Keratinolysis of chicken feather and human hair by nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil
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Abstract
Development in food industry increases consumption of chicken by people and it is estimated that tons of poultry feathers are produced by poultry farms. Hairs are other forms of keratinous waste which is generated in huge amounts by leather industries and parlours worldwide. Chicken feathers and hairs are waste contains high-quality protein, hard to degraded. Eleven nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi were isolated from soil by hair baiting method and were used to deteriorate hairs and feathers. Pictographic authentication showed that the microbial incidence started with surface colonization of keratinous substrate, mechanical interference of substrate by penetrating hyphae and development of broad perforating organs. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of degraded and undegraded hair and the feather was made. In the sulphoxide region at 1073, the band corresponding to S-O was observed with low intensity and poorly visible in control feathers, while in degraded feather intensity of the band was high in case of Chrysosporium indicum and Chrysosporium tropicum. In Hairs, S-O band was more intense in C indicum as compared to C. tropicum while it was absent in undegraded human hair. The present work observed keratin degradation activity on human hair and chicken feather by FTIR spectra which are useful in the study of structure and mechanism of keratinolysis. Keratinous waste degradation has great potential to convert them into various byproducts such as enzymes, amino acids, biofertilizer and animal feed.
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Keywords
FTIR analysis, Hair degradation, Feather degradation, Keratin degradation, Keratinophilic fungi
References
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Bairwa, S. and Sharma, M. (2020). Isolation and purification of keratinophilic fungi and dermatophytic fungi from some public places of Jaipur city India. International Journal of Pharma and Bioscience, doi 10.22376/ijpbs.2020.11.1.b6-10.
Benedek, T. (1962). Fragmenta mycologia I. Some historical remarks on the development of “hair baiting” of Toma-Karling-Vanbreuseghem (The To-Ka-Va hair baiting method). Mycopathol Mycol Appl., 16: 104-106.
Benedicto, T. (1973). Contibution a letude du Scopulariopsis brevicaulis Bainier. Recherche de conditions optimales de croissance, activite proteolytique et keratinolytique in vitro. These de Doctorat, Faculte des Sciences, Toulouse.
Bohacz, J., Kornillowicz-Kowalska, T., Kitowski, I., Ciesielska, A. (2020). Degradation of chicken feathers by Aphanoascus keratinophillus and Chyrsosporium tropicum strains from pellets of predatory birds and its practical aspect. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 151(2020): 104968.
Callin, M., Constantinescu-Alexandrescu, D., Alexandrescu, E., Raut, I., et al., (2017). Degradation of keratin substrate by keratinolytic fungi. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 28: 101-112.
Caretta, G. and Piontelli, E. (2004). Keratinophlous fungi from Antarctic terrestrial habitats. In Kushwaha RKS (eds.) Fungi in human and animal health. Scientific Publishers Jodhpur India, 29-38.
Deshmukh, S.K. (1999). Keratinophic fungi isolated from soils of Mumbai, India. Mycopathologia, 146: 115-116.
Deshmukh, S.K. and Verekar, S.A. (2006). The occurrence of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi from the soils of Himachal Pradesh (India). Czech Mycol., 58(1-2): 117-124.
Deshmukh, S.K., Verekar, S.A. and Shrivastav, A. (2010). The occurrence of keratinophilic fungi in selected soils of Ladakh (India). Natural Science, 2(11): 1247-1252.
De Vries, G.A. (1962). Keratinophilic fungi and their action. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 28: 121-133.
Deacon, J.W. (1980). Introduction to Modern Mycology. Halsted Press, New York. 170-172.
Eslahi, N., Dadashian, F. and Nejad, N.H. (2013). An investigation on keratin extraction from wool and feather waste by enzymatic hydrolysis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 43:624-648.
Filipello, M.V. (1986). Keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi of children’s sandpits in the city of Turin. Mycopathologia, 94:163-172.
Griffin, D.M. (1960). Fungal colonization of sterile hair in contact with soil. Trans Brit Mycol. Soc., 43:583-596.
Hubalek, Z. (2000). Keratinophilic fungi associated with free living mammals and birds. In: In. Kushwaha RKS and Guarro J (eds.) Biology of dermatphytes and other keratinophilic fungi, RIAM Spain. 90-103.
Kane, J., Summerbell, R., Sigler, L., Krajden, S. and Land, G. (1997). Laboratory handbook of Dermatophytes. Belmont, Ca (USA), Star Publishers. 213-231.
Kaul, S. and Sumbali, G. (1999). Production of extracellular keratinase by keratinophilic fungal species inhabiting feathers of living poultry birds (Gallus domesticus): a comparison. Mycopathologia, 146: 19–24.
Kumar, J. and Kushwaha, R.K.S. (2014). Screening of fungi efficient in feather degradation and keratinase production. Archives of Applied Science Research. 6(1), 73-78.
Kumar, J., Kumar, P., Kushwaha, R.K.S. (2015). Feather waste degradation by keratinophilic fungi: An alternative source for protein and amino acid. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res, 6(11): 160-164.
Kumari, M. and Kumar, J. (2020). Chicken feather waste degradation by Alternaria tenuissima and its application on plant growth. Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences, 12(3): 411-414.
Kumar, J., Kumar, P. and Kushwaha, R.K.S. (2020). Recycling of chicken feather protein into compost by Chrysosporium indicum JK14 and their effect on the growth promotion of Zea mays. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 21(37&38): 75-80.
Kunert, J. (1972). The digestion of human hair by the dermatophyte, Microsporum gypseum in a submerged culture. Mykosen, 15: 59-71.
Kunert, J. (1989). Growth of keratinolytic fungi and non keratinolytic fungi on human hairs. A physiological study. Acta Universit Olomouc Facul Medic, 122: 25-38.
Kwon-Chung, K.J. and Bennett, J.W. (1992). Medical Mycology. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 105-161.
Ma, B., Qiao, X., Hou, X. and Yang, Y. (2016). Pure keratin membrane and fibers from chicken feather. Int. J. Biol. Macromolecles, 89:614-621.
Malviya, H., Rajak, R.C. and Hasija, S.K. (1992). Purification and partial characterization of two extracellular keratinases of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Mycopathologia, 119: 161-165.
Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M. and Drzal, L.T. (2005). Natural Fibres, Biopolymers and Bio Compsites, Ist Edition, CRC press, pages 896.
Nigam, N. and Kushwaha, R.K.S. (1990). Biodeterioration of human hair. J Ind. Bot. Soc., 69: 1-2.
Nigam, N. and Kushwaha, R.K.S. (1992). Biodegradation of wool by Chrysosporium keratinophilum acting singly or in combination with other fungi. Trans Japan Mycol Soc., 33: 481-486.
Naidu, J. and Singh, S.M. (1992). Hyalohyphomycoses caused by Paecilomyces variotii: a case report, animal pathogenecity and in vitro sensitivity. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 62: 225-230.
Pasupuleti, V.K., Holmes, C. and Demain, A.L. (2010). Applications of protein hydrolysates in biotechnology. Springer Netherlands, pp. 1-9.
Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., Kriz, G.S. and Vyvyan, J.A. (2008). Introduction to spectroscopy, fifth edition, Cengage learning, USA, pages 786.
Peng, Z., Mao, X., Zhang, J., Du, G. and Chen, J. (2019). Effective biodegradation of chicken feather waste by co-cultivation of keratinase producing strains. Microb. Cell Fact. 18:84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-019-1134-9
Ramesh, V.M. and Hilda, A. (1999). Incidence of keratinophilic fungi in soil of primary schools and public parks of Madras City, India. Mycopathologia, 143: 139-145.
Richardson, M. and Edward, M. (2000). Model systems for the study of dermatophyte and non-dermatophyte invasion of human keratin. In: Kushwaha, RKS & Guarro, J. (eds) Biology of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. RIAM Spain, 115-121.
Safranek, W.W. and Goos, R.D. (1982). Degradation of wool by saprophytic fungi. Can J Microbiol., 28: 138-140.
Sahoo, D.K., Das A., Thatoi H., Mondal K.C. and Mohapatra P.K.D. (2012). Keratinase production and biodegradation of whole chicken feather keratin by a newly isolated bacterium under submerged fermentation. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 167:1040–1051.
Sharma, R. (2016). Some keratinophilic fungi new to India. J. Mycopathol. Res., 54(1): 35-39
Scott, J.A. and Untereiner, W.A. (2004). Determination of keratin degradation by fungi using keratin azure. Med. Mycol., 42: 239-246.
Vasconcelos, A., Fredid, G. and Cavaco-Paulo, A. (2008). Biodegradable materials based on silk fibroin and keratin. Biomacromolecules, 1299-1305.
Wawrzkiewicz, K., Wolski, T. and Lobarzewski, J. (1991). Screening of the keratinolytic activity of dermatophytes in vitro. Mycopathologia, 114: 1-8.
Bairwa, S. and Sharma, M. (2020). Isolation and purification of keratinophilic fungi and dermatophytic fungi from some public places of Jaipur city India. International Journal of Pharma and Bioscience, doi 10.22376/ijpbs.2020.11.1.b6-10.
Benedek, T. (1962). Fragmenta mycologia I. Some historical remarks on the development of “hair baiting” of Toma-Karling-Vanbreuseghem (The To-Ka-Va hair baiting method). Mycopathol Mycol Appl., 16: 104-106.
Benedicto, T. (1973). Contibution a letude du Scopulariopsis brevicaulis Bainier. Recherche de conditions optimales de croissance, activite proteolytique et keratinolytique in vitro. These de Doctorat, Faculte des Sciences, Toulouse.
Bohacz, J., Kornillowicz-Kowalska, T., Kitowski, I., Ciesielska, A. (2020). Degradation of chicken feathers by Aphanoascus keratinophillus and Chyrsosporium tropicum strains from pellets of predatory birds and its practical aspect. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 151(2020): 104968.
Callin, M., Constantinescu-Alexandrescu, D., Alexandrescu, E., Raut, I., et al., (2017). Degradation of keratin substrate by keratinolytic fungi. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 28: 101-112.
Caretta, G. and Piontelli, E. (2004). Keratinophlous fungi from Antarctic terrestrial habitats. In Kushwaha RKS (eds.) Fungi in human and animal health. Scientific Publishers Jodhpur India, 29-38.
Deshmukh, S.K. (1999). Keratinophic fungi isolated from soils of Mumbai, India. Mycopathologia, 146: 115-116.
Deshmukh, S.K. and Verekar, S.A. (2006). The occurrence of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi from the soils of Himachal Pradesh (India). Czech Mycol., 58(1-2): 117-124.
Deshmukh, S.K., Verekar, S.A. and Shrivastav, A. (2010). The occurrence of keratinophilic fungi in selected soils of Ladakh (India). Natural Science, 2(11): 1247-1252.
De Vries, G.A. (1962). Keratinophilic fungi and their action. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 28: 121-133.
Deacon, J.W. (1980). Introduction to Modern Mycology. Halsted Press, New York. 170-172.
Eslahi, N., Dadashian, F. and Nejad, N.H. (2013). An investigation on keratin extraction from wool and feather waste by enzymatic hydrolysis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 43:624-648.
Filipello, M.V. (1986). Keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi of children’s sandpits in the city of Turin. Mycopathologia, 94:163-172.
Griffin, D.M. (1960). Fungal colonization of sterile hair in contact with soil. Trans Brit Mycol. Soc., 43:583-596.
Hubalek, Z. (2000). Keratinophilic fungi associated with free living mammals and birds. In: In. Kushwaha RKS and Guarro J (eds.) Biology of dermatphytes and other keratinophilic fungi, RIAM Spain. 90-103.
Kane, J., Summerbell, R., Sigler, L., Krajden, S. and Land, G. (1997). Laboratory handbook of Dermatophytes. Belmont, Ca (USA), Star Publishers. 213-231.
Kaul, S. and Sumbali, G. (1999). Production of extracellular keratinase by keratinophilic fungal species inhabiting feathers of living poultry birds (Gallus domesticus): a comparison. Mycopathologia, 146: 19–24.
Kumar, J. and Kushwaha, R.K.S. (2014). Screening of fungi efficient in feather degradation and keratinase production. Archives of Applied Science Research. 6(1), 73-78.
Kumar, J., Kumar, P., Kushwaha, R.K.S. (2015). Feather waste degradation by keratinophilic fungi: An alternative source for protein and amino acid. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res, 6(11): 160-164.
Kumari, M. and Kumar, J. (2020). Chicken feather waste degradation by Alternaria tenuissima and its application on plant growth. Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences, 12(3): 411-414.
Kumar, J., Kumar, P. and Kushwaha, R.K.S. (2020). Recycling of chicken feather protein into compost by Chrysosporium indicum JK14 and their effect on the growth promotion of Zea mays. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 21(37&38): 75-80.
Kunert, J. (1972). The digestion of human hair by the dermatophyte, Microsporum gypseum in a submerged culture. Mykosen, 15: 59-71.
Kunert, J. (1989). Growth of keratinolytic fungi and non keratinolytic fungi on human hairs. A physiological study. Acta Universit Olomouc Facul Medic, 122: 25-38.
Kwon-Chung, K.J. and Bennett, J.W. (1992). Medical Mycology. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 105-161.
Ma, B., Qiao, X., Hou, X. and Yang, Y. (2016). Pure keratin membrane and fibers from chicken feather. Int. J. Biol. Macromolecles, 89:614-621.
Malviya, H., Rajak, R.C. and Hasija, S.K. (1992). Purification and partial characterization of two extracellular keratinases of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Mycopathologia, 119: 161-165.
Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M. and Drzal, L.T. (2005). Natural Fibres, Biopolymers and Bio Compsites, Ist Edition, CRC press, pages 896.
Nigam, N. and Kushwaha, R.K.S. (1990). Biodeterioration of human hair. J Ind. Bot. Soc., 69: 1-2.
Nigam, N. and Kushwaha, R.K.S. (1992). Biodegradation of wool by Chrysosporium keratinophilum acting singly or in combination with other fungi. Trans Japan Mycol Soc., 33: 481-486.
Naidu, J. and Singh, S.M. (1992). Hyalohyphomycoses caused by Paecilomyces variotii: a case report, animal pathogenecity and in vitro sensitivity. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 62: 225-230.
Pasupuleti, V.K., Holmes, C. and Demain, A.L. (2010). Applications of protein hydrolysates in biotechnology. Springer Netherlands, pp. 1-9.
Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., Kriz, G.S. and Vyvyan, J.A. (2008). Introduction to spectroscopy, fifth edition, Cengage learning, USA, pages 786.
Peng, Z., Mao, X., Zhang, J., Du, G. and Chen, J. (2019). Effective biodegradation of chicken feather waste by co-cultivation of keratinase producing strains. Microb. Cell Fact. 18:84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-019-1134-9
Ramesh, V.M. and Hilda, A. (1999). Incidence of keratinophilic fungi in soil of primary schools and public parks of Madras City, India. Mycopathologia, 143: 139-145.
Richardson, M. and Edward, M. (2000). Model systems for the study of dermatophyte and non-dermatophyte invasion of human keratin. In: Kushwaha, RKS & Guarro, J. (eds) Biology of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. RIAM Spain, 115-121.
Safranek, W.W. and Goos, R.D. (1982). Degradation of wool by saprophytic fungi. Can J Microbiol., 28: 138-140.
Sahoo, D.K., Das A., Thatoi H., Mondal K.C. and Mohapatra P.K.D. (2012). Keratinase production and biodegradation of whole chicken feather keratin by a newly isolated bacterium under submerged fermentation. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 167:1040–1051.
Sharma, R. (2016). Some keratinophilic fungi new to India. J. Mycopathol. Res., 54(1): 35-39
Scott, J.A. and Untereiner, W.A. (2004). Determination of keratin degradation by fungi using keratin azure. Med. Mycol., 42: 239-246.
Vasconcelos, A., Fredid, G. and Cavaco-Paulo, A. (2008). Biodegradable materials based on silk fibroin and keratin. Biomacromolecules, 1299-1305.
Wawrzkiewicz, K., Wolski, T. and Lobarzewski, J. (1991). Screening of the keratinolytic activity of dermatophytes in vitro. Mycopathologia, 114: 1-8.
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Keratinolysis of chicken feather and human hair by nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil. (2020). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 12(4), 568-574. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2398
