Prevalence of Eomenacanthus stramineus (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Menoponidae) on poultry birds (Gallus gallus F. Domesticus) of Jaunpur
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Abstract
A total of 1,020 poultry birds belonging to twelve different localities of Jaunpur district were surveyed during May 2006 to April 2007 to record the prevalence rate of Eomenacanthus stramineus. Prevalence of E. stramineus was noted more or less similar in both the sexes (Male – 38% and Female – 39%). Maximum birds bore very low infestation (32%) while only 7% birds exhibited very heavily infestation. Host sex, feather colour and locality had negligible effect on prevalence rate. However, prevalence rate remained slightly higher on birds with poor plumage/health. Significant positive correlation existed between mean monthly prevalence rate and mean monthly temperature as well as photoperiod. Mean monthly incidence rate were recorded higher during summer (May and June) as compared to winter months.
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Keywords
Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Menoponidae, Poultry louse, Eomenacanthus, Gallus gallus, F. domesticus
References
Agarwal, G. P. and Saxena, A. K. (1979). Studies on seasonal dynamics of Lipeurus lawrensis tropicalis Peters (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) infesting poultry birds. Z. Angew. Entomol., 88, 470 – 476.
Ash, J.S. (1960). A study of the Mallophaga of birds with particular reference to their ecology. Ibis., 102 (1), 93 -110.
Barbosa, A., Merino, S., Lope, F DE and Moller ,A.P. (2002). Effect of feather lice on flight behaviour of male barn swallows. Auk., 119 (1), 213 – 216.
Baum, H. (1968). Bioligie und okologie der Amselfederlause. Angew. Parasitol, 9, 129-175.
Boyd, E.M. (1951). A survey of parasitism of the starling, Sturnus vulgaris L. in North America. J. Parasitol., 57, 56 – 84.
Chandra, S., Agarwal, G.P., Singh, S.P.N. and Saxena, A.K. (1990). Seasonal changes in a population of Menacanthus eurysternus (Mallophaga, Amblycera) on the common Myna, Acridotheres tristis. Inter. J. Parasitol., 20, 1063 - 1065.
Clark, F., Farrell, J. and Hill, L.A. (1994). A study of a population of the House martin (Delichon urbica (L.)) feather louse Brueelia gracilis Nitzsch (Mallophaga : Ischnocera) in Lincolnshire, U.K. Entomol., 113, 198 – 206.
Clayton, D.H. and Drown, D.M. (2001). Critical evaluation of five methods for quantifying chewing lice (Insecta : Phthiraptera). J. Parasit., 87, 1291 – 1300.
Creighton, J.T., Hetrick, L.A., Hunt, P.T. and Dunean, D.U. (1947). The application of chlorinated hydrocarbons to the soil and roots effectively controls lice on poultry. Poultry Science, 31, 713-715.
Darolova ,A., Hoi, H., Kristofik, J. and Hoi, C. (2001). Horizontal and vertical ectoparasite transmission of three species of Mallophaga and individual variation in European bee eaters (Merops apisater). J. Parasitol., 87, 256 - 262.
De Vaney, J.A., Quisenborry, J.H., Doran, B.H. and Bradley, J.W. (1980). Dispersal of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), and the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch), among thirty strains of egg-type hens in a caged laying house. Poultry science, 59(8), 1745-1749.
Derylo, A. (1974). Studies on economic harmfulness of Mallophaga (I). Effect of lice infestation on health of chickens and turkeys. Med. Weters, 30, 353 – 357.
Doucet, S.M. and Montogomerie, R. (2003). Structural plumage colour and parasites in satin bower birds, Prilonorhynchus violaceus : implications for sexual selection. J. Avian Biol., 34 (3), 237 – 242.
Dranzoa, C., Ocaido, M. and Katete, P. (1999). The ecto-, gastro-intestinal and haemo-parasites of live pigeons (Columba livia) in Kampala, Uganda. Avian Pathol., 28(2), 119 - 124.
Edgar, S.A. and King, D.F. (1950). Effect of the body louse, Eomenacanthus stramineus, on mature chickens. Poultry Science, 29, 214-219.
Eveleigh, E.S. and Threlfall ,W. (1976). Population dynamics of lice (Mallophaga) on auks (Alcidae) from New foundland. Can. J. Zoology, 54, 1694-1711.
Foster, M. (1969). Synchronized life cycle in orange crowned warbler and its mallophagan parasites. Ecology, 50, 315-323.
Fowler, J.A. and Hodson, D. (1988). The Mallophaga of Leach’s Petrels Oceanodroma leucorhoa from North Rona, Scotland. Seabird, 11, 47 – 49.
Fowler, J.A., Miller, C.J. and Cohen, S. (1984). Nonhaematophagous ectoparasites populations of Procellariiform birds in birds in Shetland, Scotland. Seabird, 7, 23 – 30.
Fowler, J.A. and Price, R.A. (1987). A comparative study of the Ischnoceran Mallophaga of the Wilson’s Petrel Oceanites oceanicus and British storm Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus. Seabird, 10, 43 – 49.
Fowler, J.A. and Shaw, G.J. (1989). The mallophaga of mank shearwaters, Puffinus p. puffinus from Ynys Enlli, Wales. Seabird, 12, 14 -19.
Fowler, J.A. and Williams, L.R. (1985). Population dynamics of Mallophaga and acari on reed bunting occupying a communal winter roost. Ecol. Entomol., 10, 377 – 383.
Gonzalez, A.D., Daugschies, A., Pohlmeyer, K., Contreras, L.R., Ramm, O.S., Mey, E. and Casanueva, E. (2003). Ectoparasitos de la codorniz (Callipepla californica) en la provincia de Nuble, Chile y su correlacion con el sexo, edad y hibitat de captura. Lundiana, 4(2), 129 – 134.
Gupta, N., Kumar, S. and Saxena, A.K. (2007). Prevalence and population structure of lice (Phthiraptera) on the Indian red avadavat. Zool. Science, 24, 381 – 383.
Harshbargar, J.C. and Raffensperger, E.M. (1961). An evaluation of coding system for estimating populations of the shaft louse, Menopon gallinae. J. Economic Entomol., 54: 74 -76.
Hoi, H., Darolova, A., Konig. C, and Kristofik, J. (1998). The relation between colony size, breeding density and ectoparasitic loads of adult European bee eaters (Merops apiaster). Ecoscience, 5, 156 – 163.
Hoyle, W.L. (1938). Transmission of poultry parasites by birds with special reference to the “English” or house sparrow and chickens. Trans. Kan. Acad. Sciences, 41, 379 – 384.
Hunter, J.E. and Colwell, M.A. (1994). Phthirapteran infestation of five shorebird species. Wilison Bulletin, 106, 400 – 403.
Klockenhoff, H., Rheinwald, G. and Wink, M. (1973). Mallophagen befall bei vogeln, Massenbefall als Falge von Schaden an den wirten. Bonn Zool. Beitr, 24 (1-2), 122-133.
Kristofik, J., Manas, P. and Sustek, K. (1996). Ectoparasites of bee eaters (Merops apiaster) and arthropods in its nests. Biologia Bratislava, 51:557 -570.
Lane, R.S., Kucera T.F., Barrett, R.H., Mun, J., Wu, C. and Smith, V.S. (2006). Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) as a host of ixodid ticks, lice, and lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) in California state parks. J. Wildlife Dis., 42(4), 751-771.
Lee, P.L.M. and Clayton, D. (1995). Population biology of swift (Apus apus) ectoparasites in relation to host reproductive success. Ecol. Entomol., 20:43-50.
Linkfield, R.L. and Reid, W.M. (1958). Newer Acaricides and insecticides in the control of ectoparasites of poultry. J. Economic Entomol., 51:188-190.
Moore, S. and Schwardt, H.H. (1952). The control of external parasites of chickens in New York State. Poultry Sciences, 33, 1230 -1237.
Moyer, B.R., Drown, D.M. and Clayton, D.H. (2002a). Low humidity reduces parasite pressure: Implications for host life history evolution. Oikology, 97 (2), 223 – 228.
Moyer, B.R., Gardner, D.W. and Clayton, D.H., (2002b). Impact of feather mold on ectoparasites: Looks can be deceiving. Oecologia, 131, 203 – 210.
Moyer, B.R., Peterson, A.T. and Clayton, D.H. (2002c). Influence of bill shape on ectoparasite load in Western Scrub-jays. Condor, 104 (3), 675 – 678.
Mushi, E.Z., Binta, M.G., Chabo, R.G., Ndebele, R. and Panzirah, R. (2000). Parasites of domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in sebele, Gaborone, Botswana. J. South African Vet. Assoc., 71(4), 249 - 250.
Nadeem, M., Khan, M.N., Iqbal, Z. Sajid, M.S., Arshad, M. and Yaseen, M. (2007). Determinants influencing prevalence of louse infestations on layers of district Faisalabad (Pakistan). British Poultry Sci., 48(5), 546 - 550.
Oniki ,Y. (1999). Avian parasites and notes on habit habitats of lice from Mato Grasso, Brazil. Theringia Serie Zool., 86, 183 -190.
Perez, J.M., Martinez, I.R. and Cooper, J.E. (1996). Occurrence of chewing lice on spanis raptors. Ardeola, 43, 129 – 138.
Potti, J. and Merino, S.(1995). Louse loads of pied flycatchers: effects of host’s sex, age, condition and relatedness. J. Avian Biol., 26, 203 – 208.
Rekasi, J. Rozsa, L. and Kiss, B.L. (1997). Patterns in the distribution of avian lice (Phthiraptera : Amblycera : Ischnocera). J. Avian Biol., 28, 150 - 156.
Rozsa, L. (1997). Pattern in the abundance of avian lice (Phthiraptera : Amblycera : Ischnocera). J. Avian Biol., 28, 249 – 254.
Saxena, A.K., Agarwal, G.P., Chandra, S. and Singh, O.P. (1985). Pathogenic involvement of Mallophaga. Z. angew. Entomol., 99, 294-300.
Saxena, A.K. Kumar, A., Singh, S.K. and Surman (1995). Prevalence of Menopon gallinae Linne (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) on poultry birds of Garhwal. J. Parasitic Dis., 19, 69-72
Saxena, A.K., Kumar, S., Gupta, N. and Singh, S.K. (2004). Prevalence of phthirapteran ectoparasitic insects on domestic hens of Rampur (U.P.). J. Parasitic Dis., 28 (1), 57-60.
Singh, S.K. (1999). Ecology of phthirapterans infesting pigeon in Dehradun. Ph.D. Thesis, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal). pp 150.
Stewart, I.R.K., Clark, F. and Petrie, M. (1996). Distribution of chewing lice upon the polygynous peacock, Pavo cristatus. J. Parasitol., 82, 370 – 372.
Stranger R.H. and Palma, R.L. (1998). Lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) from some Australian birds. Records of west Australian Museum, 19(2), 169-186.
Thul, J.E. (1985). Parasitic arthropods of wood ducks, Aix sponsa L., in the Atlantic flyway. J. Wildlife Dis., 21, 316 – 318.
Trivedi, M.C., Saxena, A.K. and Rawat, B.S. (1992). Incidence of Mallophaga on poultry in Dehradun (India). Angew. Parasitol., 33, 69-78.
Woodman, W.J. and Dicke, R.J. (1954). Population fluctuations of the mallophagan parasites Brueelia vulgata (Kellogg) upon the sparrow. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sciences, 43, 133-135.
Ash, J.S. (1960). A study of the Mallophaga of birds with particular reference to their ecology. Ibis., 102 (1), 93 -110.
Barbosa, A., Merino, S., Lope, F DE and Moller ,A.P. (2002). Effect of feather lice on flight behaviour of male barn swallows. Auk., 119 (1), 213 – 216.
Baum, H. (1968). Bioligie und okologie der Amselfederlause. Angew. Parasitol, 9, 129-175.
Boyd, E.M. (1951). A survey of parasitism of the starling, Sturnus vulgaris L. in North America. J. Parasitol., 57, 56 – 84.
Chandra, S., Agarwal, G.P., Singh, S.P.N. and Saxena, A.K. (1990). Seasonal changes in a population of Menacanthus eurysternus (Mallophaga, Amblycera) on the common Myna, Acridotheres tristis. Inter. J. Parasitol., 20, 1063 - 1065.
Clark, F., Farrell, J. and Hill, L.A. (1994). A study of a population of the House martin (Delichon urbica (L.)) feather louse Brueelia gracilis Nitzsch (Mallophaga : Ischnocera) in Lincolnshire, U.K. Entomol., 113, 198 – 206.
Clayton, D.H. and Drown, D.M. (2001). Critical evaluation of five methods for quantifying chewing lice (Insecta : Phthiraptera). J. Parasit., 87, 1291 – 1300.
Creighton, J.T., Hetrick, L.A., Hunt, P.T. and Dunean, D.U. (1947). The application of chlorinated hydrocarbons to the soil and roots effectively controls lice on poultry. Poultry Science, 31, 713-715.
Darolova ,A., Hoi, H., Kristofik, J. and Hoi, C. (2001). Horizontal and vertical ectoparasite transmission of three species of Mallophaga and individual variation in European bee eaters (Merops apisater). J. Parasitol., 87, 256 - 262.
De Vaney, J.A., Quisenborry, J.H., Doran, B.H. and Bradley, J.W. (1980). Dispersal of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), and the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch), among thirty strains of egg-type hens in a caged laying house. Poultry science, 59(8), 1745-1749.
Derylo, A. (1974). Studies on economic harmfulness of Mallophaga (I). Effect of lice infestation on health of chickens and turkeys. Med. Weters, 30, 353 – 357.
Doucet, S.M. and Montogomerie, R. (2003). Structural plumage colour and parasites in satin bower birds, Prilonorhynchus violaceus : implications for sexual selection. J. Avian Biol., 34 (3), 237 – 242.
Dranzoa, C., Ocaido, M. and Katete, P. (1999). The ecto-, gastro-intestinal and haemo-parasites of live pigeons (Columba livia) in Kampala, Uganda. Avian Pathol., 28(2), 119 - 124.
Edgar, S.A. and King, D.F. (1950). Effect of the body louse, Eomenacanthus stramineus, on mature chickens. Poultry Science, 29, 214-219.
Eveleigh, E.S. and Threlfall ,W. (1976). Population dynamics of lice (Mallophaga) on auks (Alcidae) from New foundland. Can. J. Zoology, 54, 1694-1711.
Foster, M. (1969). Synchronized life cycle in orange crowned warbler and its mallophagan parasites. Ecology, 50, 315-323.
Fowler, J.A. and Hodson, D. (1988). The Mallophaga of Leach’s Petrels Oceanodroma leucorhoa from North Rona, Scotland. Seabird, 11, 47 – 49.
Fowler, J.A., Miller, C.J. and Cohen, S. (1984). Nonhaematophagous ectoparasites populations of Procellariiform birds in birds in Shetland, Scotland. Seabird, 7, 23 – 30.
Fowler, J.A. and Price, R.A. (1987). A comparative study of the Ischnoceran Mallophaga of the Wilson’s Petrel Oceanites oceanicus and British storm Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus. Seabird, 10, 43 – 49.
Fowler, J.A. and Shaw, G.J. (1989). The mallophaga of mank shearwaters, Puffinus p. puffinus from Ynys Enlli, Wales. Seabird, 12, 14 -19.
Fowler, J.A. and Williams, L.R. (1985). Population dynamics of Mallophaga and acari on reed bunting occupying a communal winter roost. Ecol. Entomol., 10, 377 – 383.
Gonzalez, A.D., Daugschies, A., Pohlmeyer, K., Contreras, L.R., Ramm, O.S., Mey, E. and Casanueva, E. (2003). Ectoparasitos de la codorniz (Callipepla californica) en la provincia de Nuble, Chile y su correlacion con el sexo, edad y hibitat de captura. Lundiana, 4(2), 129 – 134.
Gupta, N., Kumar, S. and Saxena, A.K. (2007). Prevalence and population structure of lice (Phthiraptera) on the Indian red avadavat. Zool. Science, 24, 381 – 383.
Harshbargar, J.C. and Raffensperger, E.M. (1961). An evaluation of coding system for estimating populations of the shaft louse, Menopon gallinae. J. Economic Entomol., 54: 74 -76.
Hoi, H., Darolova, A., Konig. C, and Kristofik, J. (1998). The relation between colony size, breeding density and ectoparasitic loads of adult European bee eaters (Merops apiaster). Ecoscience, 5, 156 – 163.
Hoyle, W.L. (1938). Transmission of poultry parasites by birds with special reference to the “English” or house sparrow and chickens. Trans. Kan. Acad. Sciences, 41, 379 – 384.
Hunter, J.E. and Colwell, M.A. (1994). Phthirapteran infestation of five shorebird species. Wilison Bulletin, 106, 400 – 403.
Klockenhoff, H., Rheinwald, G. and Wink, M. (1973). Mallophagen befall bei vogeln, Massenbefall als Falge von Schaden an den wirten. Bonn Zool. Beitr, 24 (1-2), 122-133.
Kristofik, J., Manas, P. and Sustek, K. (1996). Ectoparasites of bee eaters (Merops apiaster) and arthropods in its nests. Biologia Bratislava, 51:557 -570.
Lane, R.S., Kucera T.F., Barrett, R.H., Mun, J., Wu, C. and Smith, V.S. (2006). Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) as a host of ixodid ticks, lice, and lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) in California state parks. J. Wildlife Dis., 42(4), 751-771.
Lee, P.L.M. and Clayton, D. (1995). Population biology of swift (Apus apus) ectoparasites in relation to host reproductive success. Ecol. Entomol., 20:43-50.
Linkfield, R.L. and Reid, W.M. (1958). Newer Acaricides and insecticides in the control of ectoparasites of poultry. J. Economic Entomol., 51:188-190.
Moore, S. and Schwardt, H.H. (1952). The control of external parasites of chickens in New York State. Poultry Sciences, 33, 1230 -1237.
Moyer, B.R., Drown, D.M. and Clayton, D.H. (2002a). Low humidity reduces parasite pressure: Implications for host life history evolution. Oikology, 97 (2), 223 – 228.
Moyer, B.R., Gardner, D.W. and Clayton, D.H., (2002b). Impact of feather mold on ectoparasites: Looks can be deceiving. Oecologia, 131, 203 – 210.
Moyer, B.R., Peterson, A.T. and Clayton, D.H. (2002c). Influence of bill shape on ectoparasite load in Western Scrub-jays. Condor, 104 (3), 675 – 678.
Mushi, E.Z., Binta, M.G., Chabo, R.G., Ndebele, R. and Panzirah, R. (2000). Parasites of domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in sebele, Gaborone, Botswana. J. South African Vet. Assoc., 71(4), 249 - 250.
Nadeem, M., Khan, M.N., Iqbal, Z. Sajid, M.S., Arshad, M. and Yaseen, M. (2007). Determinants influencing prevalence of louse infestations on layers of district Faisalabad (Pakistan). British Poultry Sci., 48(5), 546 - 550.
Oniki ,Y. (1999). Avian parasites and notes on habit habitats of lice from Mato Grasso, Brazil. Theringia Serie Zool., 86, 183 -190.
Perez, J.M., Martinez, I.R. and Cooper, J.E. (1996). Occurrence of chewing lice on spanis raptors. Ardeola, 43, 129 – 138.
Potti, J. and Merino, S.(1995). Louse loads of pied flycatchers: effects of host’s sex, age, condition and relatedness. J. Avian Biol., 26, 203 – 208.
Rekasi, J. Rozsa, L. and Kiss, B.L. (1997). Patterns in the distribution of avian lice (Phthiraptera : Amblycera : Ischnocera). J. Avian Biol., 28, 150 - 156.
Rozsa, L. (1997). Pattern in the abundance of avian lice (Phthiraptera : Amblycera : Ischnocera). J. Avian Biol., 28, 249 – 254.
Saxena, A.K., Agarwal, G.P., Chandra, S. and Singh, O.P. (1985). Pathogenic involvement of Mallophaga. Z. angew. Entomol., 99, 294-300.
Saxena, A.K. Kumar, A., Singh, S.K. and Surman (1995). Prevalence of Menopon gallinae Linne (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) on poultry birds of Garhwal. J. Parasitic Dis., 19, 69-72
Saxena, A.K., Kumar, S., Gupta, N. and Singh, S.K. (2004). Prevalence of phthirapteran ectoparasitic insects on domestic hens of Rampur (U.P.). J. Parasitic Dis., 28 (1), 57-60.
Singh, S.K. (1999). Ecology of phthirapterans infesting pigeon in Dehradun. Ph.D. Thesis, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal). pp 150.
Stewart, I.R.K., Clark, F. and Petrie, M. (1996). Distribution of chewing lice upon the polygynous peacock, Pavo cristatus. J. Parasitol., 82, 370 – 372.
Stranger R.H. and Palma, R.L. (1998). Lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) from some Australian birds. Records of west Australian Museum, 19(2), 169-186.
Thul, J.E. (1985). Parasitic arthropods of wood ducks, Aix sponsa L., in the Atlantic flyway. J. Wildlife Dis., 21, 316 – 318.
Trivedi, M.C., Saxena, A.K. and Rawat, B.S. (1992). Incidence of Mallophaga on poultry in Dehradun (India). Angew. Parasitol., 33, 69-78.
Woodman, W.J. and Dicke, R.J. (1954). Population fluctuations of the mallophagan parasites Brueelia vulgata (Kellogg) upon the sparrow. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sciences, 43, 133-135.
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Prevalence of Eomenacanthus stramineus (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Menoponidae) on poultry birds (Gallus gallus F. Domesticus) of Jaunpur. (2009). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 1(2), 235-240. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v1i2.63
