Plant sterols for human health- A review
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Abstract
The aim of the article was to review phytosterols as functional food and its significance in lowering cholesterol as well as its specific effect on human health. Phytosterols has been known for its cholesterol lowering action long time back but the uprising of phytosterols in form of functional foods gained the interest once again. Fatty food matrix provides optimal solubility but fortification of phytosterols with other food matrices like low fat fermented milk, bread, juice are showing positive results. A dose of 2 g/day of either steryl or stanyl esters has been prescribed for an optimum effect which has been confirmed by FDA and EC. A number of studies have documented the safety and the efficiency of phytosterols. But there is still a big question mark on the use of it because of their adverse effect on body in form of Phytosterol oxidation products (POPs). It needs further investigation to elucidate effect of POPs within body.
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Keywords
Cholesterol lowering agent, Phytostanols, Phytosterols, Sitosterolemia
References
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Cantrill, R. and Kawamura, Y. (2008). Phytosterols, phytostanols and their esters chemical and technical assessment, pp.1-13. www.fao.org.
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Earnest, C.P., Mikus, C.R., Lemieux, I., Arsenault, B.J. and Church, T.S. (2007). Examination of encapsulated phytosterol ester supplementation on lipid indices associated with cardiovascular disease. Nutr., 23 (9) : 625–633.
Eisenberg, D. (2003). Naturally available oils contain phytosterols that affect cholesterol absorption. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 5(1) : 78.
Fernandes, P. and Cabral, J.M.S. (2007). Phytosterols: applications and recovery methods. Bioresour. Technol., 98 : 2335-2350.
Garcia-Llatasa, G. and Rodriguez-Estradab, M.R. (2011). Current and new insights on phytosterol oxides in plant sterol-enriched food. Chem. Phy. Lipid. 164 : 607-624.
Gupta, A.K., Savopoulos, C.G., Ahuja, J. and Hatzitolios, A.I. (2011). Role of phytosterols in lipid-lowering: current perspectives. Q. J. Med., 104 : 301-308.
Hansel, B., Nicolle, C., Lalanne, F., Tondu, F., Lassel, T., Donazzolo, Y. (2007). Effect of low-fat, fermented milk enriched with plant sterols on serum lipid profile and oxidative stress in moderate hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 86 : 790-796.
Heinemann, T., Axtmann, G. and von Bergmann, K. (1993). Comparison of intestinal absorption of cholesterol with different plant sterols in man. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 23 : 827-831.
Hendriks, H.F.J., Brink, E.J., Meijer, G.W., Princen, H.M.G., Ntanios, F.Y. (2003). Safety of long-term consumption of plant sterol esters-enriched spread. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 57 : 681-692.
Hwang, K.K. and Kelsey, M.I. (1978). Evidence of epoxide hydrase activity in human intestinal microflora. Cancer Biochem. Biophys., 3 (1) :31-35.
Ikeda, I., Tanaka, K., Sugano, M., Vahouny, G.V. and Gallo, L.L. (1988). Discrimination between cholesterol and sitosterol for absorption in rats. J. Lipid Res., 29 : 1583-1591.
Jakulj, L., Trip, M.D., Sudhop, T., Bergmann, K.V., Kastelein, J.J.P. and Vissers, M.N. (2005). Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by the combination of dietary plant sterols and ezetimibe: effects on plasma lipid levels. J. Lipid Res., 46 : 2692-2698.
Jimenez-Escrig, A., Santos-Hidalgo, A.B. and Saura-Calixto, F. (2006). Common sources and estimated intake of plant sterols in the Spanish diet. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54 : 3462–3471.
John, A.P., Janice, F., Wang, P., Marlia, M.B., Lee, L., Catherine, K., Carl, L.K. (2006). Cocoa flavanol-enriched snack bars containing phytosterols effectively lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 106 : 1804-1813.
Jones, P.J. and Abumweis, S.S.(2009). Phytosterols as functional food ingredients: linkages to cardiovascular disease and cancer. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care., 12(2) : 147–151.
Jones, P.J., Raeini-Sarjaz, M., Ntanios, F.Y., Vanstone, C.A., Feng, J.Y. and Parsons, W.E. (2000) Modulation of plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics by phytosterol versus phytostanol esters. J. Lipid Res., 41 : 697–705.
Jong, A.D., Plat, J. and Mensink, R.P. (2003). Metabolic effects of plant sterols and stanols (Review). J. Nutr. Biochem. 14 : 362-369.
Jong, N de., Zuur, A., Wolfs, M.C.J., Wendel-Vos, G.C.W., Raaij J.M.A. van and Schuit, A.J. (2007). Exposure and effectiveness of phytosterol/-stanolenriched margarines. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 61 : 1407–1415.
Katan, M.B., Grundy, S.M., Jones, P., Law, M., Miettinen, T. and Paoletti, R. (2003). Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo Clin. Proc., 78 : 965-978.
Kennedy, A.R. (1995). The evidence for soybean products as cancer preventive agents. J. Nutr. 125 : 733-743.
Klippel, K.F., Hilt, D.M. and Schip, B.A. (1997). Multicentric, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of ßsitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br. J. Urol., 80 : 427-432.
Kritchevskya, D.T. and Chen, S.C. (2005). Phytosterolshealth benefits and potential concerns: a review. Nutr. Res., 25 : 413–428.
Lavová, B., Hároniková, A., Márová, I. and Urminská, D. (2013) Production of ergosterol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JMBFS, 2 (1): 1934-1940.
Law, M. (2000). Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. Br. Med. J., 320: 861-864.
Ling, W.H. and Jones, P.J.H. (1995). Dietary phytosterols: a review of metabolism, benefits and side effects. Life Sci., 57 (3) : 195-206.
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Plant sterols for human health- A review. (2015). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(2), 1081-1087. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.734
