Analysis of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxigenic mold in commercial poultry feeds in Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
A total of 48 commercial poultry feed samples collected from different poultry feed manufactures in Tamil Nadu, India were examined for the contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Aspergillus flavus. AFB1 in the samples was estimated by sandwich ELISA and the presence of A. flavus was detected by Real-Time PCR assay. Real-Time PCR analysis using A. flavus- specific omt primers confirmed the presence of A. flavus in all the samples tested. ELISA results indicated that the AFB1 contents in the poultry feeds ranged from 1.0 to18.7 ppb, which were below the permissible safe limits for poultry bird consumption and health. The results suggest adoption of good man-ufacturing practices by the commercial poultry feed manufacturers during procurement of feed ingredients, handling, storage and processing which might have suppressed the growth of A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination.
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Keywords
Aflatoxin, Aspergillus flavus, ELISA, Molecular detection, PCR
References
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Awad, W. A., Bohm, J., Razzazi-Fazeli, E., Faukal, K. and Zentek, J. (2006). Effect of addition of a probiotic microorganism to broiler diets contaminated with deoxynivalenol on performance and histological alterations of intestinal villi of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 85: 974-979
Bhat, R.V., Vasanthi, S., Rao, B.S., Rao, R.N., Rao, V.S., Nagaraja, K.V., Bai, R.G., Prasad, C.A., Vanchinathan, S., Ray, R., Saha, S., Mukherjee, A., Ghosh, P.K., Toteja, G.S. and Saxena, B.W. (1997). Aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize samples collected from different geographical regions of India - a multicentre study. Food Addit Contam., 14:151-156.
Bintvihok, A. and Davitiyananda, D. (2002). Aflatoxins and their metabolite residues in chicken tissues from 5 parts (10 provinces) of Thailand. Thai J. Hlth. Res., 16:37-50.
Calvert, O. H., Lillehoj, E. B., Kwolek, W. F. and Zuber, M. S. (1978). Aflatoxin B1 and G1 production in developing Zea mays kernels from mixed inocula of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Phytopathology, 68:501-506.
Cangelosi, G.A. and Meschke, J.S. (2014). Dead or Alive: Molecular assessment of microbial viability. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 80: 5884-5891.
Castegnaro, M. and McGregor, D. (1998). Carcinogenic risk assessment of mycotoxins. Rev. Med. Vet. 149:671-678.
Choudary, C. and Rao, M. R. K. M. (1982). An outbreak of aflatoxicosis in commercial poultry farms. Poultry Adviser, 16:75-76
Crespo-Sempere, A., Estiarte, N., Marín, S., Sanchis, V. and Ramos, A. J. (2013). Propidium monoazide combined with real-time quantitative PCR to quantify viable Alternaria spp. contamination in tomato products. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 165: 214-220.
Dersjant-Li, Y., Verstegen, M.W.A. and Gerrits, W.J.J. (2003). The impact of low concentrations of aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol or fumonisin in diets on growing pigs and poultry. Nutr. Res. Rev., 16: 223-239
Doyle, J.J. and Doyle, J.L. (1987). A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochem. Bull., 19:11-15
Herzallah, S. M. (2013). Aflatoxin B1 residues in eggs and flesh of laying hens fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diet. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 8: 156-161
Hussain, Z., Khan, M.Z., Khan, A., Javed, I., Saleemi, M.K., Mahmood, S. and Asi, M.R. (2010). Residues of aflatoxin B1 in broiler meat: Effect of age and dietary aflatoxin B1 levels. Food Chem. Toxicol., 48:3304-3307
Kannan, K. and Velazhahan, R. (2015). Detection of aflatoxin B1 contamination in foods and feeds by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biochem. Cell. Arch., 15: 509-513
Kannan, K., Supriya, S., Adhithya, R. and Velazhahan, R. (2014). Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination of poultry feeds in Tamil Nadu, India. Int. J. Agric. Environ. & Biotechnol., 7: 293-298
Lee, N.A., Wang, S., Allan, R.D. and Kennedy, I.R. (2004). A rapid aflatoxin B1 ELISA: Development and validation with reduced matrix effects for peanuts, corn, pistachio, and soybeans. J. Agric. Food Chem., 52:2746-2755
Nocker, A. and Camper, A.K. (2009). Novel approaches toward preferential detection of viable cells using nucleic acid amplification techniques. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 291: 137-142
Oliveira, C.A.F., Kobashigawa, E.W., Reis, T.A., Mestieri, L., Albuquerque, R. and Correa, B. (2000). Aflatoxin B1 residues in eggs of laying hens fed a diet containing different levels of the mycotoxins. Food Addit. Contam., 17:459-462
Park, D. L. and Liang, B. (1993). Perspectives on aflatoxin control for human food and animal feed. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 4:334-342
Raju, M.V.L.N. and Devegowda, G. (2000). Influence of esterified-glucomannan on performance and organ morphology, serum biochemistry and haematology in broilers exposed to individual and combined mycotoxicosis (aflatoxin, ochratoxin and T-2 toxin). Br. Poult. Sci., 41:640-650
Ranum, P., Pena-Rosas, J. and Garcia-Casal, M. (2014). Global maize production, utilization, and consumption. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci.,1312:105-112
Setamou, M., Cardwell, K. F., Schulthess, F. and Hell, K. (1997). Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination of preharvest maize in Benin. Plant Dis., 81: 1323-1327
Shweta, S., Madhavan, S., Paranidharan, V. and Velazhahan, R. (2013). Detection of Aspergillus flavus in maize kernels by conventional and real-time PCR assays. Int. Food Res. J., 20: 3329-3335
Trucksess, M.W., Stoloff, L., Young, K.Y., Wyatt, R.D. and Miller, B.L. (1983). Aflatoxicol and aflatoxins B1 and M1 in eggs and tissues of laying hens consuming aflatoxin contaminated feed. Poult. Sci., 62:2176-2182
Van Egmond, H.P. (1989). Current situation on regulations for mycotoxins. Overview of tolerances and status of standard methods of sampling and analysis. Food Addit Contam., 6:139-188
Vijayasamundeeswari, A., Mohankumar, M., Karthikeyan, M., Vijayanandraj, S., Paranidharan, V. and Velazhahan, R. (2009). Prevalence of aflatoxin B1 contamination in pre- and post-harvest maize kernels, food products, poultry and livestock feeds in Tamil Nadu, India. J. Plant Prot. Res., 49: 221-224
Waliyar, F., Reddy, S.V., Subramaniam, K., Reddy, T.Y., Ramadevi, K., Craufurd, P.Q. and Wheeler, T.R. (2003). Importance of mycotoxins in food and feed in India. Asp. Appl. Biol., 68: 147-154
Yunus, A. W., Razzazi-Fazeli, E. and Bohm, J. (2011). Aflatoxin B1 is affecting broiler’s performance, immunity, and gastrointestinal tract: A review of history and contemporary issues. Toxins, 3:566-590
Awad, W. A., Bohm, J., Razzazi-Fazeli, E., Faukal, K. and Zentek, J. (2006). Effect of addition of a probiotic microorganism to broiler diets contaminated with deoxynivalenol on performance and histological alterations of intestinal villi of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 85: 974-979
Bhat, R.V., Vasanthi, S., Rao, B.S., Rao, R.N., Rao, V.S., Nagaraja, K.V., Bai, R.G., Prasad, C.A., Vanchinathan, S., Ray, R., Saha, S., Mukherjee, A., Ghosh, P.K., Toteja, G.S. and Saxena, B.W. (1997). Aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize samples collected from different geographical regions of India - a multicentre study. Food Addit Contam., 14:151-156.
Bintvihok, A. and Davitiyananda, D. (2002). Aflatoxins and their metabolite residues in chicken tissues from 5 parts (10 provinces) of Thailand. Thai J. Hlth. Res., 16:37-50.
Calvert, O. H., Lillehoj, E. B., Kwolek, W. F. and Zuber, M. S. (1978). Aflatoxin B1 and G1 production in developing Zea mays kernels from mixed inocula of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Phytopathology, 68:501-506.
Cangelosi, G.A. and Meschke, J.S. (2014). Dead or Alive: Molecular assessment of microbial viability. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 80: 5884-5891.
Castegnaro, M. and McGregor, D. (1998). Carcinogenic risk assessment of mycotoxins. Rev. Med. Vet. 149:671-678.
Choudary, C. and Rao, M. R. K. M. (1982). An outbreak of aflatoxicosis in commercial poultry farms. Poultry Adviser, 16:75-76
Crespo-Sempere, A., Estiarte, N., Marín, S., Sanchis, V. and Ramos, A. J. (2013). Propidium monoazide combined with real-time quantitative PCR to quantify viable Alternaria spp. contamination in tomato products. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 165: 214-220.
Dersjant-Li, Y., Verstegen, M.W.A. and Gerrits, W.J.J. (2003). The impact of low concentrations of aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol or fumonisin in diets on growing pigs and poultry. Nutr. Res. Rev., 16: 223-239
Doyle, J.J. and Doyle, J.L. (1987). A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochem. Bull., 19:11-15
Herzallah, S. M. (2013). Aflatoxin B1 residues in eggs and flesh of laying hens fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diet. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 8: 156-161
Hussain, Z., Khan, M.Z., Khan, A., Javed, I., Saleemi, M.K., Mahmood, S. and Asi, M.R. (2010). Residues of aflatoxin B1 in broiler meat: Effect of age and dietary aflatoxin B1 levels. Food Chem. Toxicol., 48:3304-3307
Kannan, K. and Velazhahan, R. (2015). Detection of aflatoxin B1 contamination in foods and feeds by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biochem. Cell. Arch., 15: 509-513
Kannan, K., Supriya, S., Adhithya, R. and Velazhahan, R. (2014). Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination of poultry feeds in Tamil Nadu, India. Int. J. Agric. Environ. & Biotechnol., 7: 293-298
Lee, N.A., Wang, S., Allan, R.D. and Kennedy, I.R. (2004). A rapid aflatoxin B1 ELISA: Development and validation with reduced matrix effects for peanuts, corn, pistachio, and soybeans. J. Agric. Food Chem., 52:2746-2755
Nocker, A. and Camper, A.K. (2009). Novel approaches toward preferential detection of viable cells using nucleic acid amplification techniques. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 291: 137-142
Oliveira, C.A.F., Kobashigawa, E.W., Reis, T.A., Mestieri, L., Albuquerque, R. and Correa, B. (2000). Aflatoxin B1 residues in eggs of laying hens fed a diet containing different levels of the mycotoxins. Food Addit. Contam., 17:459-462
Park, D. L. and Liang, B. (1993). Perspectives on aflatoxin control for human food and animal feed. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 4:334-342
Raju, M.V.L.N. and Devegowda, G. (2000). Influence of esterified-glucomannan on performance and organ morphology, serum biochemistry and haematology in broilers exposed to individual and combined mycotoxicosis (aflatoxin, ochratoxin and T-2 toxin). Br. Poult. Sci., 41:640-650
Ranum, P., Pena-Rosas, J. and Garcia-Casal, M. (2014). Global maize production, utilization, and consumption. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci.,1312:105-112
Setamou, M., Cardwell, K. F., Schulthess, F. and Hell, K. (1997). Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination of preharvest maize in Benin. Plant Dis., 81: 1323-1327
Shweta, S., Madhavan, S., Paranidharan, V. and Velazhahan, R. (2013). Detection of Aspergillus flavus in maize kernels by conventional and real-time PCR assays. Int. Food Res. J., 20: 3329-3335
Trucksess, M.W., Stoloff, L., Young, K.Y., Wyatt, R.D. and Miller, B.L. (1983). Aflatoxicol and aflatoxins B1 and M1 in eggs and tissues of laying hens consuming aflatoxin contaminated feed. Poult. Sci., 62:2176-2182
Van Egmond, H.P. (1989). Current situation on regulations for mycotoxins. Overview of tolerances and status of standard methods of sampling and analysis. Food Addit Contam., 6:139-188
Vijayasamundeeswari, A., Mohankumar, M., Karthikeyan, M., Vijayanandraj, S., Paranidharan, V. and Velazhahan, R. (2009). Prevalence of aflatoxin B1 contamination in pre- and post-harvest maize kernels, food products, poultry and livestock feeds in Tamil Nadu, India. J. Plant Prot. Res., 49: 221-224
Waliyar, F., Reddy, S.V., Subramaniam, K., Reddy, T.Y., Ramadevi, K., Craufurd, P.Q. and Wheeler, T.R. (2003). Importance of mycotoxins in food and feed in India. Asp. Appl. Biol., 68: 147-154
Yunus, A. W., Razzazi-Fazeli, E. and Bohm, J. (2011). Aflatoxin B1 is affecting broiler’s performance, immunity, and gastrointestinal tract: A review of history and contemporary issues. Toxins, 3:566-590
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Analysis of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxigenic mold in commercial poultry feeds in Tamil Nadu, India. (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(1), 456-460. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1213
