Growth, reproduction and food habit of an invasive species of Carassius auratus in the Al-Diwaniya River, Middle of Iraq
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Abstract
Carassius auratus is an invasive species that has successfully established populations throughout Iraq. Unfortunately there is no information available regarding the biological properties of the species in Al-Diwaniya River, Middle Euphrates, Iraq. So growth, reproduction and food habit of C. auratus were investigated in this river from November 2016 to October 2017. Length groups of the fishes from 19 to 21cm were prevailing the catch and formed 30.8%. Length-weight relationship was calculated as W= 0.013L 3.129 for all individuals, with allometric growth. The condition of the fish increased in early spring. The maximum age recorded was 5 years with 30.1 cm. The parameters to the von Bertalanffy growth curve fitted to mean total lengths at age were L?= 43.0, K= 0.225 and to= - 0.412. The index of growth performance (?) was 2.612. The unbalanced overall ratio of males to females was 1:3.81. Higher values of gonado-somatic index (GSI) for males and females occurred in early spring. C. auratus is an herbivorous, with a diet that includes algae (52.6%), macrophytes (22.0%), diatoms (15.8%), crustacean (4.8%) and aquatic insects (4.8%). Our results highlighted basic biological aspects of the invasive C. auratus which can assist in fisheries management and conservation of the fish species in Al-Diwaniya river.
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Keywords
Al-Diwaniya river, Carassius auratus, Food habit, Growth, Reproduction
References
Abbas LM, Al-Rudainy LJ, Mohamed ARM and Hussain TS. (2008). Some biological aspects of the gold fish Carassius auratus (L. 1758) in the Euphrates River, middle of Iraq. Iraqi J. Agric., 13(1): 61-70.
Abbas LM, Abu-Elhine AJ, Radhy AG and Hassan AH. (2017). Evaluating the Fish Structure Community at Euphrates River near Al-Hindyah Barrier, Babylon Province/ Iraq. Journal Tikrit University For Agriculture Sciences, 17: 28-29.
Al-Nasiri SK and Shamsul Hoda SM. (1976). A guide to the freshwater fishes of Iraq. Bull. Basrah Nat. Hist. Mus. Publ., No.1: 126pp.
Al-Noor SS. (2010). Population status of gold fish Carassius auratus in restored East Hammar Marsh, Southern Iraq. JKAU: Mar. Sci., 21(1) : 65-83.
AL-Rudainy AJ, Mohamed ARM and Abbas LM. (2006). Ecology, Biology and Assessment of Fish Community in Euphrates River near Al-Mussaib Power Station. Euro Arab Environment Conference and Exhibition, 11: 27-29.
Al-Amari MJY. (2011). Study of some biological and ecological aspects of fish community in Al-Hilla River/Iraq. College of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq.
Al-Shamma'a AA, Shawardy AO, Hassan AF and Nashaat MR. (2009). Natural diet of four fish species from the Euphrates River at Ash-Shamiyah, Iraq. Alanbar University Journal for Pure Science, 3(3): 74-82.
Al-Shami IJ. (2008). Fecundity of Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) and histological description for its ripe ovaries in Garmat Ali River. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 21(2) : 156-166.
Bagenal TB and Tesch FW. (1978). Age and growth. In: Methods for assessment of fish production in freshwater (Bagenal TB. Ed.). Blackwell Sci. Inc, 101-130.
Coad WB. 2010. Freshwater Fishes of Iraq. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Cuadrad JT, Lim DS, Alcontin RMS, Calang JL and Jumawan JC. (2019). Species composition and length-weight relationship of twelve fish species in the two lakes of Esperanza, Agusan del Sur, Philippines. FishTaxa, 4(1) : 1-8.
De Giosa M, Czerniejewski P, Rybczyk A. (2014). Seasonal changes in condition factor and weight length relationship of invasive Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) from Leszczynskie Lakeland, Poland. Advances in Zoology, 2014: 1-7.
De Silva SS. (1973). Aspects of the reproductive biology of the sprats Sprattus sprattus L. in inshore waters of the west coast of Scotland. J. Fish Biol., 5: 689-705.
Gozlan RE, Britton JR, Cowxi G, Copp GH. (2010). Current understanding on non-native freshwater fish introductions. J. Fish Biol., 76 (4): 751–786.
Grabowska J, and Przybylski M. (2015). Life-history traits of non-native freshwater ?sh invaders differentiate them from natives in the Central European bioregion. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries, 25: 165-178.
Gurung S, Bohara K, Adhikari R, Bista A and Singh S. (2018). Growth performance and feeding efficiency of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and red cap oranda fish (Carassius auratus auratus) by using different locally prepared feed mixed with different plant extracts at Paklihawa, Nepal. Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, 35: 277-284.
Hussain NA, Saoud HA and Al-Shami EJ. (2008). Trophic pyramids and food habits of five Cyprinid fish species in the southern restored Iraqi marshes during2004-2005. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 21: 17-36.
Hussain NA, Mohamed ARM, Al-Noor SS, Mutlak FM, Abed IM and Coad BW. (2009). Structure and ecological indices of fish assemblages in the recently restored Al-Hammar Marsh, Southern Iraq. Bio Risk, 3: 173-186.
Hyslop EJ. (1980). Stomach contents analysis -a review of method and their application. J. Fish Biol., 17: 413-422.
Isa MM, Rawi CS, Rosla R, Shah SAM and Shah ASR. (2010). Length-weight relationships of freshwater fish species in Kerian River Basin and Pedu Lake. Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 5(1): 1-8.
Jassim FK. (2012). Seasonal changes in maturity stage female and hermaphrodite gonad of goldfish Carassius auratus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758). Barah J. Agric. Sci., 25(1): 110-123.
Karma SK, Sahool D and Panda S. (2012). Length weight relationship (LWR), growth estimation and length at maturity of Etroplus suratensis in Chilika Lagoon, Orissa, India. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2: 1257-1267.
Khaddara MM. (2014). Ecological and biological study of fish community in Ephrates River/Middle of Iraq. PhD thesis, College of Science, University Babylon, Iraq.
Lazem LF. (2009). Ecological Evaluation of the Shatt Al-Arab River by Applying Geographical Information System (GIS). PhD thesis, College of Agriculture, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq
Le Cren ED. (1951). The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). J. Anim. Ecol., 20: 201–219.
Lorenzoni M, Corboli M, Ghetti L, Pedicillo G and Carosi A. (2007). “Growth and reproduction of the goldfish Carassius auratus: a case study from Italy. In: Biological invaders in inland waters: profiles, distribution and threats (Gherardi F. Ed.).” Springer Book, Berline, 259-273.
Lorenzoni M, Ghetti L, Pedicillo G and Carosi A. (2010). Analysis of the biological features of the goldfish Carassius auratus auratus in Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Italy) with a view to drawing up plans for population control. Folia Zool., 59(2): 142-156.
Luczkovich JJ, Norton SF and Grant Gilmore R Jr. (1995). The influence of oral anatomy on prey selection during the ontogeny of two percoid fishes, Lagadon rhomboides and Centropornus undecimalis. Environ. Biol. Fishes, 44: 79-95.
Mohamed ARM, Hussein SA and Mutlak FM. (2016). Stock Assessment of four fish species in East Hammar marsh, Iraq. Asian J. Appl. Sci., 4(3): 620-627.
Mohamed ARM, Hussein SA and Mutlak FM. (2017). Some biological aspects of Four Fish Species in East Hammar Marsh, Iraq. J. Sci. Eng. Res., 4(8): 278-287.
Mohamed ARM and Al-Jubouri MOA. (2017). Fish assemblage structure in Al-Diwaniya River, middle of Iraq. Asian J. Nat. Appl. Sci., 6(4): 10-20.
Mohamed ARM, Hussein SA and Mutlak FM. (2015). The feeding relationships of six fish species in East Hammar marsh southing Iraq. Thi-Qar Univ J. Agric., 4(1): 460-477.
Mohamed ARM and Hussain NA. (2012). Trophic strains and diet shift of the fish assemblages in the recently restored Al-Hammar marsh, southern Iraq. J. University of Duhok, 15(1): 115-127.
Mohamed ARM Hussain NA Al-Noor SS and Mutlak, F.M. (2012). Ecological and biological aspects of fish assemblage in the Chybaish marsh, Southern Iraq. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 12(1): 65-74.
Mohamed ARM, Hussain NA, Al-Noor SS, Coad BW, Mutlak FM, Al-Sudani IM, Mojer AM and Toman AJ. (2008). Species composition, ecological indices and trophic pyramid of fish assemblage of the restored Al-Hawizeh Marsh, Southern Iraq. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 8(2-4): 375-384.
Mohamed ARM. and Abood AN. (2018). Diet and trophic status of three cyprinids fish in the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. J Agric. Vet. Sci., 11(7): 49-57.
Narejo NT, Rahmatullah SM and Mamnur M. (2002). Length-weight Relationship and Relative condition factor (Kn) of Monopterus cuchia (Hamilton). Indian J. Fish., 8: 54-59.
Pandia TJ. (2012). Genetic Sex Differentiation in Fish. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Pauly D and Munro JL. (1984). Once more on the comparison of growth in fish and invertebrates. ICLARM Fish byte, 2, 21.
Pedicillo G, Bicchi A, Angeli V, Carosi A, Viali P and Lorenzoni M. (2007). Growth and reproductive biology of Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Corbara Reservoir (Umbria – Italy). FSBI 2007 Annual International Symposium, Exeter 23-27 July: 34.
Penttinen OP and Holopainen IJ. (1992). Seasonal feeding activity and ontogenetic dietary shifts in crucian carp, Carassius carassius. Envir. Biol. Fish., 33: 215-221.
Persson A and Hansson LA. (1999). Diet shift in fish following competitive release. Canadian J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 56: 70-78.
Rasheed RO. (2012). Length-Weight relationships of (9) fish species from Derbendikhan Reservoir-Kurdistan region, Iraq. J. Babylon University/Pure Appl. Sci., 20(5): 1434-1440.
Ricker WE. (1975). Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Bull. Fish. Res. Board. Can., 191: 382 p.
Riedel R, Caskey LM and Hurlbert SH. (2007). Length-weight relations and growth rates of dominant fishes of the Salton Sea: implications for predation by fish-eating birds. Lake and Reservoir Management, 23: 528-535.
Rybczyk A. (2006). Selected Aspects of Biological Characteristics of The Prussian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch, 1783): Food, Feeding, And Condition. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Piscaria, 5(2): 69-82.
Sani R, Gupta BK, Sarkar UK, Pandey A, Dubey VK and Lakra WS. (2010). Length weight relationship of 14 Indian freshwater species from river Betwa (Yamuna River tributary) and Gomti (Ganga river tributary). J. App. Ichthyol., 26: 456-459.
Saud HA. (2006). Study of feeding habits of the crucian carp Carassius auratus L. in marshes of southern Iraq. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 19(1): 141-155.
Schneider JC, Laarman PW and Gowing H. (2000). Age and growth methods and state averages. Chapter 9 In: Manual of fisheries survey methods II: with periodic updates. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Fisheries Special Report 25, Ann Arbor. Schneider, James C. 2000.
Singh NO, Sarma D, Singh NG. (2011). Length-weight relationship of Tor putitora (Hamilton) from Kosi River Uttarakhand considering different stages of its lifespan. Indian J. Fish., 58: 35-38.
Specziár A, Bíró P and Tölg L. (1998). Feeding and competition of five cyprinid fishes in different habitats of the Lake Balaton littoral zone, Hungary. Italian J. Zool., 65: 331-336.
Specziár A and Er?s T. (2014). Dietary variability in fishes: the roles of taxonomic, spatial, 2 temporal and ontogenetic factors. Hydrobiologia, 724: 109-125.
Stergion KI. (1988). Feeding habits of the lessepsian migrant Siganus luridus? in the Eastern Mediternian, its new environment. J. Fish Biol., 33: 531-543.
Vetemaa M, Eschbaum R, Albert A and Saat T. (2005). Distribution, sex ratio and growth of Carassius gibelio (Bloch) in coastal and inland waters of Estonia (north-eastern Baltic Sea). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 21: 287–291.
Wahab NK. (2013). Food habits and diet overlaps for some freshwater fish in Tharthar Arm, Tigris, Iraq. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 26(2): 182-197.
Wan A, Yu S, Hu J, Wan Y, Wei Y, Zhong M, Yang H, An S and Yan Y. (2015). The Age, Growth, Fecundity of Carassius auratus in. , the Guohe River of Guoyang County. Clean Soil Air Water, 45: 676-682.
Wootton R.J. (2011). “Growth: environmental effects. In: Encyclopedia of fish physiology: from genome to environment (Farrell AP, Ed.).” Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc, United States, 1629-1635.
Zhonghua D, Jianyi S, Jianbo C, Yang X, Decqing T and Zhiguo M. (1994). The growth and stock assessment of Carassius auratus L. in Wanghu Lake. J. Lake Sci., 6(3): 257-266.
Abbas LM, Abu-Elhine AJ, Radhy AG and Hassan AH. (2017). Evaluating the Fish Structure Community at Euphrates River near Al-Hindyah Barrier, Babylon Province/ Iraq. Journal Tikrit University For Agriculture Sciences, 17: 28-29.
Al-Nasiri SK and Shamsul Hoda SM. (1976). A guide to the freshwater fishes of Iraq. Bull. Basrah Nat. Hist. Mus. Publ., No.1: 126pp.
Al-Noor SS. (2010). Population status of gold fish Carassius auratus in restored East Hammar Marsh, Southern Iraq. JKAU: Mar. Sci., 21(1) : 65-83.
AL-Rudainy AJ, Mohamed ARM and Abbas LM. (2006). Ecology, Biology and Assessment of Fish Community in Euphrates River near Al-Mussaib Power Station. Euro Arab Environment Conference and Exhibition, 11: 27-29.
Al-Amari MJY. (2011). Study of some biological and ecological aspects of fish community in Al-Hilla River/Iraq. College of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq.
Al-Shamma'a AA, Shawardy AO, Hassan AF and Nashaat MR. (2009). Natural diet of four fish species from the Euphrates River at Ash-Shamiyah, Iraq. Alanbar University Journal for Pure Science, 3(3): 74-82.
Al-Shami IJ. (2008). Fecundity of Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) and histological description for its ripe ovaries in Garmat Ali River. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 21(2) : 156-166.
Bagenal TB and Tesch FW. (1978). Age and growth. In: Methods for assessment of fish production in freshwater (Bagenal TB. Ed.). Blackwell Sci. Inc, 101-130.
Coad WB. 2010. Freshwater Fishes of Iraq. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Cuadrad JT, Lim DS, Alcontin RMS, Calang JL and Jumawan JC. (2019). Species composition and length-weight relationship of twelve fish species in the two lakes of Esperanza, Agusan del Sur, Philippines. FishTaxa, 4(1) : 1-8.
De Giosa M, Czerniejewski P, Rybczyk A. (2014). Seasonal changes in condition factor and weight length relationship of invasive Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) from Leszczynskie Lakeland, Poland. Advances in Zoology, 2014: 1-7.
De Silva SS. (1973). Aspects of the reproductive biology of the sprats Sprattus sprattus L. in inshore waters of the west coast of Scotland. J. Fish Biol., 5: 689-705.
Gozlan RE, Britton JR, Cowxi G, Copp GH. (2010). Current understanding on non-native freshwater fish introductions. J. Fish Biol., 76 (4): 751–786.
Grabowska J, and Przybylski M. (2015). Life-history traits of non-native freshwater ?sh invaders differentiate them from natives in the Central European bioregion. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries, 25: 165-178.
Gurung S, Bohara K, Adhikari R, Bista A and Singh S. (2018). Growth performance and feeding efficiency of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and red cap oranda fish (Carassius auratus auratus) by using different locally prepared feed mixed with different plant extracts at Paklihawa, Nepal. Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, 35: 277-284.
Hussain NA, Saoud HA and Al-Shami EJ. (2008). Trophic pyramids and food habits of five Cyprinid fish species in the southern restored Iraqi marshes during2004-2005. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 21: 17-36.
Hussain NA, Mohamed ARM, Al-Noor SS, Mutlak FM, Abed IM and Coad BW. (2009). Structure and ecological indices of fish assemblages in the recently restored Al-Hammar Marsh, Southern Iraq. Bio Risk, 3: 173-186.
Hyslop EJ. (1980). Stomach contents analysis -a review of method and their application. J. Fish Biol., 17: 413-422.
Isa MM, Rawi CS, Rosla R, Shah SAM and Shah ASR. (2010). Length-weight relationships of freshwater fish species in Kerian River Basin and Pedu Lake. Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 5(1): 1-8.
Jassim FK. (2012). Seasonal changes in maturity stage female and hermaphrodite gonad of goldfish Carassius auratus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758). Barah J. Agric. Sci., 25(1): 110-123.
Karma SK, Sahool D and Panda S. (2012). Length weight relationship (LWR), growth estimation and length at maturity of Etroplus suratensis in Chilika Lagoon, Orissa, India. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2: 1257-1267.
Khaddara MM. (2014). Ecological and biological study of fish community in Ephrates River/Middle of Iraq. PhD thesis, College of Science, University Babylon, Iraq.
Lazem LF. (2009). Ecological Evaluation of the Shatt Al-Arab River by Applying Geographical Information System (GIS). PhD thesis, College of Agriculture, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq
Le Cren ED. (1951). The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). J. Anim. Ecol., 20: 201–219.
Lorenzoni M, Corboli M, Ghetti L, Pedicillo G and Carosi A. (2007). “Growth and reproduction of the goldfish Carassius auratus: a case study from Italy. In: Biological invaders in inland waters: profiles, distribution and threats (Gherardi F. Ed.).” Springer Book, Berline, 259-273.
Lorenzoni M, Ghetti L, Pedicillo G and Carosi A. (2010). Analysis of the biological features of the goldfish Carassius auratus auratus in Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Italy) with a view to drawing up plans for population control. Folia Zool., 59(2): 142-156.
Luczkovich JJ, Norton SF and Grant Gilmore R Jr. (1995). The influence of oral anatomy on prey selection during the ontogeny of two percoid fishes, Lagadon rhomboides and Centropornus undecimalis. Environ. Biol. Fishes, 44: 79-95.
Mohamed ARM, Hussein SA and Mutlak FM. (2016). Stock Assessment of four fish species in East Hammar marsh, Iraq. Asian J. Appl. Sci., 4(3): 620-627.
Mohamed ARM, Hussein SA and Mutlak FM. (2017). Some biological aspects of Four Fish Species in East Hammar Marsh, Iraq. J. Sci. Eng. Res., 4(8): 278-287.
Mohamed ARM and Al-Jubouri MOA. (2017). Fish assemblage structure in Al-Diwaniya River, middle of Iraq. Asian J. Nat. Appl. Sci., 6(4): 10-20.
Mohamed ARM, Hussein SA and Mutlak FM. (2015). The feeding relationships of six fish species in East Hammar marsh southing Iraq. Thi-Qar Univ J. Agric., 4(1): 460-477.
Mohamed ARM and Hussain NA. (2012). Trophic strains and diet shift of the fish assemblages in the recently restored Al-Hammar marsh, southern Iraq. J. University of Duhok, 15(1): 115-127.
Mohamed ARM Hussain NA Al-Noor SS and Mutlak, F.M. (2012). Ecological and biological aspects of fish assemblage in the Chybaish marsh, Southern Iraq. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 12(1): 65-74.
Mohamed ARM, Hussain NA, Al-Noor SS, Coad BW, Mutlak FM, Al-Sudani IM, Mojer AM and Toman AJ. (2008). Species composition, ecological indices and trophic pyramid of fish assemblage of the restored Al-Hawizeh Marsh, Southern Iraq. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 8(2-4): 375-384.
Mohamed ARM. and Abood AN. (2018). Diet and trophic status of three cyprinids fish in the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. J Agric. Vet. Sci., 11(7): 49-57.
Narejo NT, Rahmatullah SM and Mamnur M. (2002). Length-weight Relationship and Relative condition factor (Kn) of Monopterus cuchia (Hamilton). Indian J. Fish., 8: 54-59.
Pandia TJ. (2012). Genetic Sex Differentiation in Fish. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Pauly D and Munro JL. (1984). Once more on the comparison of growth in fish and invertebrates. ICLARM Fish byte, 2, 21.
Pedicillo G, Bicchi A, Angeli V, Carosi A, Viali P and Lorenzoni M. (2007). Growth and reproductive biology of Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Corbara Reservoir (Umbria – Italy). FSBI 2007 Annual International Symposium, Exeter 23-27 July: 34.
Penttinen OP and Holopainen IJ. (1992). Seasonal feeding activity and ontogenetic dietary shifts in crucian carp, Carassius carassius. Envir. Biol. Fish., 33: 215-221.
Persson A and Hansson LA. (1999). Diet shift in fish following competitive release. Canadian J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 56: 70-78.
Rasheed RO. (2012). Length-Weight relationships of (9) fish species from Derbendikhan Reservoir-Kurdistan region, Iraq. J. Babylon University/Pure Appl. Sci., 20(5): 1434-1440.
Ricker WE. (1975). Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Bull. Fish. Res. Board. Can., 191: 382 p.
Riedel R, Caskey LM and Hurlbert SH. (2007). Length-weight relations and growth rates of dominant fishes of the Salton Sea: implications for predation by fish-eating birds. Lake and Reservoir Management, 23: 528-535.
Rybczyk A. (2006). Selected Aspects of Biological Characteristics of The Prussian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch, 1783): Food, Feeding, And Condition. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Piscaria, 5(2): 69-82.
Sani R, Gupta BK, Sarkar UK, Pandey A, Dubey VK and Lakra WS. (2010). Length weight relationship of 14 Indian freshwater species from river Betwa (Yamuna River tributary) and Gomti (Ganga river tributary). J. App. Ichthyol., 26: 456-459.
Saud HA. (2006). Study of feeding habits of the crucian carp Carassius auratus L. in marshes of southern Iraq. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 19(1): 141-155.
Schneider JC, Laarman PW and Gowing H. (2000). Age and growth methods and state averages. Chapter 9 In: Manual of fisheries survey methods II: with periodic updates. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Fisheries Special Report 25, Ann Arbor. Schneider, James C. 2000.
Singh NO, Sarma D, Singh NG. (2011). Length-weight relationship of Tor putitora (Hamilton) from Kosi River Uttarakhand considering different stages of its lifespan. Indian J. Fish., 58: 35-38.
Specziár A, Bíró P and Tölg L. (1998). Feeding and competition of five cyprinid fishes in different habitats of the Lake Balaton littoral zone, Hungary. Italian J. Zool., 65: 331-336.
Specziár A and Er?s T. (2014). Dietary variability in fishes: the roles of taxonomic, spatial, 2 temporal and ontogenetic factors. Hydrobiologia, 724: 109-125.
Stergion KI. (1988). Feeding habits of the lessepsian migrant Siganus luridus? in the Eastern Mediternian, its new environment. J. Fish Biol., 33: 531-543.
Vetemaa M, Eschbaum R, Albert A and Saat T. (2005). Distribution, sex ratio and growth of Carassius gibelio (Bloch) in coastal and inland waters of Estonia (north-eastern Baltic Sea). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 21: 287–291.
Wahab NK. (2013). Food habits and diet overlaps for some freshwater fish in Tharthar Arm, Tigris, Iraq. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 26(2): 182-197.
Wan A, Yu S, Hu J, Wan Y, Wei Y, Zhong M, Yang H, An S and Yan Y. (2015). The Age, Growth, Fecundity of Carassius auratus in. , the Guohe River of Guoyang County. Clean Soil Air Water, 45: 676-682.
Wootton R.J. (2011). “Growth: environmental effects. In: Encyclopedia of fish physiology: from genome to environment (Farrell AP, Ed.).” Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc, United States, 1629-1635.
Zhonghua D, Jianyi S, Jianbo C, Yang X, Decqing T and Zhiguo M. (1994). The growth and stock assessment of Carassius auratus L. in Wanghu Lake. J. Lake Sci., 6(3): 257-266.
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Growth, reproduction and food habit of an invasive species of Carassius auratus in the Al-Diwaniya River, Middle of Iraq. (2019). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(3), 704-711. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i3.2163
