Sclerotinia rot of rapeseed mustard: A comprehensive review
Article Main
Abstract
Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.] is one of the major oilseed crops cultivated in India and around the world. It is extensively grown traditionally as a pure crop as well as intercrop (mixed crop) in marginal and sub-marginal soils in the eastern, northern and north western states of India. Cool and moist climate of winter months is the major factor for luxuriant growth and productivity of mustard in these states. Despite considerable increase in productivity and production, a wide gap exists between yield potential and yield realized at farmer’s field, which is largely due to biotic and abiotic stresses. The destructive diseases of rapeseed-mustard include those caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and phytoplasma. Among them, Sclerotinia stem rot is the most serious fungal disease that causes maximum damage in Indian mustard. This paper reviews the research and development of Sclerotinia rot in rapeseed-mustard during the past years in relation to pathogen taxonomy, biology, epidemiology, disease cycle and management. The paper also attempts to present future outlook and strategy for Sclerotinia rot of rapeseed mustard research.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Management, Rapeseed-mustard, Sclerotinia rot, Survival
References
Adams, P.B. and Ayers, W.A. (1979). Ecology of Sclerotinia species. Phytopath, 69: 896–898
Anonymous (2015). Directorate of rapeseed-mustard re-search, www. drmr.res.in
Bandopadhyay, L., Basu, D. and Sikdar, S.R. (2013). Identi-fication of genes involved in wild crucifer Rorippa in-dica resistance response on mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi challenge, PL o S One, 8: 73632
Bardin, S.D. and Huang, H.C. (2001). Research on biology and control of Sclerotinia diseases in Canada. Canadian J. Pl. Pathol, 23: 88-98
Bedi, K.S. (1963). Some chemical and biological factors affecting the formation of apothecia of Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum. Indian J. Bot. Sci., 42: 66-73
Bell, A.A. and Wheeler, M.H. (1986). Biosynthesis and functions of fungal melanins. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol, 24: 411-451
Ben-Yephet, Y., Genizi, A. and Siti, E. (1993). Sclerotial survival and apothetial production by Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum following outbreak of lettuce drop. Phytopath, 83(5): 509-513
Boland, G. and Hall, R. (1994). Intensity of plant hosts of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Canadian J. Pl. Pathol, 2: 93-108
Boland, G.J. (1989). Antagonism of white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of bean by fungi from bean and rapeseed flowers. Canadian J. Bot., 67: 1775-1781
Bolton, M.D., Thomma, B.P.H.J. and Nelson, B.D. (2006). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: Biology and molecular traits of a cosmopolitan pathogen. Mol. Pl. Pathol., 7: 1-16
Brenneman, T.B., Phipps, P.M. and Stipes, R.J. (1987). Sur-vival of sclerotinia blight of peanut: Sensitivity and resistance of Sclerotinia minor to vinclozolin, iprodione, dicloran and PCNB. Pl. Dis, 71: 87-90
Buchwaldt, L., Yu, F.Q., Rimmer, S.R. and Hegedus, D.D. (2003). Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a Chinease Brassica napus cultivar. In: International Con-gress of PlantPathology, Chirstchurch, New Zealand, 2-7 February.
Budge, S.P., McQuilken, M.P., Fenlon, J.S. and Whipps, J.M. (1995). Use of Coniothyrium minitans and Gliocladium virens for biological control of Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum in glass-house. Bio. Cont., 5: 513-522
Chaudhary, B.N. (1993). Yield loss estimation by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. J. Ins. Agri. Animal Sci., 14: 113
Chauhan, L.S., Singh, J. and Chandra, D.R. (1992). Assess-ment of losses due to stem rot to yellow sarson. In: Proc. of national symposium on management of mi-crobes in service of mankind. Nov. 19-21 at University of Allahabad, Allahabad, p. 65-66
Christias, C. and Lockwood, J.L. (1973). Conservation of mycelia constituents in four sclerotium forming fungi in nutrient deprived conditions. Phytopath, 63: 602-605
Clarkson, J.P., Staveley, J., Phelps, K., Young, C.S. and Whipps, J.M. (2003). Ascospore release and survival in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Myco. Res., 107: 213-222
Coley-Smith, J.R. and Cooke, R.C. (1971). Survival and germination of fungal sclerotia. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 9: 65-92
Cook, R.J. and Baker, K.F. (1983). Approaches to biological control. In: The natural and practice of biological con-trol of plant pathogens. St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.: The Ameri. Phytopathol. Soci., pp. 84-131
Cosic, J., Jurkovic, D., Vrandecic, K. and Kaucic, D. (2014). Survival of buried Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia in undisturbed soil. Helia, 35 : 73-78
Crisan, A. and Urlea, M. (1979). Influence of some geother-mal waters on germination of the sclerotia and forma-tion of apothecia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. St. Uni. Babes-Bolyai Biol., 24: 18-20
Davies, J. (1986). Diseases of oilseed rape. In D.H. Scaris-brick and R.W. Daniels’ Oilseed rape. Mackays of Chantham, Great Britain, pp. 195-236
del Rio, L.E., Bradley, C.A., Henson, R.A., Endres, G.J., Hanson, B.K., McKay, K., Halvorson, M., Porter, P.M., Le Gare, D.G. and Lamey, H.A. (2007). Impact of Scle-rotinia stem rot on yield of canola. Pl. Dis., 91: 191-194
Dillard, H.R., Ludwig, J.W. and Hunter, J.E. (1995). Condi-tioning sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum for carpo-genic germination. Pl. Dis., 79: 411-415
Dillion Weston, W.A.R., Loveless, A.R. and Taylor, R.E. (1946). Clover rot. J. Agri. Sci., 38: 18-28
Duncan, R.W., Dilantha Fernando, W.G. and Rashid, K.Y. (2006). Time and burial depth influencing the viability and bacterial colonization of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Soil Bio. Bioche., 38(2): 275-284
Favaron, F., Alighisi, P., Marciano, P. and Magro, P. (1988). Poly-galacturonase isoenzymes and oxalic acid pro-duced by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean hypocot-yls as elicitors of glyceollin. Physi. Mol. Pl. Patho., 35: 385-395
Ghasolia, R.P. and Shivpuri, A. (2005). Studies on carpo-genic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, casuing Sclerotinia rot of In-dian mustard. Indian Phytopathol, 58: 224-227
Ghasolia, R.P. and Shivpuri, A. (2008). Management of Sclerotinia rot of Indian mustard with plant extracts and fungicides. J. Myco. Pl. Patho., 38(2): 400-402
Ghasolia, R.P. and Shivpuri, A. (2009). Inoculum-disease relationships in Sclerotinia rot of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Indian Phytopathol, 62: 199-203
Ghasolia, R.P., Shivpuri, A. and Bhargava, A.K. (2004). Sclerotinia rot of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in Rajasthan. Indian Phytopathol, 57: 76-79
Goyal, P., Chahar, M., Barbetti, M., Liu, S.Y. and Chat-topadhyay, C. (2011). Resistance to sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica juncea and B. napus germplasm. Indian J. Pl. Prot., 39: 60-64
Grogan, R.G. (1979). Sclerotinia species: summary and com-ments on needed research. Phytopathol, 69: 908-910
Gurjar, R.B.S., Bansal, R.K. and Gupta, R.B.L. (2004). Vi-ability of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii at different depth and duration in soil of North –West India. J. My-col. Pl. Pathol., 34(2): 558-559
Hammerschmidt, R., Nuckles, E.M., Kuc, J. (1982). Associa-tion of enhanced peroxidise activity with induced sys-temic resistance of cucumber to Colletotrichum lage-narium. Physiol. Pl. Patho., 20: 73-82
Hartley, C. (1921). Damping-off in forest nurseries. US Dept. Agric. Bull., 934: 1-99
Harvey, I.C., Foley, L.M. and Saville, D.J. (1994). Survival and germination of shallow-buried sclerotia of Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum in pasture in canterbury. New Zea-land J. Agri. Res., 38: 279-284
Hedke, K. and Tiedemann, A.V. (1998). Environmental in-fluences on the decomposition of sclerotia of Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum byConiothyrium minitans. Mitteil. Aus. Der. Biol. Bund, 357: 352
Hedke, K., Luth, P. and Tiedemann, A.V. (1999). Contans - first biocontrol agent against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. In: The Proceedings of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress. 26-29 September 2001. Canberra, Australia.
Henson, J.M., Butler, M.J. and Day, A.W. (1999). The dark side of mycelium: Melanins of phytopathogenic fungi. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 37: 447-471
Hieu, N.T. (2007). Integrated management of sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) of Indian mus-tard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.). M. Sc. Thesis, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural Univer-sity, Hisar, Haryana, p. 109.
Holley, R.C. and Nelson, B. (1983). Sclerotinia wilt of sun-flower: Effect of inoculums density on disease inci-dence. Phytopathol., 73: 812
Horning, H. (1983). Zur epidemilogy und Bekafung-der Weibstengelikeit (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). Raps1, p. 32-34
Huang, H.C. and Kozub, G.C. (1991). Temperature require-ments for carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum isolates of different geographic origin. Bot. Bull. Academia Sin. (Taipei), 32: 279-286
Huang, H.C. (1980). Control of Sclerotinia wilt of sunflower by hyperparasites. Canadian J. Pl. Pathol., 2: 26-32
Huang, H.C. and Erickson, R.S. (2000). Bio-control of apo-thecial production of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in pulse and oilseed crops. Annu. Rep. Bean. Improv. Coop, 43: 90-91
Huang, H.C. and Kokko, E.G. (1993). Trichothecium roseum, a mycoparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Canadian J. Bot., 71: 1631-1638
Huang, H.C. and Konzub, G.C. (1991). Temperature require-ments for carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum isolates of different geographic origin. Bot. Bull. Academia Sin., 32: 279-286
Huang, H.C., Bremer, E., Hynes, R.K. and Erickson, R.S. (2000). Foliar application of fungal biocontrol agent for the control of white mold of dry bean caused by Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum. Bio. Cont., 18: 270-276
Huang, H.C., Kokko, E.G., Yanke, I.J. and Phillippe, R.C. (1993). Bacterial suppression of basal pod rot and end rot of dry peas caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Ca-nadian J. Micro., 39: 227-233
Kang, I.S. and Chahal, S.S. (2000). Prevalence and incidence of white rot of rapeseed and mustard incited by Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum in Punjab. Pl. Dis. Res., 15: 232-233
Kapoor, K.S., Gill, H.S. and Sharma, S.R. (1987). Survival and carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Indian Phytopathol., 40: 500-502
Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., David, J.C. and Staipers, J.A. (2001). Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, 9th Ed. CABI Publicing, Wallingford, p.1-655
Kirkegaard, J.A., Robertson, M.J., Hamblin, P. and Sprague, S.J. (2006). Effect of blackleg and Sclerotinia stem rot on canola yield in the high rainfall zone of southern New South Wales, Australia. Aus. J. Agri. Res., 57: 201-212
Krishnia, S.K., Meena, P.D. and Chattopadhyay, C. (2000). Seed-yield and yield-attributes of Indian mustard af-fected by Sclerotinia rot. J. Myco. Pl. Pathol., 30: 265
Kruger, W. (1980). On the effect of calcium cyanamide on the development of apothecia of Whetzelinia scle-rotiorum (Lib.) Korf and Dumont, the agent of stalk rot of rape. Rev. Pl. Pathol., 59: 5438
Kruger, W., Marguard, W.R. and Schoosser, E. (1981). Plant disease product quality. II. Influence of stem canker Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary on the quality of rapeseed. Rev. Pl. Pathol., 60: 2949
Kumar, D., Maurya, N., Bharati, Y.K., Kumar, A., Kumar, K., Srivastava, K., Chand, G., Kushwaha, C., Singh, S.K., Mishra, R.K. and Kumar, A. (2014). Alternaria blight of oilseed Brassicas: A comprehensive review. African J. Micro. Res., 8: 2816-2829
Lamey, H.A. (2003). The status of Sclerotinia sclerotioum on canola in North America. In: “Proc. 2003 Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Metting”, Bloomington, MN.
Lesovoi, M.P., Parfenyuk A.I. and Kondrafyuk, O.K. (1987). A method of identifying and selecting sunflower resis-tant to pathogen of white and grey mould. Miko.Fitopathol, 21: 273-278
Li, Z., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Li, R. and Fernando, W.G.D. (2008). Mycelial compatibility group and pathogenicity variation Sclerotinia sclerotiorum populations in sun-flower from China, Canada and England. J. Pl. Pathol., 7: 131-139
Libert, M.A. (1837). Plante crytogamicae arduennae (Exsiccati) no. 326. Published by the author.
Lodha, B.C., Bhatanagar, M.K., Mathur, K., Doshi, A., Mathur, S., Bairwa, L.N., Sharma, D. and Trivedi, A. (1992). Plant pathological thoughts and news. no.6 (3) Deptt. of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan College of Agri-culture, Udaipur (India).
Lumdsen, R.D. (1969). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of bean and the production of cellulose. Phytopathol., 59: 653-657
Lumdsen, R.D. (1976). Pectolytic enzymes of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and their location in infected bean. Cana-dian J. Bot., 54: 2630-2641
Maiti, S. and Sen, C. (1988). Effect of moisture and temperature on the survival of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii in soil. J. Phytopathol., 121(2): 175-180
Makkonen, R. and Pohjakallio, O. (1960). On the parasites attacking the sclerotia of some fungi pathogenic to higher plants and on the resistance of those sclerotia to their parasites. Act. Agri. Scand., 10: 105-126
Marciano, P., Di Lenna, P. and Magro, P. (1982). Polygalac-turonase isoenzymes and oxalic acid produced by Scle-rotinia sclerotiorumin vivo and in vitro. Physi. Pl. Pathol., 20: 201-212
Martinson, C.A. and del Rio, E.L. (2001). Prolonged control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with Sporidesmium scle-rotivorum. In: The XIth International Sclerotinia Work-shop, Central Science Laboratory, York, UK, July 8-12, p.133.
McLaren, D.L., Huang, H.C. and Rimmer, S.R. (1996). Con-trol of apothecial production of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Coniothyrium minitans and Talaromyces flavus. Pl. Dis., 80: 1373-1378
McQuilken, M.P. and Whipps, J.M. (2001). Biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by film-coating Coniothyrium minitans on to seed and sclerotia. In: The XI th Interna-tional Sclerotinia Workshop, Central Science Labora-tory, York, UK, July 8-12, p. 131
Mc Quilken, M.P., Mitchell, S.J., Budge, S.P., Whipps, J.M., Fenlon, J.S. and Archer, S.A. (1995). Effect of Conio-thyrium minitans on sclerotial survival and apothecial production of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in field-grown oilseed rape. Pl. Pathol., 44: 883-896
Meena, P.D., Awasthi, R.P., Chattopadhyay, C., Kolte, S.J. and Kumar, A. (2010). Alternaria blight: a chronic dis-ease in rapeseed mustard. J. Oilseed Brassica, 1: 1-11
Meena, P.D., Rathi, A.S., Kumar, V. and Singh, D. (2014). Compendium of rapeseed-mustard diseases: Identifica-tion and Management. Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research (ICAR), Bharatpur (Rajasthan), pp. 30.
Mehta N., Sangwan, M.S. and Saharan, G.S. (2005). Fungal diseases of rapessed-mustard. in: Diseases of Oilseed Crops. (Ed. Saharan, G.S., Naresh Mehta and M.S. Sangwan) Indus Publishing Co. New Delhi, India. p. 15-86.
Mehta, N., Hieu, N.T. and Sangwan, M.S. (2009). Influence of soil types, frequency and quantity of irrigation on development of sclerotia of stem rot of mustard. J. My-col. Pl. Pathol., 39(3): 506-510
Morall, R.A.A. and Ducck, J. (1982). Epidemiology of Scle-rotinia stem rot of rapeseed in Saskatchewan. Canadian J. Pl. Pathol., 4: 161-168
Morrall, R.A.A. and Dueck, J. (1983). Sclerotinia stem rot of spring rapeseed in Western Canada. Proceedings of the 6th International Rapeseed Conference, Paris (France): 957-952
Morrall, R.A.A., Duczek, I.J., Mc Kenzie, D.L. and Mc Gee, D.C. (1976). Some aspect of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Saskatchewan. 1970-75. Canadian Pl. Dis. Sur., 56: 56
Nelson, B.D., Christianson, T. and McClean, P. (2001). Ef-fects of bacteria on sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In: The XIth International Sclerotinia Workshop, Central Science Laboratory, York, UK, July 8-12, p. 39.
Ngugi, H.K., Scherm, H. and Nesmith, D.S. (2002). Distribu-tion of pseudosclerotia of Monilinia vacciniicorymbosi and risk of apothecial emergence following mechanical cultivation. Phytopathol., 92(8): 877-883
Pande, P.P., Rathi, A.S., Avtar, R. and Kumar, A. (2008). Vi-ability of sclerotia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss at dif-ferent depth and duration in soil. For. Res., 34(1): 44-48
Pathak, A.K., Godika, S., Jain, J.P. and Muralia, S. (2002). Screening of Brassica genotypes against stem rot dis-ease of mustard caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol., 32(1): 111- 112
Pope, S.J., Varney, P.L. and Sweet, J.B. (1989). Susceptibil-ity of cultivars of oilseed rape to Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum and the effect of infection on yield. Production and protection of oilseed rape and other Brassica crops. Asp. App. Bio., 23: 451-456
Price, K. and Colhoun, J. (1975). Pathogenicity of isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary to several hosts. Phytopathol. Zeit., 83: 232-238
Purdy, L.H. (1955). A broad concept of species Sclerotinia sclerotiorum based on variability. Phytopathol., 45: 421-427
Purdy, L.H. (1979). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: History, dis-eases and symptomatology, host range, geographic dis-tribution and impact. Phytopathol., 69: 875-880
Rakesh, (2014). Studies on Sclerotinia stem rot of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. M.Sc. The-sis submitted to CCS, HAU, Hisar.
Rakesh, Rathi, A.S. and Singh, H. (2015). Viability of scle-rotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at different depths and durations in soil. J. Oilseeds res., 32: 148-151
Rakesh, Rathi, A.S., Kumar, A. and Singh, H. (2016). Evaluation of fungicides for the control of Sclerotinia stem rot of Indian mustard caused by Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. J. Appl. Nat. Sci., 8: 441-444
Rathi, A.S. and Singh, D. (2009). Integrated management of Alternaria blight and white rust in Indian mustard. Pa-per presented in 16th Australian Research Assembly on Brassica held at Ballarat Mercure Hotel, Ballarat, Victo-ria, Australia from September 14-16, 2009. In: Confer-ence proceedings, p. 51-54
Rathi, A.S., Sharma, S. and Singh, D. (2012). Efficacy of carbendazim as prophylactic control of Sclerotinia rot in Indian mustard. Paper presented in 1st National Brassica Conference on “Production Barriers and Technological Options in Oilseed Brassica” held at CCS HAU, Hisar from March 02-03, 2012. Abstracts p. 130.
Rouxel, T., Sarniguet, A., Kollman, A. and Bousquew, J.F. (1989). Accumulation of a phytoalexin in Brassica spp. In relation to a hypersensitive reaction to Leptoshaeria maculans. Physi. Mol. Pl. Pathol., 34: 507-517
Rowe, R.C. (1982). Recent advances in fungicides for vege-table disease control. Pl. Dis., 66: 966
Sandys-Winsch, D.C., Whipps, J.M., Gerlagh, M. and Kruse, M. (1993). World distribution of the sclerotial mycoo-parasite Coniothyrium minitans. Myco. Res., 97: 1175-1178
Sasirekhamani, M., Ebenezer, P., Nirmal Nevedhana, K.B. and Vijayan, V. (2013). The consequences of inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary by hexaconazole. Int. J. Phar. Life Sci., 4(4): 2595-2604
Savchuk, S. (2002). Evaluation of biological control of Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum in canola (Brassica napus) in the laboratory, in the greenhouse and in the field. M.Sc.Thesis, University of Manitoba, MB.
Savchuk, S. and Fernando, W.G.D. (2004). Effect of timing of application and population dynamics on the degree of biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by bacte-rial antagonists. FEMS Micro. Eco. 49: 379-388.
Saxena, V.C. and Rai, J.N. (1987). Survey of occurrence of white rot of crucifers caused by Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Indian J. Myco. Pl. Pathol., 17: 89-91
Sharma, A.K. (1987). Sclerotinia rot – A threat to the culti-vation of pea in the U.P. Hills. Seeds and Farms, 11: 21-22
Sharma, P., Kumar, A., Meena, P.D., Goyal, P., Salisbary, P., Gurung, A., Fu, T.D., Wang, Y.F., Barbetti, M.J. and Chattopadhyay, C. (2009). Search for resistance to Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum in exotic and indigenous Brassica. Ballarat Victoria.
Sharma, P., Meena, P.D., Rai, P.K., Kumar, S. and Siddiqui, S.A. (2011). Evaluation of soil amendments, botanical and fungicides against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing stem rot of Indian mustard. J. Myco. Pl. Pathol., 41(1): 151
Sharma, P., Verma, P.R., Meena, P.D., Kumar, V. and Singh, D. (2015). Research progress analysis of Sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of Oiseed Brassicas through bibliography. J. Oilseed Brassica, 6: 45-125
Sharma, S.K., Arora, S.K. and Gandhi, S.K. (2001). Evalua-tion of Brassica species/ varieties for resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In: Proc. Symposium on Cur-rent Trends in Teaching, Research and Extension in Plant Pathology, CCS HAU, Hisar, India, Dec., 12-13, 2001. p. 62.
Sharma, S.K., Arora, S.K. and Gandhi, S.K. (2006). Integrated management of Sclerotinia rot of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss. Pl. Dis. Res, 21(2): 132-137
Shaw, F.J.W. and Ajrekar, S.L. (1915). The genus Rhizocto-nia in Indian. Dept. Agri. Nom. Bot. Ser., 7: 177-194
Shekhawat, K., Rathore, S.S., Preml, O.P., Kandpal, B.K. and Chauhan, J.S. (2012). Advances in agronomic man-agement of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea): An over-view. J. Agron., 1-14.
Shen, W.Z. (1993). Control of Scleortinia rot of rape (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum de Bary) with 40% carben-dazim. Pl. Prot., 18: 50
Shirashi, T., Yamaoka, N. and Kunch, H. (1989). Associa-tion between increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and cinnamic acid synthesis and the induction of temporary in accessibility caused by Erysiphe graminis primary germ tube penetration of the barley leaf. Physi. Mol. Pl. Pathol., 34: 75-85
Shivapuri, A., Bhargava, A.K. and Chippa, H.P. (2001). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum- a new threat to mustard culti-vation in Rajasthan, In: Proceeding of Sclerotinia 2001, the XI International Sclerotinia Workshop (C.S. Young and K.J.D. Hughes. eds.). York 8-12, July, 2001, Cen-tral Science Laboratory, York, England, p. 177-178
Shivpuri, A., Chhipa, H.P., Gupta, R.B.L. and Sharma, K.N. (1997). Field evaluation of mustard genotypes against white rust, powdery mildew and stem rot. Annals Arid Zone, 36: 387- 389.
Shivpuri, A., Sharma, K.B. and Chhipa, H.P. (2000). Some studies on the stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) dis-ease of rapeseed/mustard in Rajasthan. J. Myco. Pl. Pathol. 30: 268.
Shukla, A.K. (2005). Estimation of yield losses to Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). J. Phytopathol. Res. 18: 267-268.
Singh, D. and Kapoor, A.S. (1993). Effect of fungicides on various growth stages of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J. Myco. Pl. Pathol., 26: 185-189
Singh, R., Singh, D. Salisbury, P. and Barbetti, M.J. (2010). Field evaluation of Indian and exotic Oilseed Brassica napus and B. juncea germplasm against Sclerotinia stem rot. Indian J. Agri. Sci., 80: 1067-1071
Singh, R., Singh, D., Barbetti, M.J., Singh, H., Caixia, L., Sivasithamparam, K., Salisbury, P., Burton, W. and Tingdong, F. (2008). Sclerotinia rot tolerance in oilseed Brassica. J. Oilseeds Res, 25: 223-225
Singh, R., Tripathi, N.N. and Kaushik, C.D. (1994). Manage-ment of Sclerotinia rot of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss.) by fungicides. Crop Res. 7: 276-281.
Singh, R.S. (1998). Sclerotinia rots and wilts. In: Plant Dis-eases. 7th edition, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, p. 298-314
Singh, S. and Singh, H. (1988). Formation of apothecia by sclerotia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss-A new record in India. Curr. Sci., 57: 18
Smith, V.L., Jenkins, S.F., Punja, Z.K. and Benson, D.M. (1989). Survival of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii influ-ence of sclerotia treatment and depth of burial. Soil Bio. Bioche., 21(5): 627-632
Southerton, S.G. and Deverall, B.J. (1990). Changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidise activities in wheat cultivars expressing resistance to the leaf rust fungus. Pl. Pathol., 39: 223-230
Subbarao, K.V., Koike, S.T. and Hubbard, J.C. (1996). Ef-fect of deep plowing on the distribution and density of Sclerotinia minor sclerotia and lettuce drop incidence. Pl. Dis., 80(1): 28-33
Susan, J., Mitchell and Wheeler, B.E.J. (1990). Factor affect-ing the production of apothecia and longevity of scle-rotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Pl. Pathol., 39: 70-76
Vishwanath, Kolte, S.J., Singh, M.P. and Awasthi, R.P. (1999). Induction of resistance in mustard (Brassica juncea) against Alternaria black spot with an avirulent Alternaria brassicae isolate. Eur. J. Pl. Pathol., 105: 217-220
Vrije, T.d., Antoine, N., Buitelaar, R.M., Bruckner, S., Dis-sevelt, M., Durand, A., Gerlagh, M., Jones, E.E., Luth, P., and Oostra, J. (2001). The fungal biocontrol agent Conithyrium minitans: production by soild-state fer-mentation, application and marketing. App. Micro. Bio-tech., 56: 58-68
Wakefield, E.N. (1924). On the names Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum (Lib.) Massee, and S. libertiana Fuckel. Phy-topathol., 14: 126–127
Wheeler, B.E.J. (1969). An Introduction to Plant Diseases. John Willey and Sons Ltd., London, p. 301.
Whipps, J.M. (1994). Advances in biological control in pro-tected crops. Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases 1994, p. 1259-1264.
Whipps, J.M. and Gerlagh, M. (1992). Biology of Coniothy-ium minitans and its potential for use in disease biocon-trol. Mycol. Res., 96: 897-907
Willetts, H.J. and Wong, J.A.L. (1980). The biology of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum, and S. minor with emphasis on specific nomenclature. Bot. Rev., 46: 101-165
Wu, H. (1988). Effects of bacteria on germination and deg-radation of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. M.Sc., Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND.
Zhang, Y. (2004). Biocontrol of sclerotinia stem rot of canola by bacterial antagonists and study of biocontrol mechanisms involved. M.Sc.Thesis, University of Manitoba, MB.
Zhao, J., Peltier, A.J., Meng, J., Osborn, T.C. and Grau, C.R.(2004). Evaluation of Sclerotinia stem rot resistance in oilseed Brassica napus using a petiole inoculation tech-nique under greenhouse conditions. Pl. Dis., 88: 1033-1039
Anonymous (2015). Directorate of rapeseed-mustard re-search, www. drmr.res.in
Bandopadhyay, L., Basu, D. and Sikdar, S.R. (2013). Identi-fication of genes involved in wild crucifer Rorippa in-dica resistance response on mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi challenge, PL o S One, 8: 73632
Bardin, S.D. and Huang, H.C. (2001). Research on biology and control of Sclerotinia diseases in Canada. Canadian J. Pl. Pathol, 23: 88-98
Bedi, K.S. (1963). Some chemical and biological factors affecting the formation of apothecia of Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum. Indian J. Bot. Sci., 42: 66-73
Bell, A.A. and Wheeler, M.H. (1986). Biosynthesis and functions of fungal melanins. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol, 24: 411-451
Ben-Yephet, Y., Genizi, A. and Siti, E. (1993). Sclerotial survival and apothetial production by Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum following outbreak of lettuce drop. Phytopath, 83(5): 509-513
Boland, G. and Hall, R. (1994). Intensity of plant hosts of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Canadian J. Pl. Pathol, 2: 93-108
Boland, G.J. (1989). Antagonism of white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of bean by fungi from bean and rapeseed flowers. Canadian J. Bot., 67: 1775-1781
Bolton, M.D., Thomma, B.P.H.J. and Nelson, B.D. (2006). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: Biology and molecular traits of a cosmopolitan pathogen. Mol. Pl. Pathol., 7: 1-16
Brenneman, T.B., Phipps, P.M. and Stipes, R.J. (1987). Sur-vival of sclerotinia blight of peanut: Sensitivity and resistance of Sclerotinia minor to vinclozolin, iprodione, dicloran and PCNB. Pl. Dis, 71: 87-90
Buchwaldt, L., Yu, F.Q., Rimmer, S.R. and Hegedus, D.D. (2003). Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a Chinease Brassica napus cultivar. In: International Con-gress of PlantPathology, Chirstchurch, New Zealand, 2-7 February.
Budge, S.P., McQuilken, M.P., Fenlon, J.S. and Whipps, J.M. (1995). Use of Coniothyrium minitans and Gliocladium virens for biological control of Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum in glass-house. Bio. Cont., 5: 513-522
Chaudhary, B.N. (1993). Yield loss estimation by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. J. Ins. Agri. Animal Sci., 14: 113
Chauhan, L.S., Singh, J. and Chandra, D.R. (1992). Assess-ment of losses due to stem rot to yellow sarson. In: Proc. of national symposium on management of mi-crobes in service of mankind. Nov. 19-21 at University of Allahabad, Allahabad, p. 65-66
Christias, C. and Lockwood, J.L. (1973). Conservation of mycelia constituents in four sclerotium forming fungi in nutrient deprived conditions. Phytopath, 63: 602-605
Clarkson, J.P., Staveley, J., Phelps, K., Young, C.S. and Whipps, J.M. (2003). Ascospore release and survival in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Myco. Res., 107: 213-222
Coley-Smith, J.R. and Cooke, R.C. (1971). Survival and germination of fungal sclerotia. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 9: 65-92
Cook, R.J. and Baker, K.F. (1983). Approaches to biological control. In: The natural and practice of biological con-trol of plant pathogens. St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.: The Ameri. Phytopathol. Soci., pp. 84-131
Cosic, J., Jurkovic, D., Vrandecic, K. and Kaucic, D. (2014). Survival of buried Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia in undisturbed soil. Helia, 35 : 73-78
Crisan, A. and Urlea, M. (1979). Influence of some geother-mal waters on germination of the sclerotia and forma-tion of apothecia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. St. Uni. Babes-Bolyai Biol., 24: 18-20
Davies, J. (1986). Diseases of oilseed rape. In D.H. Scaris-brick and R.W. Daniels’ Oilseed rape. Mackays of Chantham, Great Britain, pp. 195-236
del Rio, L.E., Bradley, C.A., Henson, R.A., Endres, G.J., Hanson, B.K., McKay, K., Halvorson, M., Porter, P.M., Le Gare, D.G. and Lamey, H.A. (2007). Impact of Scle-rotinia stem rot on yield of canola. Pl. Dis., 91: 191-194
Dillard, H.R., Ludwig, J.W. and Hunter, J.E. (1995). Condi-tioning sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum for carpo-genic germination. Pl. Dis., 79: 411-415
Dillion Weston, W.A.R., Loveless, A.R. and Taylor, R.E. (1946). Clover rot. J. Agri. Sci., 38: 18-28
Duncan, R.W., Dilantha Fernando, W.G. and Rashid, K.Y. (2006). Time and burial depth influencing the viability and bacterial colonization of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Soil Bio. Bioche., 38(2): 275-284
Favaron, F., Alighisi, P., Marciano, P. and Magro, P. (1988). Poly-galacturonase isoenzymes and oxalic acid pro-duced by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean hypocot-yls as elicitors of glyceollin. Physi. Mol. Pl. Patho., 35: 385-395
Ghasolia, R.P. and Shivpuri, A. (2005). Studies on carpo-genic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, casuing Sclerotinia rot of In-dian mustard. Indian Phytopathol, 58: 224-227
Ghasolia, R.P. and Shivpuri, A. (2008). Management of Sclerotinia rot of Indian mustard with plant extracts and fungicides. J. Myco. Pl. Patho., 38(2): 400-402
Ghasolia, R.P. and Shivpuri, A. (2009). Inoculum-disease relationships in Sclerotinia rot of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Indian Phytopathol, 62: 199-203
Ghasolia, R.P., Shivpuri, A. and Bhargava, A.K. (2004). Sclerotinia rot of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in Rajasthan. Indian Phytopathol, 57: 76-79
Goyal, P., Chahar, M., Barbetti, M., Liu, S.Y. and Chat-topadhyay, C. (2011). Resistance to sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica juncea and B. napus germplasm. Indian J. Pl. Prot., 39: 60-64
Grogan, R.G. (1979). Sclerotinia species: summary and com-ments on needed research. Phytopathol, 69: 908-910
Gurjar, R.B.S., Bansal, R.K. and Gupta, R.B.L. (2004). Vi-ability of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii at different depth and duration in soil of North –West India. J. My-col. Pl. Pathol., 34(2): 558-559
Hammerschmidt, R., Nuckles, E.M., Kuc, J. (1982). Associa-tion of enhanced peroxidise activity with induced sys-temic resistance of cucumber to Colletotrichum lage-narium. Physiol. Pl. Patho., 20: 73-82
Hartley, C. (1921). Damping-off in forest nurseries. US Dept. Agric. Bull., 934: 1-99
Harvey, I.C., Foley, L.M. and Saville, D.J. (1994). Survival and germination of shallow-buried sclerotia of Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum in pasture in canterbury. New Zea-land J. Agri. Res., 38: 279-284
Hedke, K. and Tiedemann, A.V. (1998). Environmental in-fluences on the decomposition of sclerotia of Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum byConiothyrium minitans. Mitteil. Aus. Der. Biol. Bund, 357: 352
Hedke, K., Luth, P. and Tiedemann, A.V. (1999). Contans - first biocontrol agent against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. In: The Proceedings of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress. 26-29 September 2001. Canberra, Australia.
Henson, J.M., Butler, M.J. and Day, A.W. (1999). The dark side of mycelium: Melanins of phytopathogenic fungi. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 37: 447-471
Hieu, N.T. (2007). Integrated management of sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) of Indian mus-tard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.). M. Sc. Thesis, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural Univer-sity, Hisar, Haryana, p. 109.
Holley, R.C. and Nelson, B. (1983). Sclerotinia wilt of sun-flower: Effect of inoculums density on disease inci-dence. Phytopathol., 73: 812
Horning, H. (1983). Zur epidemilogy und Bekafung-der Weibstengelikeit (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). Raps1, p. 32-34
Huang, H.C. and Kozub, G.C. (1991). Temperature require-ments for carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum isolates of different geographic origin. Bot. Bull. Academia Sin. (Taipei), 32: 279-286
Huang, H.C. (1980). Control of Sclerotinia wilt of sunflower by hyperparasites. Canadian J. Pl. Pathol., 2: 26-32
Huang, H.C. and Erickson, R.S. (2000). Bio-control of apo-thecial production of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in pulse and oilseed crops. Annu. Rep. Bean. Improv. Coop, 43: 90-91
Huang, H.C. and Kokko, E.G. (1993). Trichothecium roseum, a mycoparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Canadian J. Bot., 71: 1631-1638
Huang, H.C. and Konzub, G.C. (1991). Temperature require-ments for carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum isolates of different geographic origin. Bot. Bull. Academia Sin., 32: 279-286
Huang, H.C., Bremer, E., Hynes, R.K. and Erickson, R.S. (2000). Foliar application of fungal biocontrol agent for the control of white mold of dry bean caused by Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum. Bio. Cont., 18: 270-276
Huang, H.C., Kokko, E.G., Yanke, I.J. and Phillippe, R.C. (1993). Bacterial suppression of basal pod rot and end rot of dry peas caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Ca-nadian J. Micro., 39: 227-233
Kang, I.S. and Chahal, S.S. (2000). Prevalence and incidence of white rot of rapeseed and mustard incited by Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum in Punjab. Pl. Dis. Res., 15: 232-233
Kapoor, K.S., Gill, H.S. and Sharma, S.R. (1987). Survival and carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Indian Phytopathol., 40: 500-502
Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., David, J.C. and Staipers, J.A. (2001). Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, 9th Ed. CABI Publicing, Wallingford, p.1-655
Kirkegaard, J.A., Robertson, M.J., Hamblin, P. and Sprague, S.J. (2006). Effect of blackleg and Sclerotinia stem rot on canola yield in the high rainfall zone of southern New South Wales, Australia. Aus. J. Agri. Res., 57: 201-212
Krishnia, S.K., Meena, P.D. and Chattopadhyay, C. (2000). Seed-yield and yield-attributes of Indian mustard af-fected by Sclerotinia rot. J. Myco. Pl. Pathol., 30: 265
Kruger, W. (1980). On the effect of calcium cyanamide on the development of apothecia of Whetzelinia scle-rotiorum (Lib.) Korf and Dumont, the agent of stalk rot of rape. Rev. Pl. Pathol., 59: 5438
Kruger, W., Marguard, W.R. and Schoosser, E. (1981). Plant disease product quality. II. Influence of stem canker Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary on the quality of rapeseed. Rev. Pl. Pathol., 60: 2949
Kumar, D., Maurya, N., Bharati, Y.K., Kumar, A., Kumar, K., Srivastava, K., Chand, G., Kushwaha, C., Singh, S.K., Mishra, R.K. and Kumar, A. (2014). Alternaria blight of oilseed Brassicas: A comprehensive review. African J. Micro. Res., 8: 2816-2829
Lamey, H.A. (2003). The status of Sclerotinia sclerotioum on canola in North America. In: “Proc. 2003 Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Metting”, Bloomington, MN.
Lesovoi, M.P., Parfenyuk A.I. and Kondrafyuk, O.K. (1987). A method of identifying and selecting sunflower resis-tant to pathogen of white and grey mould. Miko.Fitopathol, 21: 273-278
Li, Z., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Li, R. and Fernando, W.G.D. (2008). Mycelial compatibility group and pathogenicity variation Sclerotinia sclerotiorum populations in sun-flower from China, Canada and England. J. Pl. Pathol., 7: 131-139
Libert, M.A. (1837). Plante crytogamicae arduennae (Exsiccati) no. 326. Published by the author.
Lodha, B.C., Bhatanagar, M.K., Mathur, K., Doshi, A., Mathur, S., Bairwa, L.N., Sharma, D. and Trivedi, A. (1992). Plant pathological thoughts and news. no.6 (3) Deptt. of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan College of Agri-culture, Udaipur (India).
Lumdsen, R.D. (1969). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of bean and the production of cellulose. Phytopathol., 59: 653-657
Lumdsen, R.D. (1976). Pectolytic enzymes of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and their location in infected bean. Cana-dian J. Bot., 54: 2630-2641
Maiti, S. and Sen, C. (1988). Effect of moisture and temperature on the survival of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii in soil. J. Phytopathol., 121(2): 175-180
Makkonen, R. and Pohjakallio, O. (1960). On the parasites attacking the sclerotia of some fungi pathogenic to higher plants and on the resistance of those sclerotia to their parasites. Act. Agri. Scand., 10: 105-126
Marciano, P., Di Lenna, P. and Magro, P. (1982). Polygalac-turonase isoenzymes and oxalic acid produced by Scle-rotinia sclerotiorumin vivo and in vitro. Physi. Pl. Pathol., 20: 201-212
Martinson, C.A. and del Rio, E.L. (2001). Prolonged control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with Sporidesmium scle-rotivorum. In: The XIth International Sclerotinia Work-shop, Central Science Laboratory, York, UK, July 8-12, p.133.
McLaren, D.L., Huang, H.C. and Rimmer, S.R. (1996). Con-trol of apothecial production of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Coniothyrium minitans and Talaromyces flavus. Pl. Dis., 80: 1373-1378
McQuilken, M.P. and Whipps, J.M. (2001). Biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by film-coating Coniothyrium minitans on to seed and sclerotia. In: The XI th Interna-tional Sclerotinia Workshop, Central Science Labora-tory, York, UK, July 8-12, p. 131
Mc Quilken, M.P., Mitchell, S.J., Budge, S.P., Whipps, J.M., Fenlon, J.S. and Archer, S.A. (1995). Effect of Conio-thyrium minitans on sclerotial survival and apothecial production of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in field-grown oilseed rape. Pl. Pathol., 44: 883-896
Meena, P.D., Awasthi, R.P., Chattopadhyay, C., Kolte, S.J. and Kumar, A. (2010). Alternaria blight: a chronic dis-ease in rapeseed mustard. J. Oilseed Brassica, 1: 1-11
Meena, P.D., Rathi, A.S., Kumar, V. and Singh, D. (2014). Compendium of rapeseed-mustard diseases: Identifica-tion and Management. Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research (ICAR), Bharatpur (Rajasthan), pp. 30.
Mehta N., Sangwan, M.S. and Saharan, G.S. (2005). Fungal diseases of rapessed-mustard. in: Diseases of Oilseed Crops. (Ed. Saharan, G.S., Naresh Mehta and M.S. Sangwan) Indus Publishing Co. New Delhi, India. p. 15-86.
Mehta, N., Hieu, N.T. and Sangwan, M.S. (2009). Influence of soil types, frequency and quantity of irrigation on development of sclerotia of stem rot of mustard. J. My-col. Pl. Pathol., 39(3): 506-510
Morall, R.A.A. and Ducck, J. (1982). Epidemiology of Scle-rotinia stem rot of rapeseed in Saskatchewan. Canadian J. Pl. Pathol., 4: 161-168
Morrall, R.A.A. and Dueck, J. (1983). Sclerotinia stem rot of spring rapeseed in Western Canada. Proceedings of the 6th International Rapeseed Conference, Paris (France): 957-952
Morrall, R.A.A., Duczek, I.J., Mc Kenzie, D.L. and Mc Gee, D.C. (1976). Some aspect of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Saskatchewan. 1970-75. Canadian Pl. Dis. Sur., 56: 56
Nelson, B.D., Christianson, T. and McClean, P. (2001). Ef-fects of bacteria on sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In: The XIth International Sclerotinia Workshop, Central Science Laboratory, York, UK, July 8-12, p. 39.
Ngugi, H.K., Scherm, H. and Nesmith, D.S. (2002). Distribu-tion of pseudosclerotia of Monilinia vacciniicorymbosi and risk of apothecial emergence following mechanical cultivation. Phytopathol., 92(8): 877-883
Pande, P.P., Rathi, A.S., Avtar, R. and Kumar, A. (2008). Vi-ability of sclerotia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss at dif-ferent depth and duration in soil. For. Res., 34(1): 44-48
Pathak, A.K., Godika, S., Jain, J.P. and Muralia, S. (2002). Screening of Brassica genotypes against stem rot dis-ease of mustard caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol., 32(1): 111- 112
Pope, S.J., Varney, P.L. and Sweet, J.B. (1989). Susceptibil-ity of cultivars of oilseed rape to Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum and the effect of infection on yield. Production and protection of oilseed rape and other Brassica crops. Asp. App. Bio., 23: 451-456
Price, K. and Colhoun, J. (1975). Pathogenicity of isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary to several hosts. Phytopathol. Zeit., 83: 232-238
Purdy, L.H. (1955). A broad concept of species Sclerotinia sclerotiorum based on variability. Phytopathol., 45: 421-427
Purdy, L.H. (1979). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: History, dis-eases and symptomatology, host range, geographic dis-tribution and impact. Phytopathol., 69: 875-880
Rakesh, (2014). Studies on Sclerotinia stem rot of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. M.Sc. The-sis submitted to CCS, HAU, Hisar.
Rakesh, Rathi, A.S. and Singh, H. (2015). Viability of scle-rotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at different depths and durations in soil. J. Oilseeds res., 32: 148-151
Rakesh, Rathi, A.S., Kumar, A. and Singh, H. (2016). Evaluation of fungicides for the control of Sclerotinia stem rot of Indian mustard caused by Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. J. Appl. Nat. Sci., 8: 441-444
Rathi, A.S. and Singh, D. (2009). Integrated management of Alternaria blight and white rust in Indian mustard. Pa-per presented in 16th Australian Research Assembly on Brassica held at Ballarat Mercure Hotel, Ballarat, Victo-ria, Australia from September 14-16, 2009. In: Confer-ence proceedings, p. 51-54
Rathi, A.S., Sharma, S. and Singh, D. (2012). Efficacy of carbendazim as prophylactic control of Sclerotinia rot in Indian mustard. Paper presented in 1st National Brassica Conference on “Production Barriers and Technological Options in Oilseed Brassica” held at CCS HAU, Hisar from March 02-03, 2012. Abstracts p. 130.
Rouxel, T., Sarniguet, A., Kollman, A. and Bousquew, J.F. (1989). Accumulation of a phytoalexin in Brassica spp. In relation to a hypersensitive reaction to Leptoshaeria maculans. Physi. Mol. Pl. Pathol., 34: 507-517
Rowe, R.C. (1982). Recent advances in fungicides for vege-table disease control. Pl. Dis., 66: 966
Sandys-Winsch, D.C., Whipps, J.M., Gerlagh, M. and Kruse, M. (1993). World distribution of the sclerotial mycoo-parasite Coniothyrium minitans. Myco. Res., 97: 1175-1178
Sasirekhamani, M., Ebenezer, P., Nirmal Nevedhana, K.B. and Vijayan, V. (2013). The consequences of inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary by hexaconazole. Int. J. Phar. Life Sci., 4(4): 2595-2604
Savchuk, S. (2002). Evaluation of biological control of Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum in canola (Brassica napus) in the laboratory, in the greenhouse and in the field. M.Sc.Thesis, University of Manitoba, MB.
Savchuk, S. and Fernando, W.G.D. (2004). Effect of timing of application and population dynamics on the degree of biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by bacte-rial antagonists. FEMS Micro. Eco. 49: 379-388.
Saxena, V.C. and Rai, J.N. (1987). Survey of occurrence of white rot of crucifers caused by Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Indian J. Myco. Pl. Pathol., 17: 89-91
Sharma, A.K. (1987). Sclerotinia rot – A threat to the culti-vation of pea in the U.P. Hills. Seeds and Farms, 11: 21-22
Sharma, P., Kumar, A., Meena, P.D., Goyal, P., Salisbary, P., Gurung, A., Fu, T.D., Wang, Y.F., Barbetti, M.J. and Chattopadhyay, C. (2009). Search for resistance to Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum in exotic and indigenous Brassica. Ballarat Victoria.
Sharma, P., Meena, P.D., Rai, P.K., Kumar, S. and Siddiqui, S.A. (2011). Evaluation of soil amendments, botanical and fungicides against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing stem rot of Indian mustard. J. Myco. Pl. Pathol., 41(1): 151
Sharma, P., Verma, P.R., Meena, P.D., Kumar, V. and Singh, D. (2015). Research progress analysis of Sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of Oiseed Brassicas through bibliography. J. Oilseed Brassica, 6: 45-125
Sharma, S.K., Arora, S.K. and Gandhi, S.K. (2001). Evalua-tion of Brassica species/ varieties for resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In: Proc. Symposium on Cur-rent Trends in Teaching, Research and Extension in Plant Pathology, CCS HAU, Hisar, India, Dec., 12-13, 2001. p. 62.
Sharma, S.K., Arora, S.K. and Gandhi, S.K. (2006). Integrated management of Sclerotinia rot of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss. Pl. Dis. Res, 21(2): 132-137
Shaw, F.J.W. and Ajrekar, S.L. (1915). The genus Rhizocto-nia in Indian. Dept. Agri. Nom. Bot. Ser., 7: 177-194
Shekhawat, K., Rathore, S.S., Preml, O.P., Kandpal, B.K. and Chauhan, J.S. (2012). Advances in agronomic man-agement of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea): An over-view. J. Agron., 1-14.
Shen, W.Z. (1993). Control of Scleortinia rot of rape (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum de Bary) with 40% carben-dazim. Pl. Prot., 18: 50
Shirashi, T., Yamaoka, N. and Kunch, H. (1989). Associa-tion between increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and cinnamic acid synthesis and the induction of temporary in accessibility caused by Erysiphe graminis primary germ tube penetration of the barley leaf. Physi. Mol. Pl. Pathol., 34: 75-85
Shivapuri, A., Bhargava, A.K. and Chippa, H.P. (2001). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum- a new threat to mustard culti-vation in Rajasthan, In: Proceeding of Sclerotinia 2001, the XI International Sclerotinia Workshop (C.S. Young and K.J.D. Hughes. eds.). York 8-12, July, 2001, Cen-tral Science Laboratory, York, England, p. 177-178
Shivpuri, A., Chhipa, H.P., Gupta, R.B.L. and Sharma, K.N. (1997). Field evaluation of mustard genotypes against white rust, powdery mildew and stem rot. Annals Arid Zone, 36: 387- 389.
Shivpuri, A., Sharma, K.B. and Chhipa, H.P. (2000). Some studies on the stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) dis-ease of rapeseed/mustard in Rajasthan. J. Myco. Pl. Pathol. 30: 268.
Shukla, A.K. (2005). Estimation of yield losses to Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). J. Phytopathol. Res. 18: 267-268.
Singh, D. and Kapoor, A.S. (1993). Effect of fungicides on various growth stages of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J. Myco. Pl. Pathol., 26: 185-189
Singh, R., Singh, D. Salisbury, P. and Barbetti, M.J. (2010). Field evaluation of Indian and exotic Oilseed Brassica napus and B. juncea germplasm against Sclerotinia stem rot. Indian J. Agri. Sci., 80: 1067-1071
Singh, R., Singh, D., Barbetti, M.J., Singh, H., Caixia, L., Sivasithamparam, K., Salisbury, P., Burton, W. and Tingdong, F. (2008). Sclerotinia rot tolerance in oilseed Brassica. J. Oilseeds Res, 25: 223-225
Singh, R., Tripathi, N.N. and Kaushik, C.D. (1994). Manage-ment of Sclerotinia rot of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss.) by fungicides. Crop Res. 7: 276-281.
Singh, R.S. (1998). Sclerotinia rots and wilts. In: Plant Dis-eases. 7th edition, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, p. 298-314
Singh, S. and Singh, H. (1988). Formation of apothecia by sclerotia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss-A new record in India. Curr. Sci., 57: 18
Smith, V.L., Jenkins, S.F., Punja, Z.K. and Benson, D.M. (1989). Survival of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii influ-ence of sclerotia treatment and depth of burial. Soil Bio. Bioche., 21(5): 627-632
Southerton, S.G. and Deverall, B.J. (1990). Changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidise activities in wheat cultivars expressing resistance to the leaf rust fungus. Pl. Pathol., 39: 223-230
Subbarao, K.V., Koike, S.T. and Hubbard, J.C. (1996). Ef-fect of deep plowing on the distribution and density of Sclerotinia minor sclerotia and lettuce drop incidence. Pl. Dis., 80(1): 28-33
Susan, J., Mitchell and Wheeler, B.E.J. (1990). Factor affect-ing the production of apothecia and longevity of scle-rotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Pl. Pathol., 39: 70-76
Vishwanath, Kolte, S.J., Singh, M.P. and Awasthi, R.P. (1999). Induction of resistance in mustard (Brassica juncea) against Alternaria black spot with an avirulent Alternaria brassicae isolate. Eur. J. Pl. Pathol., 105: 217-220
Vrije, T.d., Antoine, N., Buitelaar, R.M., Bruckner, S., Dis-sevelt, M., Durand, A., Gerlagh, M., Jones, E.E., Luth, P., and Oostra, J. (2001). The fungal biocontrol agent Conithyrium minitans: production by soild-state fer-mentation, application and marketing. App. Micro. Bio-tech., 56: 58-68
Wakefield, E.N. (1924). On the names Sclerotinia scle-rotiorum (Lib.) Massee, and S. libertiana Fuckel. Phy-topathol., 14: 126–127
Wheeler, B.E.J. (1969). An Introduction to Plant Diseases. John Willey and Sons Ltd., London, p. 301.
Whipps, J.M. (1994). Advances in biological control in pro-tected crops. Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases 1994, p. 1259-1264.
Whipps, J.M. and Gerlagh, M. (1992). Biology of Coniothy-ium minitans and its potential for use in disease biocon-trol. Mycol. Res., 96: 897-907
Willetts, H.J. and Wong, J.A.L. (1980). The biology of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum, and S. minor with emphasis on specific nomenclature. Bot. Rev., 46: 101-165
Wu, H. (1988). Effects of bacteria on germination and deg-radation of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. M.Sc., Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND.
Zhang, Y. (2004). Biocontrol of sclerotinia stem rot of canola by bacterial antagonists and study of biocontrol mechanisms involved. M.Sc.Thesis, University of Manitoba, MB.
Zhao, J., Peltier, A.J., Meng, J., Osborn, T.C. and Grau, C.R.(2004). Evaluation of Sclerotinia stem rot resistance in oilseed Brassica napus using a petiole inoculation tech-nique under greenhouse conditions. Pl. Dis., 88: 1033-1039
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Sclerotinia rot of rapeseed mustard: A comprehensive review. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(4), 2325-2336. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1133
