A review on the important phytochemicals and their role in psoriasis
Article Main
Abstract
Psoriasis may emerge at any stage of life irrespective of age, sex or geographic location. It is identified as a chronic immune-linked inflammatory skin disease that affects all human races. Psoriasis is often more Caucasian than non-Caucasian groups of human races and in geographic areas, like higher latitudes and Western countries. Therefore, attention should be paid to both genetic and environmental causes of psoriasis. Natural products have significantly contributed and encouraged the advances in skin disease treatment like psoriasis. The maximum number of phytochemicals is now being used worldwide, including various plants, herbs, and formulations. In addition, some phytochemicals like psoralen, aloe-emodin, curcumin etc. have also been isolated in pure form and have also shown their efficacy in the management of psoriasis. The presence of such phytochemicals confirms the effectiveness of few herbal therapies. This paper reviews some of the promising phytochemicals and their potential molecular target sites and mechanism of action, which may aid in designing and producing more precise and selective antipsoriatic agents. Exploring and recognizing phytochemicals as to how they function will facilitate more site-specific delivery methods for psoriasis care.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Psoriasis, Phytochemicals, Molecular targets, Skin disease
References
1. Penzer, R., & Ersser, S. (2010). Principles of skin care: a guide for nurses and health care practitioners. John Wiley & Sons.
2. Tse, W. P., Che, C. T., Liu, K., & Lin, Z. X. (2006). Evaluation of the anti-proliferative properties of selected psoriasis-treating Chinese medicines on cultured HaCaT cells. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 108(1), 133-141.
3. Dubertret, L., Mrowietz, U., Ranki, A., Van De Kerkhof, P. C. M., Chimenti, S., Lotti, T., ... & EUROPSO patient survey. (2006). European patient perspectives on the impact of psoriasis: the EUROPSO patient membership survey. British Journal of Dermatology, 155(4), 729-736.
4. Lo, K. K., & Ho, L. Y. (1997). Psoriasis In: Handbook of Dermatology and Venereology. HongKong: Social Hygiene Service, Department of Health.
5. Akay, A., Pekcanlar, A., Bozdag, K. E., Altintas, L., & Karaman, A. (2002). Assessment of depression in subjects with psoriasis vulgaris and lichen planus. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 16(4), 347-352.
6. Feldman, S. R., Fleischer Jr, A. B., & Cooper, J. Z. (2000). New topical treatments change the pattern of treatment of psoriasis: dermatologists remain the primary providers of this care. International journal of dermatology, 39(1), 41-44.
7. Horn, E. J., Fox, K. M., Patel, V., Chiou, C. F., Dann, F., & Lebwohl, M. (2007). Are patients with psoriasis undertreated? Results of National Psoriasis Foundation survey. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 57(6), 957-962.
8. Petkova, V. B., Dimitrov, M. V., Nikolova, I. N., Voycheva, C. C., Valchanova, V. G., & Andreevska, K. G. (2014). Psoriasis influence on the patients' quality of life. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci, 8, 1942-8.
9. Shenefelt, P. D. (2010). Psychological interventions in the management of common skin conditions. Psychology research and behavior management, 3, 51.
10. Walter, L. F. Gundula S. (1981). In Histopathology of the skin. 3rd Edn., Boston, Massachusetts: Lippincott,. p.156-64.
11. Nevitt, G. J., & Hutchinson, P. E. (1996). Psoriasis in the community: prevalence, severity and patients' beliefs and attitudes towards the disease. British Journal of Dermatology, 135(4), 533-537.
12. Mundada, A. S., Mahajan, M. S., Gangurde, H. H., Borkar, V. S., Gulecha, V. S., & Khandare, R. A. (2009). Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal antipsoriatic cream. Pharmacology online, 2, 1185-91.
13. Chiang, H. M., Lin, Y. T., Hsiao, P. L., Su, Y. H., Tsao, H. T., & Wen, K. C. (2012). Determination of marked components-aloin and aloe-emodin-in Aloe vera before and after hydrolysis. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 20(3), 646-652.
14. Dai, X. Y., Nie, W., Wang, Y. C., Shen, Y., Li, Y., & Gan, S. J. (2012). Electrospun emodin polyvinylpyrrolidone blended nanofibrous membrane: A novel medicated biomaterial for drug delivery and accelerated wound healing. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 23(11), 2709-2716.
15. Syed, T. A., Ahmad, S. A., Holt, A. H., Ahmad, S. A., Ahmad, S. H., & Afzal, M. (1996). Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo?controlled, double?blind study. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 1(4), 505-509.
16. Müller, K. (1996). Antipsoriatic anthrones: aspects of oxygen radical formation, challenges and prospects. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System, 27(8), 1325-1335.
17. Okigawa, M., Hwa, C. W., Kawano, N., & Rahman, W. (1971). Biflavones in Selaginella species. Phytochemistry, 10(12), 3286-3287.
18. García-Lafuente, A., Guillamón, E., Villares, A., Rostagno, M. A., & Martínez, J. A. (2009). Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflammation Research, 58(9), 537-552.
19. Mora, A., Paya, M., Rios, J. L., & Alcaraz, M. J. (1990). Structure-activity relationships of polymethoxyflavones and other flavonoids as inhibitors of non-enzymic lipid peroxidation. Biochemical pharmacology, 40(4), 793-797.
20. An, J., Li, Z., Dong, Y., Ren, J., & Huo, J. (2016). Amentoflavone protects against psoriasis-like skin lesion through suppression of NF-?B-mediated inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 413(1-2), 87-95.
21. Bonesi, M., Loizzo, M. R., Menichini, F., & Tundis, R. (2018). Flavonoids in treating psoriasis. In Immunity and Inflammation in Health and Disease (pp. 281-294). Academic Press.
22. McKay, D. L., & Blumberg, J. B. (2006). A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.). Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 20(7), 519-530.
23. Xie, C., Kang, J., Li, Z., Schauss, A. G., Badger, T. M., Nagarajan, S., ... & Wu, X. (2012). The açaí flavonoid velutin is a potent anti-inflammatory agent: blockade of LPS-mediated TNF-? and IL-6 production through inhibiting NF-?B activation and MAPK pathway. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 23(9), 1184-1191.
24. World Health Organization. (2015). Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. World Health Organization.
25. Li, T., Zeng, Q., Chen, X., Wang, G., Zhang, H., Yu, A., ... & Hu, Y. (2018). The therapeutic effect of artesunate on rosacea through the inhibition of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Molecular medicine reports, 17(6), 8385-8390.
26. Sampson, J. H., Raman, A., Karlsen, G., Navsaria, H., & Leigh, I. M. (2001). In vitro keratinocyte antiproliferant effect of Centella asiatica extract and triterpenoid saponins. Phytomedicine, 8(3), 230-235.
27. Di, T. T., Ruan, Z. T., Zhao, J. X., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Wang, Y., & Li, P. (2016). Astilbin inhibits Th17 cell differentiation and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice via Jak3/Stat3 signaling pathway. International Immunopharmacology, 32, 32-38.
28. Cai, Y., Chen, T., & Xu, Q. (2003). Astilbin suppresses collagen-induced arthritis via the dysfunction of lymphocytes. Inflammation Research, 52(8), 334-340.
29. Lu, X., Du, J., Liang, J., Zhu, X., Yang, Y., & Xu, J. (2013). Transcriptional regulatory network for psoriasis. The Journal of dermatology, 40(1), 48-53.
30. Nayak, M. K., Agrawal, A. S., Bose, S., Naskar, S., Bhowmick, R., Chakrabarti, S., ... & Chawla-Sarkar, M. (2014). Antiviral activity of baicalin against influenza virus H1N1-pdm09 is due to modulation of NS1-mediated cellular innate immune responses. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69(5), 1298-1310.
31. Wang, W., Yan, C., Zhang, J., Lin, R., Lin, Q., Yang, L., ... & Li, Y. (2013). SIRT1 inhibits TNF-?-induced apoptosis of vascular adventitial fibroblasts partly through the deacetylation of FoxO1. Apoptosis, 18(6), 689-701.
32. Wu, J., Li, H., & Li, M. (2015). Effects of baicalin cream in two mouse models: 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity and mouse tail test for psoriasis. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine, 8(2), 2128.
33. Kuo, C. L., Chi, C. W., & Liu, T. Y. (2004). The anti-inflammatory potential of berberine in vitro and in vivo. Cancer letters, 203(2), 127-137.
34. Xiao, H. B., Sun, Z. L., Zhang, H. B., & Zhang, D. S. (2012). Berberine inhibits dyslipidemia in C57BL/6 mice with lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation. Pharmacological Reports, 64(4), 889-895.
35. Park, J. E., Cuong, T. D., Hung, T. M., Lee, I., Na, M., Kim, J. C., ... & Min, B. S. (2011). Alkaloids from Chelidonium majus and their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264. 7 cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 21(23), 6960-6963.
36. Safayhi, H., Mack, T. H. O. M. A. S., Sabieraj, J. O. A. C. H. I. M., Anazodo, M. I., Subramanian, L. R., & Ammon, H. P. (1992). Boswellic acids: novel, specific, nonredox inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 261(3), 1143-1146.
37. Barcelos, R. P., Souza, M. A., Amaral, G. P., Stefanello, S. T., Bresciani, G., Fighera, M. R., ... & Barbosa, N. V. (2014). Caffeine supplementation modulates oxidative stress markers in the liver of trained rats. Life sciences, 96(1-2), 40-45.
38. Zeidán-Chuliá, F., Gelain, D. P., Kolling, E. A., Rybarczyk-Filho, J. L., Ambrosi, P., Resende Terra, S., ... & Fonseca Moreira, J. C. (2013). Major components of energy drinks (caffeine, taurine, and guarana) exert cytotoxic effects on human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells by decreasing reactive oxygen species production. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2013.
39. Champion, R. H., Burton, J. L., & Ebling, F. J. G. (1992). Textbook of dermatology. Blackwell scientific publications.
40. Vali, A., Asilian, A., Khalesi, E., Khodami, L., & Talebi, S. (2006). Evaluation of the efficacy of topical Caffeine in the treatment of Psoriasis Vulgaris: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Dermatology, 8(6), 462-465.
41. Alashqar, M. B. (2019). Caffeine in the treatment of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: A review. SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine, 3(2), 59-71.
42. Georgian, L., Moraru, I., & Comi?el, V. (1980). Caffeine effects on the chromosomal aberrations induced in vivo by sarcolysine and methotrexate. Morphologie et embryologie, 26(2), 179-183.
43. Wall, M. E., Wani, M. C., Cook, C. E., Palmer, K. H., McPhail, A. A., & Sim, G. A. (1966). Plant antitumor agents. I. The isolation and structure of camptothecin, a novel alkaloidal leukemia and tumor inhibitor from camptotheca acuminata1, 2. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 88(16), 3888-3890.
44. Wetterauer, B., Wildi, E., & Wink, M. (2018). Production of the Anticancer Compound Camptothecin in Root and Hairy Root Cultures of Ophiorrhiza mungos L. In Biotechnological approaches for medicinal and aromatic plants (pp. 303-341). Springer, Singapore.
45. Lin, X. R. (1987). Effect of camptothecin in the treatment of psoriasis. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi, 67(1), 4-6.
46. Wang, X. B., Luo, L., & Zeng, J. (2001). Clinical observation of 10-hydroxycamptothecin on treatment of psoriasis. J Dermatol Venereology, 1, 30-31.
47. Liu, X., Lin, J., Bao, Y., Lin, X., & An, L. (2006). Camptothecin-mediated apoptosis and antiproliferation effect is accompanied by down-regulation of telomerase activity in HaCaT cells. Journal of dermatological science, 42(3), 262-264.
48. Lin, J., Liu, X., Bao, Y., Hou, S., An, L., & Lin, X. (2008). Effects of isocamptothecin, a novel camptothecin analogue, on proliferation, apoptosis and telomerase activity in HaCaT cells. Experimental dermatology, 17(6), 530-536.
49. Klein, T. W. (2005). Cannabinoid-based drugs as anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Nature Reviews Immunology, 5(5), 400-411.
50. Wilkinson, J. D., & Williamson, E. M. (2007). Cannabinoids inhibit human keratinocyte proliferation through a non-CB1/CB2 mechanism and have a potential therapeutic value in the treatment of psoriasis. Journal of dermatological science, 45(2), 87-92.
51. Klein, T. W., Newton, C., Larsen, K., Lu, L., Perkins, I., Nong, L., & Friedman, H. (2003). The cannabinoid system and immune modulation. Journal of leukocyte biology, 74(4), 486-496.
52. Klein, T. W., Newton, C., Larsen, K., Chou, J., Perkins, I., Lu, L., ... & Friedman, H. (2004). Cannabinoid receptors and T helper cells. Journal of neuroimmunology, 147(1-2), 91-94.
53. Murti, K., Panchal, M. A., Gajera, V., & Solanki, J. (2012). Pharmacological properties of Matricaria recutita: a review. Pharmacologia, 3(8), 348-351.
54. Safayhi, H., Sabieraj, J., Sailer, E. R., & Ammon, H. P. T. (1994). Chamazulene: an antioxidant-type inhibitor of leukotriene B4 formation. Planta medica, 60(05), 410-413.
55. Lafay, S., Gil-Izquierdo, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., Besson, C., & Scalbert, A. (2006). Chlorogenic acid is absorbed in its intact form in the stomach of rats. The Journal of nutrition, 136(5), 1192-1197.
56. Naveed, M., Hejazi, V., Abbas, M., Kamboh, A. A., Khan, G. J., Shumzaid, M., ... & XiaoHui, Z. (2018). Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 97, 67-74.
57. Gemsa, D. I. E. T. H. A. R. D., Kramer, W. I. E. B. K. E., Brenner, M. O. N. I. K. A., Till, G. E. R. D., & Resch, K. L. A. U. S. (1980). Induction of prostaglandin E release from macrophages by colchicine. The Journal of Immunology, 124(1), 376-380.
58. Ehrenfeld, M., Levy, M., Bar Eli, M., Gallily, R., & Eliakim, M. (1980). Effect of colchicine on polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis in human volunteers. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 10(3), 297-300.
59. Joe, B., Rao, U. J., & Lokesh, B. R. (1997). Presence of an acidic glycoprotein in the serum of arthritic rats: modulation by capsaicin and curcumin. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 169(1), 125-134.
60. Ruby, A. J., Kuttan, G., Babu, K. D., Rajasekharan, K. N., & Kuttan, R. (1995). Anti-tumour and antioxidant activity of natural curcuminoids. Cancer letters, 94(1), 79-83.
61. Unnikrishnan, M. K., & Rao, M. N. (1995). Inhibition of nitrite induced oxidation of hemoglobin by curcuminoids. Die Pharmazie, 50(7), 490-492.
62. Bosman, B. (1994). Testing of lipoxygenase inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, drugs with immunomodulating properties and some reference antipsoriatic drugs in the modified mouse tail test, an animal model of psoriasis. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 7(6), 324-334.
63. Miquel, J., Bernd, A., Sempere, J. M., D?az-Alperi, J., & Ram?rez, A. (2002). The curcuma antioxidants: pharmacological effects and prospects for future clinical use. A review. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 34(1), 37-46.
64. Tønnesen, H. H., De Vries, H., Karlsen, J., & Van Henegouwen, G. B. (1987). Studies on curcumin and curcuminoids IX: investigation of the photobiological activity of curcumin using bacterial indicator systems. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 76(5), 371-373.
65. Chamcheu, J. C., Pal, H. C., Siddiqui, I. A., Adhami, V. M., Ayehunie, S., Boylan, B. T., ... & Mukhtar, H. (2015). Prodifferentiation, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects of delphinidin, a dietary anthocyanidin, in a full-thickness three-dimensional reconstituted human skin model of psoriasis. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 28(4), 177-188.
66. Chen, Z., Zhang, R., Shi, W., Li, L., Liu, H., Liu, Z., & Wu, L. (2019). The Multifunctional Benefits of Naturally Occurring Delphinidin and Its Glycosides. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 67(41), 11288-11306.
67. Chitra, M., Shyamala Devi, C. S., & Sukumar, E. (2003). Antibacterial activity of embelin. Fitoterapia, 74(4), 401-403.
68. Kumar, G. K., Dhamotharan, R., Kulkarni, N. M., Mahat, M. Y. A., Gunasekaran, J., & Ashfaque, M. (2011). Embelin reduces cutaneous TNF-? level and ameliorates skin edema in acute and chronic model of skin inflammation in mice. European journal of pharmacology, 662(1-3), 63-69.
69. Mrowietz, U., Christophers, E., & Altmeyer, P. (1999). Treatment of severe psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: scientific background and guidelines for therapeutic use. British Journal of Dermatology, 141(3), 424-429.
70. Harries, M. J., Chalmers, R. J. G., & Griffiths, C. E. M. (2005). Fumaric acid esters for severe psoriasis: a retrospective review of 58 cases. British Journal of Dermatology, 153(3), 549-551.
71. Mrowietz, U., Christophers, E., & Altmeyer, P. (1999). Treatment of severe psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: scientific background and guidelines for therapeutic use. British Journal of Dermatology, 141(3), 424-429.
72. Hoefnagel, J. J., Thio, H. B., Willemze, R., & Bouwes Bavinck, J. N. (2003). Long?term safety aspects of systemic therapy with fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology, 149(2), 363-369.
73. Terra, V. A., Souza-Neto, F. P., Frade, M. A. C., Ramalho, L. N. Z., Andrade, T. A. M., Pasta, A. A. C., ... & Cecchini, A. L. (2015). Genistein prevents ultraviolet B radiation-induced nitrosative skin injury and promotes cell proliferation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 144, 20-27.
74. Xiong, H., Xu, Y., Tan, G., Han, Y., Tang, Z., Xu, W., ... & Guo, Q. (2015). Glycyrrhizin ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice and inhibits TNF-a-induced ICAM-1 expression via NF-?B/MAPK in HaCaT cells. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 35(4), 1335-1346.
75. Yu, N., Li, Y., Ding, Y., & Shi, Y. (2020). Combination therapy with acitretin and glycyrrhizin in generalized pustular psoriasis with liver test abnormalities: A case series. Dermatologic therapy, 33(3), e13318.
76. Jaroszewski, J. W., Strøm-Hansen, T., Hansen, S. H., Thastrup, O., & Kofod, H. (1992). On the botanical distribution of chiral forms of gossypol. Planta medica, 58(05), 454-458.
77. Vander Jagt, D. L., & Royer, R. E. (2000). Gossypol prototype of inhibitors targeted to dinucleotide folds. Current medicinal chemistry, 7(4), 479-498.
78. Bushunow, P., Reidenberg, M. M., Wasenko, J., Winfield, J., Lorenzo, B., Lemke, S., ... & Coyle, T. (1999). Gossypol treatment of recurrent adult malignant gliomas. Journal of neuro-oncology, 43(1), 79-86.
79. Van Poznak, C., Seidman, A. D., Reidenberg, M. M., Moasser, M. M., Sklarin, N., Van Zee, K., ... & Hudis, C. (2001). Oral gossypol in the treatment of patients with refractory metastatic breast cancer: a phase I/II clinical trial. Breast cancer research and treatment, 66(3), 239-248.
80. Dodou, K., Anderson, R. J., Lough, W. J., Small, D. A., Shelley, M. D., & Groundwater, P. W. (2005). Synthesis of gossypol atropisomers and derivatives and evaluation of their anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant activity. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 13(13), 4228-4237.
81. Vollmer, J. J., & Rosenson, J. (2004). Chemistry of St. John's Wort: hypericin and hyperforin. Journal of chemical education, 81(10), 1450.
82. Bonesi, M., Rosa Loizzo, M., Provenzano, E., Menichini, F., & Tundis, R. (2016). Anti-psoriasis agents from natural plant sources. Current medicinal chemistry, 23(12), 1250-1267.
83. Koren, H., Schenk, G. M., Iindra, R. H., Alth, G., Ebermann, R., Kubin, A., ... & Kreitner, M. (1996). Hypericin in phototherapy. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 36(2), 113-119.
84. Agostinis, P., Donella-Deana, A., Cuveele, J., Vandenbogaerde, A., Sarno, S., Merlevede, W., & de Witte, P. (1996). A comparative analysis of the photosensitized inhibition of growth-factor regulated protein kinases by hypericin-derivatives. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 220(3), 613-617.
85. Elder, J. T., Fisher, G. J., Lindquist, P. B., Bennett, G. L., Pittelkow, M. R., Coffey, R. J., ... & Voorhees, J. J. (1989). Overexpression of transforming growth factor alpha in psoriatic epidermis. Science, 243(4892), 811-814.
86. Yuan, Z. Z., Yuan, X., & Xu, Z. X. (1982). Studies on tabellae indigo naturalis in treatment of psoriasis. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine= Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan, 2(4), 306.
87. Verucchi, G., Calza, L., Attard, L., & Chiodo, F. (2002). Acute hepatitis induced by traditional Chinese herbs used in the treatment of psoriasis. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 17(12), 1342-1343.
88. Lin, Y. K., Wong, W. R., & Pang, J. S. (2007). Successful treatment of recalcitrant psoriasis with Indigo naturalis ointment. Clinical and experimental dermatology, 32(1), 99-100.
89. Peng, F., Du, Q., Peng, C., Wang, N., Tang, H., Xie, X., ... & Chen, J. (2015). A review: the pharmacology of isoliquiritigenin. Phytotherapy Research, 29(7), 969-977.
90. Li, W., Sun, Y. N., Yan, X. T., Yang, S. Y., Kim, S., Lee, Y. M., ... & Kim, Y. H. (2014). Flavonoids from Astragalus membranaceus and their inhibitory effects on LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 37(2), 186-192.
91. Kwon, H. M., Choi, Y. J., Choi, J. S., Kang, S. W., Bae, J. Y., Kang, I. J., ... & Kang, Y. H. (2007). Blockade of cytokine-induced endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression by licorice isoliquiritigenin through NF-?B signal disruption. Experimental biology and medicine, 232(2), 235-245.
92. Feldman, M., Santos, J., & Grenier, D. (2011). Comparative evaluation of two structurally related flavonoids, isoliquiritigenin and liquiritigenin, for their oral infection therapeutic potential. Journal of natural products, 74(9), 1862-1867.
93. Chen, X., Wu, Y., Jiang, Y., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Yao, Y., ... & Yang, J. (2012). Isoliquiritigenin inhibits the growth of multiple myeloma via blocking IL-6 signaling. Journal of molecular medicine, 90(11), 1311-1319.
94. Wu, Y., Chen, X., Ge, X., Xia, H., Wang, Y., Su, S., ... & Yang, J. (2016). Isoliquiritigenin prevents the progression of psoriasis-like symptoms by inhibiting NF-?B and proinflammatory cytokines. Journal of molecular medicine, 94(2), 195-206.
95. Zhang, L. L., Huang, C. Q., Zhang, Z. Y., Wang, Z. R., & Lin, J. M. (2005). Therapeutic effects of koumine on psoriasis: an experimental study in mice. Di 1 jun yi da xue xue bao= Academic Journal of the First Medical College of PLA, 25(5), 547-549.
96. Weng, Z., Patel, A. B., Vasiadi, M., Therianou, A., & Theoharides, T. C. (2014). Luteolin inhibits human keratinocyte activation and decreases NF-?B induction that is increased in psoriatic skin. PloS one, 9(2), e90739.
97. Pfeffer, L. M., Slominski, A. T., & Zbytek, B. (2003). Corticotropin-releasing hormone inhibits nuclear factor-?B pathway in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Journal of investigative dermatology, 121(6), 1496-1499.
98. Sung, Y. Y., Yang, W. K., Lee, A. Y., Kim, D. S., Nho, K. J., Kim, Y. S., & Kim, H. K. (2012). Topical application of an ethanol extract prepared from Illicium verum suppresses atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 144(1), 151-159.
99. Sung, Y. Y., Kim, Y. S., & Kim, H. K. (2012). Illicium verum extract inhibits TNF-?-and IFN-?-induced expression of chemokines and cytokines in human keratinocytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 144(1), 182-189.
100. Sung, Y. Y., & Kim, H. K. (2013). Illicium verum extract suppresses IFN-?-induced ICAM-1 expression via blockade of JAK/STAT pathway in HaCaT human keratinocytes. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 149(3), 626-632.
101. Arnason, T., Hebda, R. J., & Johns, T. (1981). Use of plants for food and medicine by Native Peoples of eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany, 59(11), 2189-2325.
102. García-Pérez, M. E., Allaeys, I., Rusu, D., Pouliot, R., Janezic, T. S., & Poubelle, P. E. (2014). Picea mariana polyphenolic extract inhibits phlogogenic mediators produced by TNF-?-activated psoriatic keratinocytes: Impact on NF-?B pathway. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 151(1), 265-278.
103. Wantke, F., Fleischl, G., Götz, M., & Jarisch, R. (1993). Topical podophyllotoxin in psoriasis vulgaris. Dermatology, 186(1), 79-79.
104. Lassus, A., & Rosen, B. (1986). Response of solitary psoriatic plaques to experimental application of podophyllotoxin. Dermatology, 172(6), 319-322.
105. Simpson, B. S., Claudie, D. J., Gerber, J. P., Pyke, S. M., Wang, J., McKinnon, R. A., & Semple, S. J. (2011). In vivo activity of benzoyl ester clerodane diterpenoid derivatives from Dodonaea polyandra. Journal of natural products, 74(4), 650-657.
106. Simpson, B. S., Luo, X., Costabile, M., Caughey, G. E., Wang, J., Claudie, D. J., ... & Semple, S. J. (2014). Polyandric acid A, a clerodane diterpenoid from the Australian medicinal plant Dodonaea polyandra, attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in vitro and in vivo. Journal of natural products, 77(1), 85-91.
107. GOODWIN, P., HAMILTON, S., & FRY, L. (1974). The cell cycle in psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology, 90(5), 517-524.
108. Stern, R. S. (2007). Psoralen and ultraviolet a light therapy for psoriasis. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(7), 682-690.
109. Kaur, C., & Kapoor, H. C. (2001). Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables–the millennium’s health. International journal of food science & technology, 36(7), 703-725.
110. Chen, J. C., Ho, F. M., Chao, P. D. L., Chen, C. P., Jeng, K. C. G., Hsu, H. B., ... & Lin, W. W. (2005). Inhibition of iNOS gene expression by quercetin is mediated by the inhibition of I?B kinase, nuclear factor-kappa B and STAT1, and depends on heme oxygenase-1 induction in mouse BV-2 microglia. European journal of pharmacology, 521(1-3), 9-20.
111. Hämäläinen, M., Nieminen, R., Vuorela, P., Heinonen, M., & Moilanen, E. (2007). Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids: genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-?B activations, whereas flavone, isorhamnetin, naringenin, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-?B activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages. Mediators of inflammation, 2007.
112. Kjær, T. N., Thorsen, K., Jessen, N., Stenderup, K., & Pedersen, S. B. (2015). Resveratrol ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. PloS one, 10(5), e0126599.
113. Oliveira, A. L. D. B., Monteiro, V. V. S., Navegantes-Lima, K. C., Reis, J. F., Gomes, R. D. S., Rodrigues, D. V. S., ... & Monteiro, M. C. (2017). Resveratrol role in autoimmune disease—a mini-review. Nutrients, 9(12), 1306.
114. Gonzales, V. J., & Gutierrez, L. M. (1988). Anapsos, a new therapeutic approach in the digestive pathology of atopic dermatitis patients. Acta Pediatric. Esp., 46, 556-561.
115. Tuominen, M., Bohlin, L., Lindbom, L. O., & Rolfsen, W. (1991). Enhancing effect of Calaguala on the prevention of rejection on skin transplants in mice. Phytotherapy Research, 5(5), 234-236.
116. Matyas Kottai, A. (1991). Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)-a review of its effects, antagonists and possible future clinical implication. Part II. Drugs, 42, 182.
117. Cunningham, F. (1990). Lipid mediators in inflammatory skin disorders. Journal of lipid mediators, 2(2), 61-74.
118. Koch, H. P., Bachner, J., & Löffler, E. (1985). Silymarin: potent inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 7(8), 409-413.
119. Barillari, J., Canistro, D., Paolini, M., Ferroni, F., Pedulli, G. F., Iori, R., & Valgimigli, L. (2005). Direct antioxidant activity of purified glucoerucin, the dietary secondary metabolite contained in rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) seeds and sprouts. Journal of Agricultural and food chemistry, 53(7), 2475-2482.
120. Zhang, Y., Tang, L., & Gonzalez, V. (2003). Selected isothiocyanates rapidly induce growth inhibition of cancer cells. Molecular cancer therapeutics, 2(10), 1045-1052.
121. Yehuda, H., Khatib, S., Sussan, I., Musa, R., Vaya, J., & Tamir, S. (2009). Potential skin antiinflammatory effects of 4?methylthiobutylisothiocyanate (MTBI) isolated from rocket (Eruca sativa) seeds. Biofactors, 35(3), 295-305.
2. Tse, W. P., Che, C. T., Liu, K., & Lin, Z. X. (2006). Evaluation of the anti-proliferative properties of selected psoriasis-treating Chinese medicines on cultured HaCaT cells. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 108(1), 133-141.
3. Dubertret, L., Mrowietz, U., Ranki, A., Van De Kerkhof, P. C. M., Chimenti, S., Lotti, T., ... & EUROPSO patient survey. (2006). European patient perspectives on the impact of psoriasis: the EUROPSO patient membership survey. British Journal of Dermatology, 155(4), 729-736.
4. Lo, K. K., & Ho, L. Y. (1997). Psoriasis In: Handbook of Dermatology and Venereology. HongKong: Social Hygiene Service, Department of Health.
5. Akay, A., Pekcanlar, A., Bozdag, K. E., Altintas, L., & Karaman, A. (2002). Assessment of depression in subjects with psoriasis vulgaris and lichen planus. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 16(4), 347-352.
6. Feldman, S. R., Fleischer Jr, A. B., & Cooper, J. Z. (2000). New topical treatments change the pattern of treatment of psoriasis: dermatologists remain the primary providers of this care. International journal of dermatology, 39(1), 41-44.
7. Horn, E. J., Fox, K. M., Patel, V., Chiou, C. F., Dann, F., & Lebwohl, M. (2007). Are patients with psoriasis undertreated? Results of National Psoriasis Foundation survey. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 57(6), 957-962.
8. Petkova, V. B., Dimitrov, M. V., Nikolova, I. N., Voycheva, C. C., Valchanova, V. G., & Andreevska, K. G. (2014). Psoriasis influence on the patients' quality of life. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci, 8, 1942-8.
9. Shenefelt, P. D. (2010). Psychological interventions in the management of common skin conditions. Psychology research and behavior management, 3, 51.
10. Walter, L. F. Gundula S. (1981). In Histopathology of the skin. 3rd Edn., Boston, Massachusetts: Lippincott,. p.156-64.
11. Nevitt, G. J., & Hutchinson, P. E. (1996). Psoriasis in the community: prevalence, severity and patients' beliefs and attitudes towards the disease. British Journal of Dermatology, 135(4), 533-537.
12. Mundada, A. S., Mahajan, M. S., Gangurde, H. H., Borkar, V. S., Gulecha, V. S., & Khandare, R. A. (2009). Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal antipsoriatic cream. Pharmacology online, 2, 1185-91.
13. Chiang, H. M., Lin, Y. T., Hsiao, P. L., Su, Y. H., Tsao, H. T., & Wen, K. C. (2012). Determination of marked components-aloin and aloe-emodin-in Aloe vera before and after hydrolysis. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 20(3), 646-652.
14. Dai, X. Y., Nie, W., Wang, Y. C., Shen, Y., Li, Y., & Gan, S. J. (2012). Electrospun emodin polyvinylpyrrolidone blended nanofibrous membrane: A novel medicated biomaterial for drug delivery and accelerated wound healing. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 23(11), 2709-2716.
15. Syed, T. A., Ahmad, S. A., Holt, A. H., Ahmad, S. A., Ahmad, S. H., & Afzal, M. (1996). Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo?controlled, double?blind study. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 1(4), 505-509.
16. Müller, K. (1996). Antipsoriatic anthrones: aspects of oxygen radical formation, challenges and prospects. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System, 27(8), 1325-1335.
17. Okigawa, M., Hwa, C. W., Kawano, N., & Rahman, W. (1971). Biflavones in Selaginella species. Phytochemistry, 10(12), 3286-3287.
18. García-Lafuente, A., Guillamón, E., Villares, A., Rostagno, M. A., & Martínez, J. A. (2009). Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflammation Research, 58(9), 537-552.
19. Mora, A., Paya, M., Rios, J. L., & Alcaraz, M. J. (1990). Structure-activity relationships of polymethoxyflavones and other flavonoids as inhibitors of non-enzymic lipid peroxidation. Biochemical pharmacology, 40(4), 793-797.
20. An, J., Li, Z., Dong, Y., Ren, J., & Huo, J. (2016). Amentoflavone protects against psoriasis-like skin lesion through suppression of NF-?B-mediated inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 413(1-2), 87-95.
21. Bonesi, M., Loizzo, M. R., Menichini, F., & Tundis, R. (2018). Flavonoids in treating psoriasis. In Immunity and Inflammation in Health and Disease (pp. 281-294). Academic Press.
22. McKay, D. L., & Blumberg, J. B. (2006). A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.). Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 20(7), 519-530.
23. Xie, C., Kang, J., Li, Z., Schauss, A. G., Badger, T. M., Nagarajan, S., ... & Wu, X. (2012). The açaí flavonoid velutin is a potent anti-inflammatory agent: blockade of LPS-mediated TNF-? and IL-6 production through inhibiting NF-?B activation and MAPK pathway. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 23(9), 1184-1191.
24. World Health Organization. (2015). Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. World Health Organization.
25. Li, T., Zeng, Q., Chen, X., Wang, G., Zhang, H., Yu, A., ... & Hu, Y. (2018). The therapeutic effect of artesunate on rosacea through the inhibition of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Molecular medicine reports, 17(6), 8385-8390.
26. Sampson, J. H., Raman, A., Karlsen, G., Navsaria, H., & Leigh, I. M. (2001). In vitro keratinocyte antiproliferant effect of Centella asiatica extract and triterpenoid saponins. Phytomedicine, 8(3), 230-235.
27. Di, T. T., Ruan, Z. T., Zhao, J. X., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Wang, Y., & Li, P. (2016). Astilbin inhibits Th17 cell differentiation and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice via Jak3/Stat3 signaling pathway. International Immunopharmacology, 32, 32-38.
28. Cai, Y., Chen, T., & Xu, Q. (2003). Astilbin suppresses collagen-induced arthritis via the dysfunction of lymphocytes. Inflammation Research, 52(8), 334-340.
29. Lu, X., Du, J., Liang, J., Zhu, X., Yang, Y., & Xu, J. (2013). Transcriptional regulatory network for psoriasis. The Journal of dermatology, 40(1), 48-53.
30. Nayak, M. K., Agrawal, A. S., Bose, S., Naskar, S., Bhowmick, R., Chakrabarti, S., ... & Chawla-Sarkar, M. (2014). Antiviral activity of baicalin against influenza virus H1N1-pdm09 is due to modulation of NS1-mediated cellular innate immune responses. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69(5), 1298-1310.
31. Wang, W., Yan, C., Zhang, J., Lin, R., Lin, Q., Yang, L., ... & Li, Y. (2013). SIRT1 inhibits TNF-?-induced apoptosis of vascular adventitial fibroblasts partly through the deacetylation of FoxO1. Apoptosis, 18(6), 689-701.
32. Wu, J., Li, H., & Li, M. (2015). Effects of baicalin cream in two mouse models: 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity and mouse tail test for psoriasis. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine, 8(2), 2128.
33. Kuo, C. L., Chi, C. W., & Liu, T. Y. (2004). The anti-inflammatory potential of berberine in vitro and in vivo. Cancer letters, 203(2), 127-137.
34. Xiao, H. B., Sun, Z. L., Zhang, H. B., & Zhang, D. S. (2012). Berberine inhibits dyslipidemia in C57BL/6 mice with lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation. Pharmacological Reports, 64(4), 889-895.
35. Park, J. E., Cuong, T. D., Hung, T. M., Lee, I., Na, M., Kim, J. C., ... & Min, B. S. (2011). Alkaloids from Chelidonium majus and their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264. 7 cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 21(23), 6960-6963.
36. Safayhi, H., Mack, T. H. O. M. A. S., Sabieraj, J. O. A. C. H. I. M., Anazodo, M. I., Subramanian, L. R., & Ammon, H. P. (1992). Boswellic acids: novel, specific, nonredox inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 261(3), 1143-1146.
37. Barcelos, R. P., Souza, M. A., Amaral, G. P., Stefanello, S. T., Bresciani, G., Fighera, M. R., ... & Barbosa, N. V. (2014). Caffeine supplementation modulates oxidative stress markers in the liver of trained rats. Life sciences, 96(1-2), 40-45.
38. Zeidán-Chuliá, F., Gelain, D. P., Kolling, E. A., Rybarczyk-Filho, J. L., Ambrosi, P., Resende Terra, S., ... & Fonseca Moreira, J. C. (2013). Major components of energy drinks (caffeine, taurine, and guarana) exert cytotoxic effects on human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells by decreasing reactive oxygen species production. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2013.
39. Champion, R. H., Burton, J. L., & Ebling, F. J. G. (1992). Textbook of dermatology. Blackwell scientific publications.
40. Vali, A., Asilian, A., Khalesi, E., Khodami, L., & Talebi, S. (2006). Evaluation of the efficacy of topical Caffeine in the treatment of Psoriasis Vulgaris: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Dermatology, 8(6), 462-465.
41. Alashqar, M. B. (2019). Caffeine in the treatment of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: A review. SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine, 3(2), 59-71.
42. Georgian, L., Moraru, I., & Comi?el, V. (1980). Caffeine effects on the chromosomal aberrations induced in vivo by sarcolysine and methotrexate. Morphologie et embryologie, 26(2), 179-183.
43. Wall, M. E., Wani, M. C., Cook, C. E., Palmer, K. H., McPhail, A. A., & Sim, G. A. (1966). Plant antitumor agents. I. The isolation and structure of camptothecin, a novel alkaloidal leukemia and tumor inhibitor from camptotheca acuminata1, 2. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 88(16), 3888-3890.
44. Wetterauer, B., Wildi, E., & Wink, M. (2018). Production of the Anticancer Compound Camptothecin in Root and Hairy Root Cultures of Ophiorrhiza mungos L. In Biotechnological approaches for medicinal and aromatic plants (pp. 303-341). Springer, Singapore.
45. Lin, X. R. (1987). Effect of camptothecin in the treatment of psoriasis. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi, 67(1), 4-6.
46. Wang, X. B., Luo, L., & Zeng, J. (2001). Clinical observation of 10-hydroxycamptothecin on treatment of psoriasis. J Dermatol Venereology, 1, 30-31.
47. Liu, X., Lin, J., Bao, Y., Lin, X., & An, L. (2006). Camptothecin-mediated apoptosis and antiproliferation effect is accompanied by down-regulation of telomerase activity in HaCaT cells. Journal of dermatological science, 42(3), 262-264.
48. Lin, J., Liu, X., Bao, Y., Hou, S., An, L., & Lin, X. (2008). Effects of isocamptothecin, a novel camptothecin analogue, on proliferation, apoptosis and telomerase activity in HaCaT cells. Experimental dermatology, 17(6), 530-536.
49. Klein, T. W. (2005). Cannabinoid-based drugs as anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Nature Reviews Immunology, 5(5), 400-411.
50. Wilkinson, J. D., & Williamson, E. M. (2007). Cannabinoids inhibit human keratinocyte proliferation through a non-CB1/CB2 mechanism and have a potential therapeutic value in the treatment of psoriasis. Journal of dermatological science, 45(2), 87-92.
51. Klein, T. W., Newton, C., Larsen, K., Lu, L., Perkins, I., Nong, L., & Friedman, H. (2003). The cannabinoid system and immune modulation. Journal of leukocyte biology, 74(4), 486-496.
52. Klein, T. W., Newton, C., Larsen, K., Chou, J., Perkins, I., Lu, L., ... & Friedman, H. (2004). Cannabinoid receptors and T helper cells. Journal of neuroimmunology, 147(1-2), 91-94.
53. Murti, K., Panchal, M. A., Gajera, V., & Solanki, J. (2012). Pharmacological properties of Matricaria recutita: a review. Pharmacologia, 3(8), 348-351.
54. Safayhi, H., Sabieraj, J., Sailer, E. R., & Ammon, H. P. T. (1994). Chamazulene: an antioxidant-type inhibitor of leukotriene B4 formation. Planta medica, 60(05), 410-413.
55. Lafay, S., Gil-Izquierdo, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., Besson, C., & Scalbert, A. (2006). Chlorogenic acid is absorbed in its intact form in the stomach of rats. The Journal of nutrition, 136(5), 1192-1197.
56. Naveed, M., Hejazi, V., Abbas, M., Kamboh, A. A., Khan, G. J., Shumzaid, M., ... & XiaoHui, Z. (2018). Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 97, 67-74.
57. Gemsa, D. I. E. T. H. A. R. D., Kramer, W. I. E. B. K. E., Brenner, M. O. N. I. K. A., Till, G. E. R. D., & Resch, K. L. A. U. S. (1980). Induction of prostaglandin E release from macrophages by colchicine. The Journal of Immunology, 124(1), 376-380.
58. Ehrenfeld, M., Levy, M., Bar Eli, M., Gallily, R., & Eliakim, M. (1980). Effect of colchicine on polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis in human volunteers. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 10(3), 297-300.
59. Joe, B., Rao, U. J., & Lokesh, B. R. (1997). Presence of an acidic glycoprotein in the serum of arthritic rats: modulation by capsaicin and curcumin. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 169(1), 125-134.
60. Ruby, A. J., Kuttan, G., Babu, K. D., Rajasekharan, K. N., & Kuttan, R. (1995). Anti-tumour and antioxidant activity of natural curcuminoids. Cancer letters, 94(1), 79-83.
61. Unnikrishnan, M. K., & Rao, M. N. (1995). Inhibition of nitrite induced oxidation of hemoglobin by curcuminoids. Die Pharmazie, 50(7), 490-492.
62. Bosman, B. (1994). Testing of lipoxygenase inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, drugs with immunomodulating properties and some reference antipsoriatic drugs in the modified mouse tail test, an animal model of psoriasis. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 7(6), 324-334.
63. Miquel, J., Bernd, A., Sempere, J. M., D?az-Alperi, J., & Ram?rez, A. (2002). The curcuma antioxidants: pharmacological effects and prospects for future clinical use. A review. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 34(1), 37-46.
64. Tønnesen, H. H., De Vries, H., Karlsen, J., & Van Henegouwen, G. B. (1987). Studies on curcumin and curcuminoids IX: investigation of the photobiological activity of curcumin using bacterial indicator systems. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 76(5), 371-373.
65. Chamcheu, J. C., Pal, H. C., Siddiqui, I. A., Adhami, V. M., Ayehunie, S., Boylan, B. T., ... & Mukhtar, H. (2015). Prodifferentiation, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects of delphinidin, a dietary anthocyanidin, in a full-thickness three-dimensional reconstituted human skin model of psoriasis. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 28(4), 177-188.
66. Chen, Z., Zhang, R., Shi, W., Li, L., Liu, H., Liu, Z., & Wu, L. (2019). The Multifunctional Benefits of Naturally Occurring Delphinidin and Its Glycosides. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 67(41), 11288-11306.
67. Chitra, M., Shyamala Devi, C. S., & Sukumar, E. (2003). Antibacterial activity of embelin. Fitoterapia, 74(4), 401-403.
68. Kumar, G. K., Dhamotharan, R., Kulkarni, N. M., Mahat, M. Y. A., Gunasekaran, J., & Ashfaque, M. (2011). Embelin reduces cutaneous TNF-? level and ameliorates skin edema in acute and chronic model of skin inflammation in mice. European journal of pharmacology, 662(1-3), 63-69.
69. Mrowietz, U., Christophers, E., & Altmeyer, P. (1999). Treatment of severe psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: scientific background and guidelines for therapeutic use. British Journal of Dermatology, 141(3), 424-429.
70. Harries, M. J., Chalmers, R. J. G., & Griffiths, C. E. M. (2005). Fumaric acid esters for severe psoriasis: a retrospective review of 58 cases. British Journal of Dermatology, 153(3), 549-551.
71. Mrowietz, U., Christophers, E., & Altmeyer, P. (1999). Treatment of severe psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: scientific background and guidelines for therapeutic use. British Journal of Dermatology, 141(3), 424-429.
72. Hoefnagel, J. J., Thio, H. B., Willemze, R., & Bouwes Bavinck, J. N. (2003). Long?term safety aspects of systemic therapy with fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology, 149(2), 363-369.
73. Terra, V. A., Souza-Neto, F. P., Frade, M. A. C., Ramalho, L. N. Z., Andrade, T. A. M., Pasta, A. A. C., ... & Cecchini, A. L. (2015). Genistein prevents ultraviolet B radiation-induced nitrosative skin injury and promotes cell proliferation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 144, 20-27.
74. Xiong, H., Xu, Y., Tan, G., Han, Y., Tang, Z., Xu, W., ... & Guo, Q. (2015). Glycyrrhizin ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice and inhibits TNF-a-induced ICAM-1 expression via NF-?B/MAPK in HaCaT cells. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 35(4), 1335-1346.
75. Yu, N., Li, Y., Ding, Y., & Shi, Y. (2020). Combination therapy with acitretin and glycyrrhizin in generalized pustular psoriasis with liver test abnormalities: A case series. Dermatologic therapy, 33(3), e13318.
76. Jaroszewski, J. W., Strøm-Hansen, T., Hansen, S. H., Thastrup, O., & Kofod, H. (1992). On the botanical distribution of chiral forms of gossypol. Planta medica, 58(05), 454-458.
77. Vander Jagt, D. L., & Royer, R. E. (2000). Gossypol prototype of inhibitors targeted to dinucleotide folds. Current medicinal chemistry, 7(4), 479-498.
78. Bushunow, P., Reidenberg, M. M., Wasenko, J., Winfield, J., Lorenzo, B., Lemke, S., ... & Coyle, T. (1999). Gossypol treatment of recurrent adult malignant gliomas. Journal of neuro-oncology, 43(1), 79-86.
79. Van Poznak, C., Seidman, A. D., Reidenberg, M. M., Moasser, M. M., Sklarin, N., Van Zee, K., ... & Hudis, C. (2001). Oral gossypol in the treatment of patients with refractory metastatic breast cancer: a phase I/II clinical trial. Breast cancer research and treatment, 66(3), 239-248.
80. Dodou, K., Anderson, R. J., Lough, W. J., Small, D. A., Shelley, M. D., & Groundwater, P. W. (2005). Synthesis of gossypol atropisomers and derivatives and evaluation of their anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant activity. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 13(13), 4228-4237.
81. Vollmer, J. J., & Rosenson, J. (2004). Chemistry of St. John's Wort: hypericin and hyperforin. Journal of chemical education, 81(10), 1450.
82. Bonesi, M., Rosa Loizzo, M., Provenzano, E., Menichini, F., & Tundis, R. (2016). Anti-psoriasis agents from natural plant sources. Current medicinal chemistry, 23(12), 1250-1267.
83. Koren, H., Schenk, G. M., Iindra, R. H., Alth, G., Ebermann, R., Kubin, A., ... & Kreitner, M. (1996). Hypericin in phototherapy. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 36(2), 113-119.
84. Agostinis, P., Donella-Deana, A., Cuveele, J., Vandenbogaerde, A., Sarno, S., Merlevede, W., & de Witte, P. (1996). A comparative analysis of the photosensitized inhibition of growth-factor regulated protein kinases by hypericin-derivatives. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 220(3), 613-617.
85. Elder, J. T., Fisher, G. J., Lindquist, P. B., Bennett, G. L., Pittelkow, M. R., Coffey, R. J., ... & Voorhees, J. J. (1989). Overexpression of transforming growth factor alpha in psoriatic epidermis. Science, 243(4892), 811-814.
86. Yuan, Z. Z., Yuan, X., & Xu, Z. X. (1982). Studies on tabellae indigo naturalis in treatment of psoriasis. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine= Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan, 2(4), 306.
87. Verucchi, G., Calza, L., Attard, L., & Chiodo, F. (2002). Acute hepatitis induced by traditional Chinese herbs used in the treatment of psoriasis. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 17(12), 1342-1343.
88. Lin, Y. K., Wong, W. R., & Pang, J. S. (2007). Successful treatment of recalcitrant psoriasis with Indigo naturalis ointment. Clinical and experimental dermatology, 32(1), 99-100.
89. Peng, F., Du, Q., Peng, C., Wang, N., Tang, H., Xie, X., ... & Chen, J. (2015). A review: the pharmacology of isoliquiritigenin. Phytotherapy Research, 29(7), 969-977.
90. Li, W., Sun, Y. N., Yan, X. T., Yang, S. Y., Kim, S., Lee, Y. M., ... & Kim, Y. H. (2014). Flavonoids from Astragalus membranaceus and their inhibitory effects on LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 37(2), 186-192.
91. Kwon, H. M., Choi, Y. J., Choi, J. S., Kang, S. W., Bae, J. Y., Kang, I. J., ... & Kang, Y. H. (2007). Blockade of cytokine-induced endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression by licorice isoliquiritigenin through NF-?B signal disruption. Experimental biology and medicine, 232(2), 235-245.
92. Feldman, M., Santos, J., & Grenier, D. (2011). Comparative evaluation of two structurally related flavonoids, isoliquiritigenin and liquiritigenin, for their oral infection therapeutic potential. Journal of natural products, 74(9), 1862-1867.
93. Chen, X., Wu, Y., Jiang, Y., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Yao, Y., ... & Yang, J. (2012). Isoliquiritigenin inhibits the growth of multiple myeloma via blocking IL-6 signaling. Journal of molecular medicine, 90(11), 1311-1319.
94. Wu, Y., Chen, X., Ge, X., Xia, H., Wang, Y., Su, S., ... & Yang, J. (2016). Isoliquiritigenin prevents the progression of psoriasis-like symptoms by inhibiting NF-?B and proinflammatory cytokines. Journal of molecular medicine, 94(2), 195-206.
95. Zhang, L. L., Huang, C. Q., Zhang, Z. Y., Wang, Z. R., & Lin, J. M. (2005). Therapeutic effects of koumine on psoriasis: an experimental study in mice. Di 1 jun yi da xue xue bao= Academic Journal of the First Medical College of PLA, 25(5), 547-549.
96. Weng, Z., Patel, A. B., Vasiadi, M., Therianou, A., & Theoharides, T. C. (2014). Luteolin inhibits human keratinocyte activation and decreases NF-?B induction that is increased in psoriatic skin. PloS one, 9(2), e90739.
97. Pfeffer, L. M., Slominski, A. T., & Zbytek, B. (2003). Corticotropin-releasing hormone inhibits nuclear factor-?B pathway in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Journal of investigative dermatology, 121(6), 1496-1499.
98. Sung, Y. Y., Yang, W. K., Lee, A. Y., Kim, D. S., Nho, K. J., Kim, Y. S., & Kim, H. K. (2012). Topical application of an ethanol extract prepared from Illicium verum suppresses atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 144(1), 151-159.
99. Sung, Y. Y., Kim, Y. S., & Kim, H. K. (2012). Illicium verum extract inhibits TNF-?-and IFN-?-induced expression of chemokines and cytokines in human keratinocytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 144(1), 182-189.
100. Sung, Y. Y., & Kim, H. K. (2013). Illicium verum extract suppresses IFN-?-induced ICAM-1 expression via blockade of JAK/STAT pathway in HaCaT human keratinocytes. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 149(3), 626-632.
101. Arnason, T., Hebda, R. J., & Johns, T. (1981). Use of plants for food and medicine by Native Peoples of eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany, 59(11), 2189-2325.
102. García-Pérez, M. E., Allaeys, I., Rusu, D., Pouliot, R., Janezic, T. S., & Poubelle, P. E. (2014). Picea mariana polyphenolic extract inhibits phlogogenic mediators produced by TNF-?-activated psoriatic keratinocytes: Impact on NF-?B pathway. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 151(1), 265-278.
103. Wantke, F., Fleischl, G., Götz, M., & Jarisch, R. (1993). Topical podophyllotoxin in psoriasis vulgaris. Dermatology, 186(1), 79-79.
104. Lassus, A., & Rosen, B. (1986). Response of solitary psoriatic plaques to experimental application of podophyllotoxin. Dermatology, 172(6), 319-322.
105. Simpson, B. S., Claudie, D. J., Gerber, J. P., Pyke, S. M., Wang, J., McKinnon, R. A., & Semple, S. J. (2011). In vivo activity of benzoyl ester clerodane diterpenoid derivatives from Dodonaea polyandra. Journal of natural products, 74(4), 650-657.
106. Simpson, B. S., Luo, X., Costabile, M., Caughey, G. E., Wang, J., Claudie, D. J., ... & Semple, S. J. (2014). Polyandric acid A, a clerodane diterpenoid from the Australian medicinal plant Dodonaea polyandra, attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in vitro and in vivo. Journal of natural products, 77(1), 85-91.
107. GOODWIN, P., HAMILTON, S., & FRY, L. (1974). The cell cycle in psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology, 90(5), 517-524.
108. Stern, R. S. (2007). Psoralen and ultraviolet a light therapy for psoriasis. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(7), 682-690.
109. Kaur, C., & Kapoor, H. C. (2001). Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables–the millennium’s health. International journal of food science & technology, 36(7), 703-725.
110. Chen, J. C., Ho, F. M., Chao, P. D. L., Chen, C. P., Jeng, K. C. G., Hsu, H. B., ... & Lin, W. W. (2005). Inhibition of iNOS gene expression by quercetin is mediated by the inhibition of I?B kinase, nuclear factor-kappa B and STAT1, and depends on heme oxygenase-1 induction in mouse BV-2 microglia. European journal of pharmacology, 521(1-3), 9-20.
111. Hämäläinen, M., Nieminen, R., Vuorela, P., Heinonen, M., & Moilanen, E. (2007). Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids: genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-?B activations, whereas flavone, isorhamnetin, naringenin, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-?B activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages. Mediators of inflammation, 2007.
112. Kjær, T. N., Thorsen, K., Jessen, N., Stenderup, K., & Pedersen, S. B. (2015). Resveratrol ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. PloS one, 10(5), e0126599.
113. Oliveira, A. L. D. B., Monteiro, V. V. S., Navegantes-Lima, K. C., Reis, J. F., Gomes, R. D. S., Rodrigues, D. V. S., ... & Monteiro, M. C. (2017). Resveratrol role in autoimmune disease—a mini-review. Nutrients, 9(12), 1306.
114. Gonzales, V. J., & Gutierrez, L. M. (1988). Anapsos, a new therapeutic approach in the digestive pathology of atopic dermatitis patients. Acta Pediatric. Esp., 46, 556-561.
115. Tuominen, M., Bohlin, L., Lindbom, L. O., & Rolfsen, W. (1991). Enhancing effect of Calaguala on the prevention of rejection on skin transplants in mice. Phytotherapy Research, 5(5), 234-236.
116. Matyas Kottai, A. (1991). Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)-a review of its effects, antagonists and possible future clinical implication. Part II. Drugs, 42, 182.
117. Cunningham, F. (1990). Lipid mediators in inflammatory skin disorders. Journal of lipid mediators, 2(2), 61-74.
118. Koch, H. P., Bachner, J., & Löffler, E. (1985). Silymarin: potent inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 7(8), 409-413.
119. Barillari, J., Canistro, D., Paolini, M., Ferroni, F., Pedulli, G. F., Iori, R., & Valgimigli, L. (2005). Direct antioxidant activity of purified glucoerucin, the dietary secondary metabolite contained in rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) seeds and sprouts. Journal of Agricultural and food chemistry, 53(7), 2475-2482.
120. Zhang, Y., Tang, L., & Gonzalez, V. (2003). Selected isothiocyanates rapidly induce growth inhibition of cancer cells. Molecular cancer therapeutics, 2(10), 1045-1052.
121. Yehuda, H., Khatib, S., Sussan, I., Musa, R., Vaya, J., & Tamir, S. (2009). Potential skin antiinflammatory effects of 4?methylthiobutylisothiocyanate (MTBI) isolated from rocket (Eruca sativa) seeds. Biofactors, 35(3), 295-305.
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
A review on the important phytochemicals and their role in psoriasis. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(3), 880-896. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2717
