Effect of dietary zinc on the growth and metabolic enzyme activities of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) fry
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Abstract
The golden mahseer (Tor putitora) is an important and high valued sport and food fish of national and international importance. Therefore for promotion of golden mahseer, proper mineral supplementation in early developmental stages is very important. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary zinc on growth, survival
and physiological response of Tor putitora fry. One thousand eight hundred fry (avg.wt 54.35±3.09 mg) were randomly distributed into 6 treatment groups with triplicates each. Six iso-nitrogenous (40±0.02% to 41.44±0.01% crude protein) semi-purified diets were prepared with graded levels of dietary zinc. Zinc sulphate was added as the dietary zinc source to the basal diet. The results indicated that specific growth rate (SGR) was of value 2.52 ±0.23 gm of T. putitora fry which increased with dietary zinc levels up to a concentration of 40 mg Zn Kg-1 in diet. The zinc dependent metabolic enzymes and antioxidant enzymes was also observed to be highest in groups supplemented with 40 mg zinc/kg feed. The overall results of the present study suggest the efficacy of dietary zinc on growth, survival and physiological response of golden mahseer fry in order to garner the possibility of establishing the species to commercial aquaculture.
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Keywords
Isonitrogenous, Metabolic enzymes, Specific growth rate, Tor putitora
References
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Akhtar, M.S., Pal, A.K., Sahu, N.P., Alexander, C. and Gupta, S.K. (2012). Effects of dietary pyridoxine on growth and biochemical responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to endosulfan. Pest. Biochem. Physiol., 103: 23-30
Akhtar, M.S., Sarma, D. and Pandey, N.N. (2013). Activities of digestive enzymes during ontogenic development of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) larvae. Indian J. Ani. Sci., 83 (5): 100-103.
Chatterjee, N., Pal, A.K., Manush, S.M., Das, T. and Mukherjee, S.C. (2004). Thermal tolerance and oxygen consumption of Labeo rohita and Cyprinus carpio early fingerlings acclimated to three different temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology. 29: 265-270
Daniela, T., Munteanu, M.C., Andeea, C. S. and Anca, D. (2012). Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in Carassius auratus gibelio (L. Pysces) kidney, gills and intestine induced by acute exposure to copper. Romanian Biotechnological Letters.17 (6): 7873-7880
Fiske, C.H. and Subbarow, Y. (1925). The colorimetric determination of phosphorous. J. Biol. Chem., 66: 375-400
Hasnat, A., Babitha, Rani., Kohli, M.P.S. and Chandraprakash, G. (2012). Assessment of zinc status and its effect on thermal stress resistance in Carassius auratusfry. Israeli J. Aquacult.- Bamidgeh., 64: pp. 13
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Monteiro, D.A., Almeida, J.A., Rantin, F.T. and Kalinin, A.L. (2006). Oxidative stress biomarkers in the freshwater characid fish, Bryconcephalus, exposed to organophosphorus insecticide Folisuper 600 (methyl parathion). Comp. Biochem. Physio., 143C:141–149
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Sarma, K., Prabakaran, K., Krishnan, P., Grinson, G. and Kumar, A. (2013). Response of a freshwater airbreathing fish, Clarias batrachus to salinity stress: an experimental case for their farming in brackish water aquaculture areas in Andaman, India. Aquacult. Intr., 21: 183-196.
Takahara, S., Hamilton, B.H., Nell, J.V., Kobra, T.Y., Ogura, Y. and Nishimura, E.T. (1960). Hypocatalesemia, a new generis carrier state. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 29: 610-619
Tan, L. N., Feng, L., Liu, Y., Jiang, J., Jiang, W.D., Hu, K., Li, S.H. and Zhou, X.Q. (2011). Growth, body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of dietary zinc. Aquaculture Nutrition. 15: 338-345
Vani, T., Saharan, N., Mukherjee, S.C., Ranjan, R., Kumar, R. and Brahmchari, R.K. (2011). Deltamethrin induced alterations of hematological and biochemical parameters in fingerlings of Catla catla (Hamilton.) and their amelioration by dietary supplement of vitamin C. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 101: 16-20.
Wotton, I.D.P. (1964). Microanalysis. In: Medical Biochemistry. Churchill J, Churchill, A (eds.) 4thedn. London, pp101-107.
Wroblewski, L. and Ladue, I. (1955). LDH activity in blood. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 90: 210-213.
Yousef, M.I., Hendy, H.A., Demerdash., F.M. and Elagamy, E.I. (2002). Dietary zinc deficiency induced-changes in the activity of enzymes and the levels of free radicals, lipids and protein electrophoretic behavior in growing rats. Toxicology, 175(1-3): 223-233.
Augustinsson, K.B.(1957). The reaction of acetylcholine esters and other carboxylic acid derivatives with hydroxylamine and its analytical application. J.Biol.Chem., 180: 249-261.
Akhtar, M.S., Pal, A.K., Sahu, N.P., Alexander, C. and Gupta, S.K. (2012). Effects of dietary pyridoxine on growth and biochemical responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to endosulfan. Pest. Biochem. Physiol., 103: 23-30
Akhtar, M.S., Sarma, D. and Pandey, N.N. (2013). Activities of digestive enzymes during ontogenic development of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) larvae. Indian J. Ani. Sci., 83 (5): 100-103.
Chatterjee, N., Pal, A.K., Manush, S.M., Das, T. and Mukherjee, S.C. (2004). Thermal tolerance and oxygen consumption of Labeo rohita and Cyprinus carpio early fingerlings acclimated to three different temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology. 29: 265-270
Daniela, T., Munteanu, M.C., Andeea, C. S. and Anca, D. (2012). Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in Carassius auratus gibelio (L. Pysces) kidney, gills and intestine induced by acute exposure to copper. Romanian Biotechnological Letters.17 (6): 7873-7880
Fiske, C.H. and Subbarow, Y. (1925). The colorimetric determination of phosphorous. J. Biol. Chem., 66: 375-400
Hasnat, A., Babitha, Rani., Kohli, M.P.S. and Chandraprakash, G. (2012). Assessment of zinc status and its effect on thermal stress resistance in Carassius auratusfry. Israeli J. Aquacult.- Bamidgeh., 64: pp. 13
Hardy, R. (1980). Fish feed formulation, In: ADCP (Eds.), Fish feed Technology, Agriculture development coordination programme. FAO/ADCP/Rep., 80(1-1): 233-239.
Hassid, W. and Abraham, S. (1957.) Chemical procedures for analysis of polysaccharides. In: Colowick, SP, Kaplan, NO (eds.) Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, New York, pp34-37
Kong, X., Wang, S., Jiang, H., Nie, G. and Li, X. (2012). Responses of acid/alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, and catalase activities and lipid peroxidation to mercury exposure during embryonic development of goldfish Carassius auratus. Aquatic Toxicology. (120-121): 119-125
Lall, S. P. (2002). The minerals. In: Fish Nutrition. Halver, J. E., Hardy, R.W. (eds.) 3rd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 259 – 308
Liang, J.J., Yang, H.J., Liu, Y.J., Tian, L.X. and Liang, G.Y. (2012). Dietary zinc requirement of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) based on growth and mineralization. Aquaculture Nutrition. 18: 380-387.
Lowry, O. H, Ronebrough, N. J, Farr, A. L and Randell, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193: 265-276
Manush, S.M., Pal, A.K., Das, T. and Mukherjee, S.C. (2005). Dietary high protein and vitamin C influence in mitigating stress due to chelate claw ablation in Macrobrachium rosenbergii males. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.- A. 142:10–18
Misra, H. P. and Fridovich, I. (1972). The role of superoxide anion in the auto oxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay superoxide dismutase. J. Biol. Chem., 247(10): 3170-3175
Monteiro, D.A., Almeida, J.A., Rantin, F.T. and Kalinin, A.L. (2006). Oxidative stress biomarkers in the freshwater characid fish, Bryconcephalus, exposed to organophosphorus insecticide Folisuper 600 (methyl parathion). Comp. Biochem. Physio., 143C:141–149
Murray, H.M., Gallant, J.W., Perez-Casanova, S.C., Johnson and Douglas, S.E. (2003). Ontogeny of lipase expression in winter flounder. J. Fish Biol., 62: 816–833.
Knox, W.E. and Greengard, O. (1965). In: An introduction to enzyme physiology, Advan. Enzyme Regul. (ed. Weber, G.). Pergamon Press, New york, London, 3: 247-248.
Pandey, S., Parvez, S., Sayeed, I., Haque, R., Bin-Hafeez, B. and Raisuddin, S. (2003). Biomarkers of oxidative stress: a comparative study of river Yamuna fish Wallago attu. Sc. Total Environ., 309: 105–111
Sarma, D., Haldar, R.S., Das. P. and Mahanta, P.C. (2010). Management in seed production of golden mahseer, Tor putitora in hatchery conditions. Aquacult. Asia. 15 (4): 31-35
Sarma, K., Prabakaran, K., Krishnan, P., Grinson, G. and Kumar, A. (2013). Response of a freshwater airbreathing fish, Clarias batrachus to salinity stress: an experimental case for their farming in brackish water aquaculture areas in Andaman, India. Aquacult. Intr., 21: 183-196.
Takahara, S., Hamilton, B.H., Nell, J.V., Kobra, T.Y., Ogura, Y. and Nishimura, E.T. (1960). Hypocatalesemia, a new generis carrier state. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 29: 610-619
Tan, L. N., Feng, L., Liu, Y., Jiang, J., Jiang, W.D., Hu, K., Li, S.H. and Zhou, X.Q. (2011). Growth, body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of dietary zinc. Aquaculture Nutrition. 15: 338-345
Vani, T., Saharan, N., Mukherjee, S.C., Ranjan, R., Kumar, R. and Brahmchari, R.K. (2011). Deltamethrin induced alterations of hematological and biochemical parameters in fingerlings of Catla catla (Hamilton.) and their amelioration by dietary supplement of vitamin C. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 101: 16-20.
Wotton, I.D.P. (1964). Microanalysis. In: Medical Biochemistry. Churchill J, Churchill, A (eds.) 4thedn. London, pp101-107.
Wroblewski, L. and Ladue, I. (1955). LDH activity in blood. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 90: 210-213.
Yousef, M.I., Hendy, H.A., Demerdash., F.M. and Elagamy, E.I. (2002). Dietary zinc deficiency induced-changes in the activity of enzymes and the levels of free radicals, lipids and protein electrophoretic behavior in growing rats. Toxicology, 175(1-3): 223-233.
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Effect of dietary zinc on the growth and metabolic enzyme activities of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) fry. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(3), 1692-1698. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.1024
