Human health risk assessment for heavy metals via intake of contaminated milk and milk products
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Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess the risk of human health against heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd) through the intake of milk and milk products produced by animals which are feeding the fodder produced by polluted irrigation water. The milk samples contained amounts of Fe (10.43 ppm) Cu (1.23 ppm), Mn
(0.60 ppm ), Zn (2.32),Cr (0.05 ppm), Ni (0.17 ppm) Pb (0.28 ppm ) and Cd (0.13 ppm ) than MAL in buffaloes milk and Ni (0.16 ppm ) and Pb (0.41 ppm) than MAL in cow milk. The milk samples from the small animals (goat) were associated with only Fe (11.24ppm,), Zn (2.47 ppm ), Cr (0.07 ppm) and Pb (0.05 ppm) than maximum allowable limit. The hazardous quotient (HQ) indicated that milks from all types of animals were contaminated with metals. From the results the hazardous quotient (HQ) indicated that higher risk for Pb and Cd (>1) metals contamination in buffalo and cow milk. However HI (2 to 14) for all studied milk sample was found to be not safe. Females are at somewhat higher risk than males. This study projected a high multi-metal threat due to food chain contamination in the study area.
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Keywords
Animal milk, Daily intake rate of metals, Hazard index, Heavy metals
References
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Anastasio, A., Caggiano, R., Macchiato, M., Paolo, C., Ragosta, M., Paino, S., and. Cortesi, M.L. (2006). Heavy metal concentrations in dairy products from sheep milk collected in two regions of Southern Italy. Acta-Veterinaria-Scandinavica, 47(1): 69-73.
Anderson, R.A. (1995). Chromium, glucose tolerance, diabetes and lipid metabolism. Journal of Advance Medicine, 8: 37–49.
Bilal Aslam, Ijaz Javed, Faqir Hussain Khan and Zia-ur-Rahman (2010): Uptake of Heavy Metal Residues from Sewerage Sludge in the Milk of Goat and Cattle during Summer Season. Pak Vet J, 31(1): 75-77.
Coni, E., Bocca, A., Coppolelli, P., Caroli, S., Cavallucci, C., Marinucci, M.T. (1990). Minor and trace element content in Sheep and Goat milk and dairy products. Food Chemistry, (57): 253-260.
Doberzanski, Z., Kolacz, R., Gorecka, H., Chojnacka, K., and Bartkowiak, A. (2005). The content of microelements and trace elements in raw milk from cows in Silesian region. Pol J Environ Stud., 14 (5): 685-689.
Enb, A., Abou Donia, M.A., Abd-Rabou, N.S., Abou-Arab, A.A.K. and Senaity, M.H. E (2009). Chemical composition of raw milk and heavy metals behaviour during processing of milk products., Global Veterinaria., 3 (3):268-275.
European Commission (2003). Opinion of the scientific committee on animal nutrition on the use of zinc in feedstuffs. European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate, Brussels, Belgium.
Farid, S. M., Enani M.A. and Wajid, S.A. (2004). Determination of trace elements in cow's milk in Saudi Arabia., JKAU: Eng Sci., 15(2): 131-140.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Report of the Panel on Micronutrients. National AcademyPress, Washington, DC, Food and Drug Administration. Dietary supplements. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
Ibadullah Jan (2012): Level of heavy metal residues in dairy Animal, Faisalabad, Pakistan Lambart academic Publication, ISBN-13:978-3-8473-3807-9.
Javed, I., Jan, I.U., Muhammad, F., Rahman, Z.U., Khan M.Z,. Aslam, B. and Sultan, J.I. (2009). Heavy metal residues in the milk of cattle and goats during winter season. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, (82): 616-620.
Kaneko, K., Honda H., Kanazawa Y,. Hayash I. T., Fukuya T., Matsumata T., Maeda T. and Masuda K. (1997). MR imaging of hepatocellular carcinomas: Effect of Cu and Fe contents on signal intensity. Abdom Imaging, 22 (1): 60-66.
Kaur, R., Minhas P.S., Jain P.C., Singh P. And Dubey, D.S. (2008). Geo-spatial analysis of land-water resource degradation in two economically contrasting agricultural regions adjoining national capital territory (Delhi), Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, doi: 10.1007/s10661-008-0378-3.
Khan, A.H., Trafdar, S.A., Ali, M.,Biswas, S.K., Akhtar, S., Hadi, D.A. and Maroof, F.B.A.(1989). The Status of Trace and Minor Trace Elements in some Bangladeshi Foodstuff. Journal of Radiological and Nuclear Chem. (134): 367- 381.
Khan, S., Cao, Q. , Zheng, Y.M., Huang, Y.Z. and Zhu, Y.G. (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut, (152):686-692.
Koh, T.S. and Judson, G.J. (1998). Trace elements in sheep grazing near a lead–zinc smelting complex at Port Pirie, South Australia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (37): 87–95.
Li,Y., Mccrory, D.F., Powell, J. M., Saam, H., and Jackson, D. (2005). A survey of selected heavy metal concentrations in wisconsin dairy feeds. Journal of Dairy Science, 88: 2911–2922.
Lopez, A.,Collins, W.F. and Williams, H.L. (1995). Essential Elements in Raw and Pasteurized Cow and Goat Milk, J. Dairy Sci., (68) 1878- 1886.
Markert, B., and Friese, K. (2000). Trace Elements -Their Distribution and Effects in the Environment. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
McBride, M. B. and Spiers, G.(2001). Trace element content of selected fertilizers and dairy manures as determined by ICP-MS. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis (32): 139–156.
Monica Harmanescu, Liana Maria Alda, Despina Maria Bordean, Loan Gogoasa and Losif Gergen (2011). Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of vegetables grown in old mining area; a case study: chemistry central journal. (5):64.
Nicholson, F.A., Chambers, B.J., Williams, J.R. and. Unwin, R.J. (1999). Heavy metal contents of livestock feeds and animal manures in England and Wales. Bioresource. Technology (70): 23–31.
NRC. (1980). Mineral Tolerance of Domestic Animals National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Ogabiela, E.E., Udiba, U.U., Adesina, O. B., Hammuel C., Ade-Ajayi F.A., Yebpella, G.G., Mmereole, U.J. and Abdullahi, M. (2011). Assessment of metal levels in fresh milk from cows grazed around Challawa Industrial Estate of Kano, Nigeria. J Basic Appl Sci Res., 1 (7): 533-538.
Qin, L.Q., Wang, X.P. , Tong, W. Li, X. and Tong, W. J. (2009). The minerals and heavy metals in cow’s milk from China and Japan., J Health Sci., 55(2): 300-305.
Rajaganapathy, V., Xavier, F., Sreekumar, D. and Mandal, P.K. (2011). Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil, Water and Fodder and their Presence in Livestock and Products: A Review. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.(4): 234-249.
Sajid Farid and Musa Kaleem Baloch (2012). Heavy metal ions in milk samples collected from animals feed with city effluent irrigated fodder. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences ISSN: 2276-7851 Vol. 2 (2), pp. 036-043.
Schwarz, T., Busch, A. and Lenk, R. (1991). First studies on lead, cadmium and arsenic contents of feed, cattle and food of animal origin coming from different farms in Saxonia. Dtsch. Tierarztl Wochenschr, (98): 369–372.
Sikiric, M., Brajenovic, N., Pavlovic, I., Havranek, J. L. And Plavljanic N. (2003). Determination of metals in cow’s milk by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry., Czech J Anim Sci., 48(11): 481-486.
Simsek, O., Gultekin, R., OksUz, O., and Kurultay, S. (2000). The effect of environmental pollution on the heavy metal content of raw milk. Nahrung.( 44): 360–363.
Singh, A., Sharma, R.K., Agrawa,l M., and Marshall, F.M. (2010). Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food and Chemical Toxicology, (48): 611-619.
Smith, R.M. (1986). Effects of long-term, low-level oral cadmium on performance, blood parameters, and tissue and milk mineral concentrations of dairy cattle through first gestation and subsequent lactation. Journal of Environmental sciences, 11 (9): 49-53.
Tassew Belete, Ahmed Hussen and Vegi Maheswara Rao (2014). Determination of Concentrations of Selected Heavy Metals in Cow’s Milk: Borena Zone, Ethiopia ., Journal of Health Science, 4(5): 105.
Underwood, E.J. (1983). Trace elements in human and animal nutrition. Academic Press, New York.
United States. Environmental Protection Agency (1989). Office of Water Regulations and Standard: Guidance manual for assessing human health risks from chemically contaminated, fish and shellfish U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA- 503/8-89-002.
USEPA (2013). Reference dose (rfd): Description and use in health risk assessments, background document 1a, integrated risk information system (iris),united states environmental protection agency: Washington, dc, 15, http://www epa.gov/iris/rfd.htm.
USEPA (1989). Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Human health evaluation manual (Part a), Interim final, vol. I. Washington (DC) 7, United States Environmental Protection Agency; EPA/540/1-89/002.
Vijaya, B. R. and Ravindra, Y.R. (2015): Pesticide residues in animal feed and effects on animals and its products with special reference to endosulfanm. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. (6):3.
Anastasio, A., Caggiano, R., Macchiato, M., Paolo, C., Ragosta, M., Paino, S., and. Cortesi, M.L. (2006). Heavy metal concentrations in dairy products from sheep milk collected in two regions of Southern Italy. Acta-Veterinaria-Scandinavica, 47(1): 69-73.
Anderson, R.A. (1995). Chromium, glucose tolerance, diabetes and lipid metabolism. Journal of Advance Medicine, 8: 37–49.
Bilal Aslam, Ijaz Javed, Faqir Hussain Khan and Zia-ur-Rahman (2010): Uptake of Heavy Metal Residues from Sewerage Sludge in the Milk of Goat and Cattle during Summer Season. Pak Vet J, 31(1): 75-77.
Coni, E., Bocca, A., Coppolelli, P., Caroli, S., Cavallucci, C., Marinucci, M.T. (1990). Minor and trace element content in Sheep and Goat milk and dairy products. Food Chemistry, (57): 253-260.
Doberzanski, Z., Kolacz, R., Gorecka, H., Chojnacka, K., and Bartkowiak, A. (2005). The content of microelements and trace elements in raw milk from cows in Silesian region. Pol J Environ Stud., 14 (5): 685-689.
Enb, A., Abou Donia, M.A., Abd-Rabou, N.S., Abou-Arab, A.A.K. and Senaity, M.H. E (2009). Chemical composition of raw milk and heavy metals behaviour during processing of milk products., Global Veterinaria., 3 (3):268-275.
European Commission (2003). Opinion of the scientific committee on animal nutrition on the use of zinc in feedstuffs. European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate, Brussels, Belgium.
Farid, S. M., Enani M.A. and Wajid, S.A. (2004). Determination of trace elements in cow's milk in Saudi Arabia., JKAU: Eng Sci., 15(2): 131-140.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Report of the Panel on Micronutrients. National AcademyPress, Washington, DC, Food and Drug Administration. Dietary supplements. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
Ibadullah Jan (2012): Level of heavy metal residues in dairy Animal, Faisalabad, Pakistan Lambart academic Publication, ISBN-13:978-3-8473-3807-9.
Javed, I., Jan, I.U., Muhammad, F., Rahman, Z.U., Khan M.Z,. Aslam, B. and Sultan, J.I. (2009). Heavy metal residues in the milk of cattle and goats during winter season. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, (82): 616-620.
Kaneko, K., Honda H., Kanazawa Y,. Hayash I. T., Fukuya T., Matsumata T., Maeda T. and Masuda K. (1997). MR imaging of hepatocellular carcinomas: Effect of Cu and Fe contents on signal intensity. Abdom Imaging, 22 (1): 60-66.
Kaur, R., Minhas P.S., Jain P.C., Singh P. And Dubey, D.S. (2008). Geo-spatial analysis of land-water resource degradation in two economically contrasting agricultural regions adjoining national capital territory (Delhi), Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, doi: 10.1007/s10661-008-0378-3.
Khan, A.H., Trafdar, S.A., Ali, M.,Biswas, S.K., Akhtar, S., Hadi, D.A. and Maroof, F.B.A.(1989). The Status of Trace and Minor Trace Elements in some Bangladeshi Foodstuff. Journal of Radiological and Nuclear Chem. (134): 367- 381.
Khan, S., Cao, Q. , Zheng, Y.M., Huang, Y.Z. and Zhu, Y.G. (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut, (152):686-692.
Koh, T.S. and Judson, G.J. (1998). Trace elements in sheep grazing near a lead–zinc smelting complex at Port Pirie, South Australia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (37): 87–95.
Li,Y., Mccrory, D.F., Powell, J. M., Saam, H., and Jackson, D. (2005). A survey of selected heavy metal concentrations in wisconsin dairy feeds. Journal of Dairy Science, 88: 2911–2922.
Lopez, A.,Collins, W.F. and Williams, H.L. (1995). Essential Elements in Raw and Pasteurized Cow and Goat Milk, J. Dairy Sci., (68) 1878- 1886.
Markert, B., and Friese, K. (2000). Trace Elements -Their Distribution and Effects in the Environment. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
McBride, M. B. and Spiers, G.(2001). Trace element content of selected fertilizers and dairy manures as determined by ICP-MS. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis (32): 139–156.
Monica Harmanescu, Liana Maria Alda, Despina Maria Bordean, Loan Gogoasa and Losif Gergen (2011). Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of vegetables grown in old mining area; a case study: chemistry central journal. (5):64.
Nicholson, F.A., Chambers, B.J., Williams, J.R. and. Unwin, R.J. (1999). Heavy metal contents of livestock feeds and animal manures in England and Wales. Bioresource. Technology (70): 23–31.
NRC. (1980). Mineral Tolerance of Domestic Animals National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Ogabiela, E.E., Udiba, U.U., Adesina, O. B., Hammuel C., Ade-Ajayi F.A., Yebpella, G.G., Mmereole, U.J. and Abdullahi, M. (2011). Assessment of metal levels in fresh milk from cows grazed around Challawa Industrial Estate of Kano, Nigeria. J Basic Appl Sci Res., 1 (7): 533-538.
Qin, L.Q., Wang, X.P. , Tong, W. Li, X. and Tong, W. J. (2009). The minerals and heavy metals in cow’s milk from China and Japan., J Health Sci., 55(2): 300-305.
Rajaganapathy, V., Xavier, F., Sreekumar, D. and Mandal, P.K. (2011). Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil, Water and Fodder and their Presence in Livestock and Products: A Review. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.(4): 234-249.
Sajid Farid and Musa Kaleem Baloch (2012). Heavy metal ions in milk samples collected from animals feed with city effluent irrigated fodder. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences ISSN: 2276-7851 Vol. 2 (2), pp. 036-043.
Schwarz, T., Busch, A. and Lenk, R. (1991). First studies on lead, cadmium and arsenic contents of feed, cattle and food of animal origin coming from different farms in Saxonia. Dtsch. Tierarztl Wochenschr, (98): 369–372.
Sikiric, M., Brajenovic, N., Pavlovic, I., Havranek, J. L. And Plavljanic N. (2003). Determination of metals in cow’s milk by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry., Czech J Anim Sci., 48(11): 481-486.
Simsek, O., Gultekin, R., OksUz, O., and Kurultay, S. (2000). The effect of environmental pollution on the heavy metal content of raw milk. Nahrung.( 44): 360–363.
Singh, A., Sharma, R.K., Agrawa,l M., and Marshall, F.M. (2010). Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food and Chemical Toxicology, (48): 611-619.
Smith, R.M. (1986). Effects of long-term, low-level oral cadmium on performance, blood parameters, and tissue and milk mineral concentrations of dairy cattle through first gestation and subsequent lactation. Journal of Environmental sciences, 11 (9): 49-53.
Tassew Belete, Ahmed Hussen and Vegi Maheswara Rao (2014). Determination of Concentrations of Selected Heavy Metals in Cow’s Milk: Borena Zone, Ethiopia ., Journal of Health Science, 4(5): 105.
Underwood, E.J. (1983). Trace elements in human and animal nutrition. Academic Press, New York.
United States. Environmental Protection Agency (1989). Office of Water Regulations and Standard: Guidance manual for assessing human health risks from chemically contaminated, fish and shellfish U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA- 503/8-89-002.
USEPA (2013). Reference dose (rfd): Description and use in health risk assessments, background document 1a, integrated risk information system (iris),united states environmental protection agency: Washington, dc, 15, http://www epa.gov/iris/rfd.htm.
USEPA (1989). Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Human health evaluation manual (Part a), Interim final, vol. I. Washington (DC) 7, United States Environmental Protection Agency; EPA/540/1-89/002.
Vijaya, B. R. and Ravindra, Y.R. (2015): Pesticide residues in animal feed and effects on animals and its products with special reference to endosulfanm. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. (6):3.
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Human health risk assessment for heavy metals via intake of contaminated milk and milk products. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(3), 1603-1610. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.1008
