Origin and peripheral distribution of the thoracic and abdominal median nerves in the fifth instar larva of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
Article Main
Abstract
The origin and peripheral distribution of the median nerves of the prothoracic and sixth abdominal ganglia have been traced using methylene blue staining technique. Each median nerve (MN), after originating from the posterior part of the ganglion, bifurcates into two transverse nerves (TN) that extend laterally into the right and left halves of the hemi- segment. The TN of thoracic median nerve bears two motor branches that innervate spiracular muscles and dorsolateral muscles, while the TN of sixth abdominal ganglion bears five motor branches and two sensory branches. Its motor branches innervate three groups of muscles, namely, musculi laterales interni, musculi dorsales interni laterales and musculi dorsales interni mediales, while its sensory branches extend over the body wall in the ventrolateral and dorsolateral areas of the hemi-segment. The median nerves are connected to ganglionic nerves by median nerve connectives that facilitate intersegmental coordination. The functional role of median nerves in respiration, blood circulation and intersegmental coordination is discussed keeping in view their projections and innervations.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Bombyx mori, Innervation, Median nerve, Silkworm, Transverse nerve
References
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Burrows, M. (1982 a). The physiology and morphology of median nerve motor neurons in the thoracic ganglia of the locust. J. Exp. Biol., 96: 325-341.
Burrows, M. (1982 b). Interneurons coordinating the ventilatory movements of the thoracic spiracles in the locust. J. Exp. Biol., 97: 385 -400.
Chauthani, A. R. and Callahan, P.S. (1966). A dissection technique for studying internal anatomy of different stadia of Noctuidae. Ann . Entomol . Soc. Am., 59: 1017– 1018.
Davis, N.T. (2005). Serial homologies of the motor neurons of the dorsal intersegmental muscles of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana(L.). J. Morphol., 176 (92): 197-210.
Denburg, J.L. and Fulop, Z. (2005). Formation of leg neuromuscular system in embryos of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. J. Exp. Zool., 219 (3): 323-338.
Garcia-Scheible, I. and Honegger, H.W. 1989). Peripheral neurosecretory cells of insects contain a neuropeptide with bursicon-like activity. J. Exp. Biol., 141: 453-459.
Gupta, A.P.(1983). Neurohaemal Organs of Arthropods. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.
Honegger, H.W., Altman, J.S., Klen, J., Muller-Tauz, R. and Pollerberg, E.(2004). A comparative study of neck muscle motor neurons in a cricket and a locust. J. Comp. Neurology, 230 (4): 517-535.
Hoyle, G.(1959). The neuromuscular mechanisms of an insect spiracular muscle. J. Insect. Physiol., 3:378-324.
Iles, J. F. and Pearson, K.G. (1969) Triple inhibitory innervation of insect muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.)., 204: 125-126.
Klass, K.D. (2008). The pregenital abdomen of a mantid and a cockroach: musculature and nerve topography, with comparative remarks on other neoptera (Insecta: Dictyoptera). Deutsche Entamologische Zeitschrift., 46 (1): 3-42.
Krishnaswami, S. (1986). New technology of silkworm rearing. Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore, India.
Lewis, G.W., Miller, P. L. and Mills, P.S. (1973). Neuromuscular mechanism of abdominal pumping in the locust. J. Exp. Biol., 59: 149-168.
Masuko, K. (2005). Motor innervation and proprioceptors of the mouth parts in the worker honey bee Apis mellifera. II. Maxillary and labial nerves. J. Morphol., 201(1): 23-37.
Miller, P.L. (1960). Respiration in the desert locust. II. The control of spiracles. J. Exp. Biol., 37: 237-263.
Myers, C.M. and Evans, P.D.(2005). Peripheral neurosecretory cells on the thoracic median nerves of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. J. Morphol., 95 (1): 45 – 58.
Nararain, S.Y. (1974). Origin and peripheral distribution of abdominal nerves of thecastor silkmoth, Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturnidae). Zool. Anz., 193: 276-286.
Owen, W.B. (2006). Morphology of the abdominal skeleton and muscles of the mosquito,Culiseta inormata (Wilson) (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Morphol., 166 (2):155-178.
Ramirez, J.M. and Pearson, K.G. (1989). Alteration of the respiratory system at the onset of locust flight: I. Abdominal pumping. J. Exp. Biol., 142: 401-424.
Ready, N.E. and Josephson, R.K. (2005a). Flight muscle development in a hemi- metabolous insect. J. Exp. Zool., 220 (1): 49-56.
Ready, N.E. and Josephson, R.K. (2005b). Structural and functional development of cricket wing muscles. J. Exp. Zool., 233 (1): 35-50.
Santos, J.G., Pollak, E., Rexer, K. H., Molnar, L. and Wegner, C.(2006). Morphology and metamorphosis of the peptidergic neurons and the median nerve system of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Tissue Res., 326: 187-199.
Schmitt, J. B. (1965). Variations in the transverse nerve in the abdominal nervous system of insects. J. New York Entomo. Soc., 73 (3): 144-150.
Shankland, D.L. (2005). Nerves and muscles of the pregenital abdominal segments of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). J. Morphol., 117 (3): 353-385.
Sink, H. (2006). Muscle Development in Drosophila. Springer Publishers.
Sivaprasad, S. and Muralimohan, P. (1998). Morphological changes in the nervous system of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae) during metamorphosis. Indian J. Seric., 37 (1): 21-28.
Sivaprasad, S. and Muralimohan, P. (2009a). Neuromuscular systems in the fifth instar larva of silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae): I. Cephalothoracic musculature and its innervation. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci., 1(2): 201-209.
Sivaprasad, S. and Muralimohan, P. (2009b). Neuromuscular systems in the fifth instar larva of silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae): II. Abdominal musculature and its innervation. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci., 1 (2): 210-226.
Snodgrass, R.E. (1935). Principles of Insect Morphology. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc. New York.
Spieb, R., Schoofs, A. and Heinzel, H.G. (2007). Anatomy of the stomatogastric nervous system associated with the foregut in Drosophila melanogaster and Calliphora vicina third instar larvae. J. Morphol., 269(3): 272-282.
Taghert, P.H. and Truman, J.W. (1982). Identification of the bursicon-containing neurons in abdominal ganglia of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. J. Exp. Biol., 98: 385-401.
Yadav, M. (2003). Physiology of Insects. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, India: 238 – 285 pp.
Youssef, N.N. (2005a). Musculature, nervous system and glands of metasomal abdominal segments of the female of Nomia melanderi CkII.(Hymenoptera, Apoidea). J. Morphol., 125(2): 205-217.
Youssef, N.N. (2005 b). Musculature, nervous system and glands of metasomal abdominal segments of the male of Nomia melanderi CkII.(Hymenoptera, Apoidea). J. Morphol., 129(1): 59-79.
Burrows, M. (1982 a). The physiology and morphology of median nerve motor neurons in the thoracic ganglia of the locust. J. Exp. Biol., 96: 325-341.
Burrows, M. (1982 b). Interneurons coordinating the ventilatory movements of the thoracic spiracles in the locust. J. Exp. Biol., 97: 385 -400.
Chauthani, A. R. and Callahan, P.S. (1966). A dissection technique for studying internal anatomy of different stadia of Noctuidae. Ann . Entomol . Soc. Am., 59: 1017– 1018.
Davis, N.T. (2005). Serial homologies of the motor neurons of the dorsal intersegmental muscles of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana(L.). J. Morphol., 176 (92): 197-210.
Denburg, J.L. and Fulop, Z. (2005). Formation of leg neuromuscular system in embryos of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. J. Exp. Zool., 219 (3): 323-338.
Garcia-Scheible, I. and Honegger, H.W. 1989). Peripheral neurosecretory cells of insects contain a neuropeptide with bursicon-like activity. J. Exp. Biol., 141: 453-459.
Gupta, A.P.(1983). Neurohaemal Organs of Arthropods. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.
Honegger, H.W., Altman, J.S., Klen, J., Muller-Tauz, R. and Pollerberg, E.(2004). A comparative study of neck muscle motor neurons in a cricket and a locust. J. Comp. Neurology, 230 (4): 517-535.
Hoyle, G.(1959). The neuromuscular mechanisms of an insect spiracular muscle. J. Insect. Physiol., 3:378-324.
Iles, J. F. and Pearson, K.G. (1969) Triple inhibitory innervation of insect muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.)., 204: 125-126.
Klass, K.D. (2008). The pregenital abdomen of a mantid and a cockroach: musculature and nerve topography, with comparative remarks on other neoptera (Insecta: Dictyoptera). Deutsche Entamologische Zeitschrift., 46 (1): 3-42.
Krishnaswami, S. (1986). New technology of silkworm rearing. Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore, India.
Lewis, G.W., Miller, P. L. and Mills, P.S. (1973). Neuromuscular mechanism of abdominal pumping in the locust. J. Exp. Biol., 59: 149-168.
Masuko, K. (2005). Motor innervation and proprioceptors of the mouth parts in the worker honey bee Apis mellifera. II. Maxillary and labial nerves. J. Morphol., 201(1): 23-37.
Miller, P.L. (1960). Respiration in the desert locust. II. The control of spiracles. J. Exp. Biol., 37: 237-263.
Myers, C.M. and Evans, P.D.(2005). Peripheral neurosecretory cells on the thoracic median nerves of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. J. Morphol., 95 (1): 45 – 58.
Nararain, S.Y. (1974). Origin and peripheral distribution of abdominal nerves of thecastor silkmoth, Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturnidae). Zool. Anz., 193: 276-286.
Owen, W.B. (2006). Morphology of the abdominal skeleton and muscles of the mosquito,Culiseta inormata (Wilson) (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Morphol., 166 (2):155-178.
Ramirez, J.M. and Pearson, K.G. (1989). Alteration of the respiratory system at the onset of locust flight: I. Abdominal pumping. J. Exp. Biol., 142: 401-424.
Ready, N.E. and Josephson, R.K. (2005a). Flight muscle development in a hemi- metabolous insect. J. Exp. Zool., 220 (1): 49-56.
Ready, N.E. and Josephson, R.K. (2005b). Structural and functional development of cricket wing muscles. J. Exp. Zool., 233 (1): 35-50.
Santos, J.G., Pollak, E., Rexer, K. H., Molnar, L. and Wegner, C.(2006). Morphology and metamorphosis of the peptidergic neurons and the median nerve system of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Tissue Res., 326: 187-199.
Schmitt, J. B. (1965). Variations in the transverse nerve in the abdominal nervous system of insects. J. New York Entomo. Soc., 73 (3): 144-150.
Shankland, D.L. (2005). Nerves and muscles of the pregenital abdominal segments of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). J. Morphol., 117 (3): 353-385.
Sink, H. (2006). Muscle Development in Drosophila. Springer Publishers.
Sivaprasad, S. and Muralimohan, P. (1998). Morphological changes in the nervous system of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae) during metamorphosis. Indian J. Seric., 37 (1): 21-28.
Sivaprasad, S. and Muralimohan, P. (2009a). Neuromuscular systems in the fifth instar larva of silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae): I. Cephalothoracic musculature and its innervation. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci., 1(2): 201-209.
Sivaprasad, S. and Muralimohan, P. (2009b). Neuromuscular systems in the fifth instar larva of silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae): II. Abdominal musculature and its innervation. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci., 1 (2): 210-226.
Snodgrass, R.E. (1935). Principles of Insect Morphology. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc. New York.
Spieb, R., Schoofs, A. and Heinzel, H.G. (2007). Anatomy of the stomatogastric nervous system associated with the foregut in Drosophila melanogaster and Calliphora vicina third instar larvae. J. Morphol., 269(3): 272-282.
Taghert, P.H. and Truman, J.W. (1982). Identification of the bursicon-containing neurons in abdominal ganglia of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. J. Exp. Biol., 98: 385-401.
Yadav, M. (2003). Physiology of Insects. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, India: 238 – 285 pp.
Youssef, N.N. (2005a). Musculature, nervous system and glands of metasomal abdominal segments of the female of Nomia melanderi CkII.(Hymenoptera, Apoidea). J. Morphol., 125(2): 205-217.
Youssef, N.N. (2005 b). Musculature, nervous system and glands of metasomal abdominal segments of the male of Nomia melanderi CkII.(Hymenoptera, Apoidea). J. Morphol., 129(1): 59-79.
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Origin and peripheral distribution of the thoracic and abdominal median nerves in the fifth instar larva of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). (2010). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 2(2), 251-257. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v2i2.130
