Soil evaporation studies using mini-lysimeters under differently established rice-wheat cropping sequence in Punjab, India
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Abstract
Present investigations were carried out in rice-wheat cropping sequence as a whole including the intervening period under divergent establishment methods from 2012-14 at experimental farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. Treatments included tillage in wheat viz. zero (ZTW) and conventionally tilled wheat (CTW) - main followed by establishment methods viz. direct seeded rice (DSR) and mechanically transplanted rice (MTR) - sub while tillage in rice viz. puddle (PTR), conventionally tilled (CTR) and zero tilled rice (ZTR) - sub-sub plot. Mini-lysimeters were used for delineating the evaporation trends which found to be fast, low cost, reliable and accurate. During rabi seasons, CTW plots evaporated 15.8 and 3.0% faster respectively, as compared to the ZTW plots. CTW plots during 2012-13 evaporated 7% higher than during 2013-14 while ZTW plots evaporated with almost same pace during both the years. After rabi season during intervening period, ZTW plots evaporated 6.8 and 13.6% faster than the CTW plots during 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively. During rice seasons, among pure tillage system, zero tilled plots viz. ZTWDSRZT evaporated 21.7 and 22.2% faster than CTWDSRCT plots during rice 2013 and 2014, while coming over to the mixed tillage systems, CTWDSRZT evaporated 36.7 and 18.4% faster than the ZTWDSRCT plots. The results from this and other studies suggest that mulching suppress the evaporation losses which further improves the water use efficiency and finally land productivity of the rice-wheat sequence in the region.
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Keywords
Direct seeded rice, Evaporation, Lysimeter, Rice, Tillage, Wheat
References
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Bhatt, R. (2015). Soil water dynamics and water productivity of rice-wheat system under different establishment methods. Dissertation submitted to Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S. (2015a). Tillage residual effects on soil moisture dynamics after wheat during intervening period in rice-wheat sequence in South-Asia. Green Farming, 6(4): 744-747
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Singh, B., Eberbach, P.L, and Humphreys, E. (2014). Simulation of the evaporation of soil water beneath a wheat crop canopy. Agric Water Manage., 135: 19-26
Singh, M., Bhullar, M.S. and Chauhan, B.S. (2015a) Influence of tillage, cover cropping, and herbicides on weeds and productivity of dry direct-seeded rice. Soil Till. Res., 147: 39–49
Singh, M., Bhullar, M.S. and Chauhan, B.S. (2015b). Seed bank dynamics and emergence pattern of weeds as affected by tillage systems in dry direct-seeded rice. Crop Prot., 67: 168-177
Yadvinder, Singh., Sidhu, H.S., Manpreet-Singh., Humphreys, E., Kukal, S.S. and Brar, N.K. (2008). Straw mulch, irrigation water and fertiliser N management effects on yield, water use and N use efficiency of wheat sown after rice. In ‘Permanent beds and rice-residue management for rice–wheat systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plain’. In: Humphreys, E., Roth, C.H. (Eds.), Proceedings of a workshop held in Ludhiana, India, 7–9 September 2006. ACIAR Proceedings No. 127. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (Canberra, Australia), pp. 171–181 retrieved from http://www.aciar.gov.au/publication/term/18.
Yao, S., Xiaolong Teng. and Bin, Zhang (2015). Effects of rice straw incorporation and tillage depth on soil puddlability and mechanical properties during rice growth period. Soil Till Res., 146: 125–132
Yunusa, I.A.M., Belford, R.K., Tennant, D. and Sedgley, R.H. (1993). Row spacing fails to modify soil evaporation and grain-yield in spring wheat in a dry Mediterranean environment. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 44: 661–676
Zheng, L., Wu, W., Wei, W. and Hu, K. (2015). Effects of straw return and regional factors onspatio-temporal variability of soil organic matter in a high-yielding area of northern China. Soil Till. Res., 145: 78–86
Bhatt, R. and Khera, K.L. (2006). Effect of tillage and mode of straw mulch application on soil erosion losses in the submontaneous tract of Punjab, India. Soil Till. Res., 88:107- 115
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S. (2014). Moisture retention trends during the intervening period of differently established rice-wheat cropping pattern in a sandy loam soil. Inter. J. Farm Sci., 4(2): 7-14
Bhatt, R. (2015). Soil water dynamics and water productivity of rice-wheat system under different establishment methods. Dissertation submitted to Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S. (2015a). Tillage residual effects on soil moisture dynamics after wheat during intervening period in rice-wheat sequence in South-Asia. Green Farming, 6(4): 744-747
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S. (2015b). Soil moisture dynamics during intervening period in rice-wheat sequence as affected by different tillage methods at Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Soil and Environment, 34 (1): 82-88
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S. (2015c). Soil temperature, evaporation and water tension dynamics at upper vadose zone during intervening period. Trends Biosciences, 8(2): 484-489
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S. (2015d). Direct seeded rice in South Asia. In: Eric Lichtfouse (ed.) Sustainable Agriculture Review, 18: 217-252
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S. (2016). Tillage and establishment method impacts on land and irrigation water productivity of wheat-rice system in North-west India. Experi Agric. (In Press) DOI:10.1017/SOO14479716000272.
Bhatt, R., Kukal, S. S., Arora, S., Busari, M. A. and Yadav, M. (2016) Sustainability issues on rice-wheat cropping system. Inter J. Soil and Water Conservation Research, 4: 68-83
Du, Z., Ren, T., Huc, C. and Zhang, Q. (2015). Transition from intensive tillage to no-till enhances carbon sequestration in microaggregates of surface soil in the North China Plain. Soil Till. Res, 146: 26–31
Gill, B.S. and Jalota, S.K. (1996). Evaporation from soil in relation to residue rate, mixing depth, soil texture and evaporativity. Soil Technol, 8: 293–301
Guan, D., Zhang, Y., Mahdi, M., Kaisi, A., Wang, Q., Zhang, M. and Li, Z. (2015). Tillage practices effect on root distribution and water use efficiency of winter wheat under rain-fed condition in the North China Plain. Soil Till. Res., 146: 286–295
Gupta, R. and Seth, A. (2007). A review of resource conservation technologies for sustainable management of the rice-wheat cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic plains. Crop Prot. 26: 436–447
Hira G.S. (2009). Water management in northern states and the food security of India. J. Crop Improve., 23: 136–157
Humphreys, E., Kukal, S.S., Christen, E.W., Hira, G.S., Singh, B., Sudhir-Yadav. and Sharma, R.K. (2010). Halting the groundwater decline in north-west India-which crop technologies, will be winners? Adv Agron., 109: 156-199
Eberbach, P. and Pala, M. (2005). Crop row spacing and its influence on the partitioning of evapotranspiration by winter-grown wheat in northern Syria. Plant Soil, 268:195–208
Freebairn, D. M., Hancock, N. H. and Lott, S. C. (1987). Soil evaporation studies using shallow weighing lysimeters: Technique and preliminary results. Trans. Mech. Engn. Inst. Australia., 12: 67-72
French, R.J. and Schultz, J.E. (1984). Water-use efficiency of wheat in a mediterraneantype environment. 2. Some limitations to efficiency. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 35:765–775.
Jalota, S.K. and Prihar, S. S. (1990). Effectiveness of tillage-induced soil mulch as influenced by soil type and atmospheric evaporativity. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 38: 583-591
Kaojarern, S., Toan, T.Le. and Davidson, M.W.J. (2004). Monitoring surface soil moisture in postharvest rice areas using C-band radar imagery in northeast Thailand. Geocarto Inter, 19(3): 61-70
Ladha, J.K., Yadvinder-Singh., Erenstein, O. and Hardy, B. (Eds.) (2009). In “Integrated Crop and Resource Management in the Rice–Wheat System”. International Rice Research Institute, Los Ban˜os, Philippines, 395pp.
Saharawat, Y.S., Singh, B., Malik, R.K., Ladha, J.K., Gathala, M., Jat, M.L. and Kumar, V. (2010). Evaluation of alternative tillage and crop establishment methods in a rice–wheat rotation in North Western IGP. Field Crops Res., 116: 260–267
Siddique, K.H.M., Tennant, D., Perry, M.W. and Belford, R.K. (1990). Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern wheat cultivars in a Mediterranean-type environment. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 41: 431–447
Sidhu, H.S., Manpreet, S., Humphreys, E., Yadvinder, S., Balwinder, S., Dhillon, S.S., Blackwell, J., Bector, V., Malkeet, S. and Sarbjeet, S. (2007). The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 47: 844–854
Sharma, R.K., Chhokar, R.S., Jat, M.L., Samar, S., Mishra B. and Gupta, R.K. (2008). Direct drilling of wheat into rice residues: experiences in Haryana and West- ern Uttar Pradesh. In: Humphreys, E., Roth, C.H. (Eds.), Permanent Beds and Rice-residue Management for Rice–Wheat Systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Proceedings of a Workshop held at PAU, Ludhiana, India from 7–9 September, 2006. ACIAR Proceedings No. 127, pp. 147–158, retrieved from http://www.aciar.gov.au/publication/term/18.
Singh, B., Eberbach, P.L., Humphreys, E., and Kukal, S.S. (2011). The effect of rice straw mulch on evapo-transpiration, transpiration and soil evaporation of irrigated wheat in Punjab, India. Agric Water Manage., 98: 1847-1855
Singh, B., Eberbach, P.L, and Humphreys, E. (2014). Simulation of the evaporation of soil water beneath a wheat crop canopy. Agric Water Manage., 135: 19-26
Singh, M., Bhullar, M.S. and Chauhan, B.S. (2015a) Influence of tillage, cover cropping, and herbicides on weeds and productivity of dry direct-seeded rice. Soil Till. Res., 147: 39–49
Singh, M., Bhullar, M.S. and Chauhan, B.S. (2015b). Seed bank dynamics and emergence pattern of weeds as affected by tillage systems in dry direct-seeded rice. Crop Prot., 67: 168-177
Yadvinder, Singh., Sidhu, H.S., Manpreet-Singh., Humphreys, E., Kukal, S.S. and Brar, N.K. (2008). Straw mulch, irrigation water and fertiliser N management effects on yield, water use and N use efficiency of wheat sown after rice. In ‘Permanent beds and rice-residue management for rice–wheat systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plain’. In: Humphreys, E., Roth, C.H. (Eds.), Proceedings of a workshop held in Ludhiana, India, 7–9 September 2006. ACIAR Proceedings No. 127. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (Canberra, Australia), pp. 171–181 retrieved from http://www.aciar.gov.au/publication/term/18.
Yao, S., Xiaolong Teng. and Bin, Zhang (2015). Effects of rice straw incorporation and tillage depth on soil puddlability and mechanical properties during rice growth period. Soil Till Res., 146: 125–132
Yunusa, I.A.M., Belford, R.K., Tennant, D. and Sedgley, R.H. (1993). Row spacing fails to modify soil evaporation and grain-yield in spring wheat in a dry Mediterranean environment. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 44: 661–676
Zheng, L., Wu, W., Wei, W. and Hu, K. (2015). Effects of straw return and regional factors onspatio-temporal variability of soil organic matter in a high-yielding area of northern China. Soil Till. Res., 145: 78–86
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Soil evaporation studies using mini-lysimeters under differently established rice-wheat cropping sequence in Punjab, India. (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(1), 222-229. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1177
