Irrigation application efficiency and uniformity of water distribution using multi-outlet pipe and resource conservation technologies
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Abstract
Irrigation experiments were conducted during November to April under wheat crop in the winter season of 2012-13 and 2013-14 in the farmer’s field at Galibkhedi village located in Karnal District, Haryana State, India. In the study, collapsible multi-outlet pipe (MOP) along with single outlets pipe (SOP) was tested in farmer’s field under wheat cultivation. Irrigation was carried out in five treatments including tillage (T) with SOP and MOP; zero-tillage (ZT) with SOP and MOP, and furrow irrigation with raised bed (FIRB). Iso-time profile of waterfront spreading and advance indicated that irrigation water distribution was uniform under the plot irrigated using MOP as compared to plot irrigated using SOP. In addition, water distribution was uniform under zero tilled plots as compared to tilled plot. Results implied that MOP has several advantages over SOP in terms of application efficiency (AE) and uniformity of water distribution. Average application efficiency for the first study year was found to be in the order of ZT-MOP (82.41%) > FIRB (76.79%) > ZT-SOP (75.25%) > T-MOP (74.85%) > T-SOP (69.79%). Average application efficiency for the second study year was found to be in the same order as first year with some deviation in values. In the second year values of mean application efficiencies were ZT-MOP (82.58%) > FIRB (77.13%) > ZT-SOP (73.04%) > T-MOP (69.65%) > T-SOP (66.13%). Overall, this study concludes that irrigation under wheat crop using collapsible multi-outlet pipe (MOP) with zero tillage practices is a suitable option for surface irrigation that accomplishes uniform distribution of water with higher application efficiency.
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Keywords
Application efficiency, Multi-outlets pipe, Water advance front, Zero-tillage
References
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Bhattacharyya, R., Prakash, V., Kundu, S. and Gupta, H.S. (2006). Effect of tillage and crop rotations on pore size distribution and soil hydraulic conductivity in sandy clay loam soil of the Indian Himalayas. Soil and Tillage Research, 86(2):129-140
Bhushan, L., Ladha, J. K., Gupta, R. K., Singh, S., Tirol-Padre, A., Saharawat, Y. S., Gathala, M. and Pathak, H. (2007). Saving of water and labor in a rice-wheat system with no-tillage and direct seeding technologies. Agronomy Journal, 99(5):1288-1296
Bilskie, J. (1997). Using dielectric properties to measure soil water content. Sensors Magazine, 14:26-32
Bouyoucos, G.J. (1927). The hydrometer as a new method for mechanical analysis of soil. Soil Science, 23, 343-353
Burt, C.M., Clemmens, A.J., Strelkoff, T.S., Solomon, K. H., Bliesner, R.D., Hardy, L.A., Howell, T.A. and Eisenhauer, D.E. (1997). Irrigation performance measures: Efficiency and uniformity. Journal of Irriga-tion and Drainage Engineering, 123 (6):423-442
Clemmens, A.J. and Solomon, K.H. (1997). Estimation of global irrigation distribution uniformity. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 123 (6):454-461
Dechmi, F., Playan, E., Cavero, J., Faci, J.M. and Martinez-Cob, A. (2003). Wind effects on solid set sprinkler irrigation depth and yield of maize (Zea mays). Irriga-tion Science, 19:165–173
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Firouzabadi, A.G. (2012). Technical evaluation of low pres-sure irrigation pipe (Hydroflume) and comparison with traditional and sprinkler irrigation systems. Int. J. Agri. Crop Sci., 4 (3):108-113
Fischbach, P.E. and Somerhalder, B.R. (1971). Efficiencies of an automated surface irrigation system with and without runoff re-use system. Trans. of ASAE, 14 (4):717-719
Hassan, S.S.A. (1998). Engineering studies for increasing water distribution uniformity of perforated pipes for surface irrigation system. Ph. D. Th., Agric. Eng. Dept., Cairo Univ. Hastings Co. Gated aluminium irrigation pipe. Hasting Co. Catalouge, Nebraska. USA.
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Jat, M.L., Gupta, R., Saharawat, Y.S. and Khosla, R. (2011). Layering precision land leveling and furrow irrigated raised bed planting: Productivity and input use efficien-cy of irrigated bread wheat in Indo-Gangetic Plains. Am. J. of Plant Sci., (2):578–588
Jemai, I., Aissa, N.B., Guirat, S.B, Ben-Hammouda, M. and Gallali, T. (2013). Impact of three and seven years of no-tillage on the soil water storage, in the plant root zone, under a dry subhumid Tunisian climate. Soil and tillage research, 126:26-33
Jibin, L. and Foroud, N. (2000). Evaluation of a gated pipe basin irrigation method in China.
Jones, J.N., Moody, J.E., Shear, G.M., Moschler, W.W. and Lillard, J.H. (1968). The no-tillage system for corn (Zea mays L.). Agronomy Journal, 60(1):17-20
Karami, V. and Samadi, B.R. (2005). Improved surface irriga-tion methods by using gated pipes. Technical workshop automated surface irrigation, P: 209-221. (In Farsi)
Li, J. and Rao, M. (2000). Sprinkler water distributions as affected by winter wheat canopy. Irrigation Science, 20(1):29-35
Li, M., Yan, H., Wang, Y. and Sui, R. (2016). Effect of irrigation amount and uniformity on alfalfa yield and quality under center pivot system. In 2016 ASABE An-nual International Meeting (p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
Moteos, L., Montovani, E.C. and Villalobos, F.J. (1997). Cotton response to non-uniformity of conventional sprinkler irrigation. Irrigation Science, 17:47–52
Montazar, A. and Sadeghi, M. (2008). Effects of applied water and sprinkler irrigation uniformity on alfalfa growth and hay yield. Agricultural water manage-ment 95, no. 11 (2008): 1279-1287
Omara, A.I. (1997). Implementation and evaluation of gated pipe for furrow irrigation system. M. SC. Th. Agric. Eng. Dept. Alex University.
Opara, N.O.A. and Lal, R. (1986). Effects of tillage methods on physical and hydrological properties of a tropical Alfisol. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Boden-kunde, 149(2): 235-243
Osman, H.E.B. (2002). Evaluation of surface irrigation using gated pipes techniques in field crops and old horticultural farm. Annals of Agri. Sci. Cairo, 47(2):461-476
Osman, H.E.B. (2000). Gated pipes techniques for improved surface irrigation. Annals of Agric. Sci. Cairo, 1:145-155
Rady, M. Abdel-Hady. (1993). Project evaluation of irrigating system on sandy and calcareous soils, cairo.
Seginer, I. (1983). Irrigation uniformity effect on land and water allocation. Trans. ASAE, 26, 116-122
Sharma, P., Abrol, V. and Sharma, R.K. (2011). Impact of tillage and mulch management on economics, energy requirement and crop performance in maize–wheat rotation in rainfed subhumid inceptisols, India. Europe-an journal of agronomy, 34(1):46-51
Stern, J. and Bresler, E. (1983). Nonuniform sprinkler irrigation and crop yield. Irrigation science 4:17-29
Tantawy, M.T.E., Osman, H.E., Hassan, S.S. and El-Khatib, S.I. (2000). Evaluation of surface irrigation under perforated pipe on sugarcane in old valley, Egypt. 8th Conference of Misr Socity, Agr. Eng., 23-33
Varlev, I. (1976). Evaluation of non-uniformity in irrigation and yield. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, Div., ASCE 102:149-164
Williams, G.S. and Hazen, A. (1920). Hydraulic tables. John willey and sons, New York, New York.
Zimmerman, H. D. (1966). Irrigation. John Wileys Sons, Inc. N.Y. 522 pp.
Zhang, L., Merkley, G.P. and Pinthong, K. (2013). As-sessing whole-field sprinkler irrigation application uni-formity. Irrig. Sci., 31 (2): 87-105
Aina, P.O. (1979). Soil changes resulting from long-term management practices in western Nigeria. Soil Sci. Soc. of America Journal, 43(1): 173-177
Bhattacharyya, R., Prakash, V., Kundu, S. and Gupta, H.S. (2006). Effect of tillage and crop rotations on pore size distribution and soil hydraulic conductivity in sandy clay loam soil of the Indian Himalayas. Soil and Tillage Research, 86(2):129-140
Bhushan, L., Ladha, J. K., Gupta, R. K., Singh, S., Tirol-Padre, A., Saharawat, Y. S., Gathala, M. and Pathak, H. (2007). Saving of water and labor in a rice-wheat system with no-tillage and direct seeding technologies. Agronomy Journal, 99(5):1288-1296
Bilskie, J. (1997). Using dielectric properties to measure soil water content. Sensors Magazine, 14:26-32
Bouyoucos, G.J. (1927). The hydrometer as a new method for mechanical analysis of soil. Soil Science, 23, 343-353
Burt, C.M., Clemmens, A.J., Strelkoff, T.S., Solomon, K. H., Bliesner, R.D., Hardy, L.A., Howell, T.A. and Eisenhauer, D.E. (1997). Irrigation performance measures: Efficiency and uniformity. Journal of Irriga-tion and Drainage Engineering, 123 (6):423-442
Clemmens, A.J. and Solomon, K.H. (1997). Estimation of global irrigation distribution uniformity. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 123 (6):454-461
Dechmi, F., Playan, E., Cavero, J., Faci, J.M. and Martinez-Cob, A. (2003). Wind effects on solid set sprinkler irrigation depth and yield of maize (Zea mays). Irriga-tion Science, 19:165–173
DeVita, P., Paolo, E.D., Fecondo, G., Di Fonzo, N. and Pisante, M. (2007). No-tillage and conventional tillage effects on durum wheat yield, grain quality and soil moisture content in southern Italy. Soil and Tillage Research, 92(1):69-78
El-Motaleb, I.A.A., El-Saadaw, M.A., Hindy, F.I. and Mat-tar, M.A. (2006). Development of perforated pipes to improve surface irrigation performance-New Trends in Agricultural Engineering, 1085- 1106. The 14th. Annu-al Conference of the Misr. Society of Ag. Eng., 22 Nov. 2006
El-Wahed, Mohamed Abd; EL Sabagh, Ayman; Saneoka, Hirofoumi; Abdelkhalek, Abdel Aziz; Barutçular, Celaleddin. (2015). Sprinkler irrigation uniformity and crop water productivity of barley in arid region. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 27(10):770-775
Firouzabadi, A.G. (2012). Technical evaluation of low pres-sure irrigation pipe (Hydroflume) and comparison with traditional and sprinkler irrigation systems. Int. J. Agri. Crop Sci., 4 (3):108-113
Fischbach, P.E. and Somerhalder, B.R. (1971). Efficiencies of an automated surface irrigation system with and without runoff re-use system. Trans. of ASAE, 14 (4):717-719
Hassan, S.S.A. (1998). Engineering studies for increasing water distribution uniformity of perforated pipes for surface irrigation system. Ph. D. Th., Agric. Eng. Dept., Cairo Univ. Hastings Co. Gated aluminium irrigation pipe. Hasting Co. Catalouge, Nebraska. USA.
Hlavek, R. (1992). Selection Criteria for irrigation systems. ICID, New Delhi.
Hulugalle, N.R., Lal, R. and Gichuru, M. (1990). Effect of five years of no-tillage and mulch on soil properties and tuber yield of cassava on an acid ultisol in south-eastern Nigeria. Experimental Agriculture, 26(02): 235-240
Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis. Practice hall, New Delhi.
Jat, M.L., Gathala, M.K., Ladha, J.K., Saharawat, Y.S., Jat, A.S., Kumar, V., Sharma, S.K., Kumar, V. and Gupta, R.K., (2009). Evaluation of precision land leveling and double zero-tillage systems in the rice-wheat rotation: Water use, productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Soil Tillage Res, 105:112–121
Jat, M.L., Gupta, R., Saharawat, Y.S. and Khosla, R. (2011). Layering precision land leveling and furrow irrigated raised bed planting: Productivity and input use efficien-cy of irrigated bread wheat in Indo-Gangetic Plains. Am. J. of Plant Sci., (2):578–588
Jemai, I., Aissa, N.B., Guirat, S.B, Ben-Hammouda, M. and Gallali, T. (2013). Impact of three and seven years of no-tillage on the soil water storage, in the plant root zone, under a dry subhumid Tunisian climate. Soil and tillage research, 126:26-33
Jibin, L. and Foroud, N. (2000). Evaluation of a gated pipe basin irrigation method in China.
Jones, J.N., Moody, J.E., Shear, G.M., Moschler, W.W. and Lillard, J.H. (1968). The no-tillage system for corn (Zea mays L.). Agronomy Journal, 60(1):17-20
Karami, V. and Samadi, B.R. (2005). Improved surface irriga-tion methods by using gated pipes. Technical workshop automated surface irrigation, P: 209-221. (In Farsi)
Li, J. and Rao, M. (2000). Sprinkler water distributions as affected by winter wheat canopy. Irrigation Science, 20(1):29-35
Li, M., Yan, H., Wang, Y. and Sui, R. (2016). Effect of irrigation amount and uniformity on alfalfa yield and quality under center pivot system. In 2016 ASABE An-nual International Meeting (p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
Moteos, L., Montovani, E.C. and Villalobos, F.J. (1997). Cotton response to non-uniformity of conventional sprinkler irrigation. Irrigation Science, 17:47–52
Montazar, A. and Sadeghi, M. (2008). Effects of applied water and sprinkler irrigation uniformity on alfalfa growth and hay yield. Agricultural water manage-ment 95, no. 11 (2008): 1279-1287
Omara, A.I. (1997). Implementation and evaluation of gated pipe for furrow irrigation system. M. SC. Th. Agric. Eng. Dept. Alex University.
Opara, N.O.A. and Lal, R. (1986). Effects of tillage methods on physical and hydrological properties of a tropical Alfisol. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Boden-kunde, 149(2): 235-243
Osman, H.E.B. (2002). Evaluation of surface irrigation using gated pipes techniques in field crops and old horticultural farm. Annals of Agri. Sci. Cairo, 47(2):461-476
Osman, H.E.B. (2000). Gated pipes techniques for improved surface irrigation. Annals of Agric. Sci. Cairo, 1:145-155
Rady, M. Abdel-Hady. (1993). Project evaluation of irrigating system on sandy and calcareous soils, cairo.
Seginer, I. (1983). Irrigation uniformity effect on land and water allocation. Trans. ASAE, 26, 116-122
Sharma, P., Abrol, V. and Sharma, R.K. (2011). Impact of tillage and mulch management on economics, energy requirement and crop performance in maize–wheat rotation in rainfed subhumid inceptisols, India. Europe-an journal of agronomy, 34(1):46-51
Stern, J. and Bresler, E. (1983). Nonuniform sprinkler irrigation and crop yield. Irrigation science 4:17-29
Tantawy, M.T.E., Osman, H.E., Hassan, S.S. and El-Khatib, S.I. (2000). Evaluation of surface irrigation under perforated pipe on sugarcane in old valley, Egypt. 8th Conference of Misr Socity, Agr. Eng., 23-33
Varlev, I. (1976). Evaluation of non-uniformity in irrigation and yield. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, Div., ASCE 102:149-164
Williams, G.S. and Hazen, A. (1920). Hydraulic tables. John willey and sons, New York, New York.
Zimmerman, H. D. (1966). Irrigation. John Wileys Sons, Inc. N.Y. 522 pp.
Zhang, L., Merkley, G.P. and Pinthong, K. (2013). As-sessing whole-field sprinkler irrigation application uni-formity. Irrig. Sci., 31 (2): 87-105
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Irrigation application efficiency and uniformity of water distribution using multi-outlet pipe and resource conservation technologies. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(4), 1868-1877. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1055
