. Overview of a consortium approach and breeding strategies. J. Exp. Bot., 62: 439-452
Richards, R. A. (2000). Selectable traits to increase crop photosynthesis and yield of grain crops. J. Exp. Bot., 51: 447–458
Semenov, M.A. and Halford, N.G. (2009). Identifying target traits and molecular mechanisms for wheat breeding under a changing climate. J. Exp. Bot., 60: 2791-2804
Semenov, M. A. and Shewry, P. R. (2011). Modelling Predicts that Heat Stress, not Drought, will Increase Vulnerability of Wheat. Europe Scientific Reports 1. Pp. 66
Shahriari, R. and Khayatnezhad, M. (2011). Humiforte application for production of wheat under end seasonal drought stress. Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(1): 141-144
Shinozaki, K. and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2007). Gene networks involved in drought stress response and tolerance. J. Exp. Bot., 58: 221-227
Sillmann, J. and Roeckner, E. (2008). Indices for extreme events in projections of anthropogenic climate change. Clim. Change, 86: 83-104
Spano, G., Fonzo, N. Di., Perrotta, C., Platani, C., Ronga, G., Lawlor, D. W., Napier J. A. and Shewry P. R. (2003). Physiological characterization of `stay green' mutants in durum wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54: 386
Sparkes, D.L. (2010). Are ‘ancient wheat species’ more adapted to hostile environments than modern bread wheat? South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 27:331-334
Srivalli, S. and Khanna-Chopra, R. (2009). Delayed wheat flag leaf senescence due to removal of spikelets is associated with increased activities of leaf antioxidant enzymes, reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio and oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 47: 663-670
Thomas, H. and Howarth, C. J. (2000). Five ways to stay green. J. Exp. Bot., 51: 329-337
Turner, N.C. (1981). Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status. Plant and Soil, 58: 339-366
Wang, H., McCaig, T. N., DePauw, R. M. and Clarke, J. M. (2008). Flag leaf physiological traits in two high-yielding Canada Western Red Spring wheat cultivars. Can. J. Plant Sci., 88: 35–42
Xu, W., Rosenow, D.T. and Nguyen, H.T. (2000). Stay-green trait in grain sorghum: Relationship between visual rating and leaf chlorophyll concentration. Plant Breeding, 119: 365-36
Y?ld?r?m, M., Bahar, B., Koç, M., Barutçular, C. (2009). Membrane thermal stability at different developmental stages of spring wheat genotypes and their diallel cross populations. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi., 15(4): 293- 300
Y?ld?r?m, M., K?l?c, H., Kendal, E. and Karahan, T. (2011). Applicability of chlorophyll meter readings as yield predictor in durum wheat. J. Plant Nutr., 34(2): 151-164
Zheng, B., Chenu, K., Dreccer, M. F. and Chapman, S. C. (2012). Breeding for the future: what are the potential impacts of future frost and heat events on sowing and flowering time requirements for Australian bread wheat (Triticumaestivium) varieties? Glob. Change Biol., 18: 2899-2914
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Effect of EMS on morpho-physiological characters of wheat in reference to stay green trait. (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(2), 1026-1031. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i2.1316
