Effect of ethylene on physiological and biochemical parameters in different crop plants - A review
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Abstract
A phytohormone may be defined as an organic substance other than a nutrient active in very minute amounts which is formed in certain parts of all plants and which is usually translocated to other sites, where it evokes specific biochemical, physiological and morphological responses. The gaseous plant hormone ethylene modulates many internal processes and growth responses to environmental stimuli. Ethylene is known to exert its effects by altering gene expression both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Ethylene has long been
recognized as a growth inhibitor, but evidence is accumulating that ethylene can also promote growth. Therefore, the concept of ethylene as a general growth inhibitor needs reconsideration. Different authors screened various concentrations viz. 100 ppm, 150 ppm which promotes the plant growth in groundnut, soybean, mustard, barley, pigeonpea etc. The lower concentration of ethylene (100ppm) has increased the yield by 17 percent in pigeonpea. It increased the yield by manipulating source-sink relationships and flower retention The present study highlights the various processes of growth stimulated by ethylene and its use in enhancing yield of various crop species. It could be inferred that lower concentration of ethrel sprayed at pre-flowering stage promoted the growth and yield of various crops (barley, corn, groundnut, pigeonpea, soybean etc.).
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Keywords
Biochemical parameters, Ethrel, Growth, Growth Promoters
References
Addo-Quaye, A. A., Scarisbrick, D. H. and Daniel, R. W. (1986). Assimilation and distribution of 14C photosynthate in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Field Crop Res., 13:205-215.
Bhat, M. A., Mir, M.R., Khan, N. A., Lonr, N. A., Bhat, K. A., Razui, S. M., Hayat, S., Payne, W. A., Akhtar, S. and Wani, S. A. (2010). The role of ethrel in plant growth and development under different environmental conditions. Int. J. Curr. Res. 4:4-13.
Birbal, W., Singh, R. K., Kumar, V. and Kushwah, V. S. (2009). Effect of Foliar Application of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield and Post Harvest Losses of Potato (Solanum tuberosum). Ind. J. Agric. Sci., 79 (9):1-9
Bulman, P. and Smith, D. L. (1993). Yield and grain protein response of spring barley to ethephone and triadimefon. Crop Sci., 33:798-803.
Campos, M. F. D., Ono, E. O. and Rodrigues, J. D. (2010). Soybean plant architecture and plant growth regulators application. Pesquisa Aplicada and Agrotechnologia, 3 (1): 161-68.
Champigny, M. J. (1985). Regulation of photosynthate carbon assimilation at the cellular level: are view. Photosynthesis Res., 6: 273-86.
Coffelt, T. A. and Howell, R. K. (1986). Effect of ethrel seed treatment on growth, yield and grade of two Virginia type peanut cultivars. Peanut Sci., 13: 60-63.
Coll, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcia, B. S. and Tames, R. S. (2001). Etileno y poliaminas,. In: Coll J B, Rodrigo G N, Garcia B S, Tames R S (Ed.). Fisiologia Vegetal. Madrid: Ediciones Piramide, p. 357-67.
Devi, K. N. (2011). Effect of bioregulators on growth, yield and chemical constituents of soybean (Glycine max). J. Agric. Sci., 3 (4):151-159.
Grewal, H. S. and Kolar, J. S. (1990). Response of Brassica Juncea to chlorocholine chloride and ethrel sprays in association with nitrogen application. J. Agric. Sci., 114:87-91.
Grewal, H. S., Kolar, J. S., Cheema, S. S. and Singh, G. (1993). Studies on the use of growth regulators in relation to nitrogen for enhancing sink capacity and yield of gobhisarson (Brassica napus). Ind. J. Plant Physiol., 36:1-4.
Guiamet, J. J., Willemoes, G. and Montaldi, E. R. (1989). Modulation of progressive leaf senescence by the red: far-red ratio of incident light. Botanical Gazzette, 150:148-51.
Jana, B. K. and Kabir, K. (1991). Effect of ethrel on seed production of cauliflower cv. Dania. Crop Res. 4:222-224.
Jirali, D. I. (2001). Physiological investigation in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
Joshi, G., Shukla, A. and Shukla, A. (2011). Synergistic response of auxin and ethylene on physiology of Jatropha curcas L. Brazilian Society Plant Physiol. 23 (1):67-77.
Joshi, R. K., Mishra, S. D. and Gau, B. K. (1987). Productivity of dormant groundnut as affected by ethrel and benzyladenine. Indian J Agric. Sci., 57: 179-182.
Karim, M. F. and Fattah, Q. A. (2007). Growth analysis of chickpea cv. Bari Chhola-6 as affected by folar sprey of growth regulators. Bangladesh J. Bot., 36 (2):105-10.
Kasele, I. N., Shanahan, J. F. and Nielson, D. C. (1995). Impact of growth retardents on corn morphology and gas exchangetraits. Crop Sci., 35:190-94.
Kaur, N. (1990). Physiology of assimilates partitioning in relation to yield improvement in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.). Ph.D. dissertation. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
Khan, A., Hatam, M. and Khan, A. (2000a). Heritability and interrelationship among yield determining components of soybean varieties. Pak. J. Agric. Res., 116: 5-8.
Khan, N. A., Lone, N. A. and Samiullah. (2000b). Response of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) to applied nitrogen with or without ethrel spray under non-irrigated condition. J. Agron. and Crop Sci., 63-66.
Khan, N. A. (1996). Response of mustard to ethrel spray and basal and foliar application of nitrogen. J. Agron. Crop. Sci., 176: 331-34.
Khan, N. A. (1998). Effect of ethrel spray on yield of mustard cultivars under non-irrigated conditions. Test of Agrochemicals and cultivars, 19:38-39.
Khan, N. A. (2004) An evaluation of the effects of exogenous ethephon, an ethylene releasing compound, on photosynthesis of mustard (Brassica juncea) cultivars that differ in photosynthetic capacity. BMC Plant Biol., 4: 21.
Khan, N.A., Lone, N.A. and Samiullah. (2000). Response of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) to applied nitrogen with or without ethrel spray under non-irrigated conditions. J. Agron. and Crop Sci., 183:1-4.
Kulkarni, S.S., Chetti, M.B. and Uppar, O.S. (1995). Influence of growth retardents on biochemical parameter in sunflower. J. Maharashtra Agric. Uni., 20:352-54.
Kumar, K. A. K., Patil, B. C. and Chetti, M. B. (2005). Effect of plant growth regulators on physiological components of yield in hybrid cotton. Ind. J. Plant Physiol., 10 (2):187-90.
Lone, N. A. (2001). Studies on effect of cycocel and ethrel in association with nitrogen on growth and metabolism of mustard under non-irrigated conditions. PhD Thesis, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Mathias, J.N., Bradburone, J. A. and Dupree, M. (1989). GA effects on greening in pea seedlings. Plant Physiol., 91:19-22.
Matilla, A. J. (2000). Ethylene in seed formation and germination. Seed Sci. Res., 10:11-126.
Mir, M. R. (2002). Physiological significance of ethrel (2- chloroethyl phosphonic acid) and nitrogen in relation to growth and metabolism of mustard under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. PhD Thesis Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Mir, M. R, Lone, N. A., Khan, N. A., Singh, S., and Asma, H. (2009a). Impact of ethrel and nitrogen on growth, leaf water content, potassium accumulation and dry mass of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). SKUAST J. Res., 11:187-192.
Mir, M. R., Khan, N. A., Rather, G. H., Lonem, N. A. and Subaya, B. (2008). Effect of nitrogen and ethrel on various physiological and yield attributes of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Applied Biol. Res., 10:1-5.
Mir, M. R., Khan, N.A., Bhat, M.A., Lone, N.A., Rather, G. H., Rajvi, S. M., Bhat, K. A., Singh, S. and Payne, W. A. (2010). Effect of ethrel spray and nitrogen on growth, photosynthesis, carboxylation efficiency and water use efficiency of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Intl. J. Curr. Res., 6:45.52.
Mir, M. R., Lone, N. A. and Khan, N. A. (2009b). Impact of exogenously applied ethephon on physiological and yield attributes of two mustard cultivars under rainfed conditions. Applied Biol Res., 11:44-46.
Mir, M.R., Khan, N. A., Lone, N. A., Payne, W. A., Mir, A. H., Asma, H. and Viqar, A. (2009c). Effect of basal nitrogen application and foliar ethephon spray on morphophysiology and productivity of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Applied Biol. Res., 11:60-65.
Morris, C. F., Ferguson, D. L. and Paulsen, G. M. (1989). Nitrogen fertilizer management with foliar fungicide and growth regulator for hard winter wheat production. Applied Agronomical Res., 4:135-40.
Oritant, T. and Yoshida, R. (1971). Studies on nitrogen metabolism in crop plants XI. The change in abscisic acid and cytokinin like activity accompanying with growth and senescence in the crop plants. Proc. Crop Sci. Society of Japan, 40:325-31.
Ortuno, A. J. A., Del, R. J. L., Cases, M., Serrao, M. A. and Sanchez-Brava, J. (1993). Influence of ACC and ethephone on cell growth in etiolated lupin hypocotyls; dependence on cell growth stage. Biologia Plantarum.33:81-91.
Pahwa, K. (2013). Effect of plant growth regulators on manipulation of source-sink relationships in pigeonpea. Ph.D. dissertation. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
Pahwa, K., Ghai, N., Kaur , J., and Singh, S.(2012). Effect of some growth regulators on flower drop and yield of pigeonpea. Special issue Crop Improvement pp. 175-76.
Patrick, J. W. and Steains, K. H. (1987). Auxin promoted transport of metabolites in stem of phaseolus vulgare: auxin dose response curves and effect of inhibitors of polar auxin transport. J. Exp. Bot., 38:203-210.
Pearson, C. H., Golus, H. M. and Tindall, T. A. (1989). Ethephon application and nitrogen fertilization of irrigated winter barley in an arid environment. Agron. J., 81:717-19.
Perry, G.( 2014). Ethylene induced soil microbes to increase seed germination, reduce growth time and improve crop yield in Pisum sativum L. Peerj Preprints, 2-18.
Pierik, R., Tholen, D., Poorter, H., Visser, E. J. W. and Voesenek, L. A. C. J. (2006). The Janus face of ethylene: growth inhibition and stimulation. Trends Plant Sci., 11: 176–83.
Prabhu, D. (2000). Influence of plant growth regulators and micronutrients in blackgram (Vigna mungo). M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
Pua, E. C. and Chi, G. L. (1993). De novo shoot morphogenesis and plant growth of mustard (Brassica juncea) in vitro in relation to ethylene. Physiol. Plant, 88: 467-474 .
Rahman, M. S., Islam, N., Tahar, M. A. and Karim, M. A. (2004). Influence of GA3 and MH and their time of spray on dry matter accumulation and growth attributes of soybean. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 7(11): 1851-57.
Ramos, J. M., Garcial, M. L. F., Molina-cano, J. L., Salamanca, P. and Roca, T. F. (1989). Effect of an early application of sulpher or ethephon as foliar sprays on the growth and yield of spring barley in a Mediterranean environment. Agron. Crop Sci., 163:129-37.
Sanvicente, P., Lozarevitch, S., Brouet, A. and Guckert, A. (1999). Morphological and Anatomical modification in winter barley culm after late plant growth regulator treatment. European J. Agron., 11:45-51.
Saxena, D. C., Abbas, S. and Sairam, R. K. (2007). Effect of ethrel on reproductive efficiency in chickpea. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 12(2):162-67.
Sekhon, N.K. and Singh, G. (1994). Effect of growth regulators and date of sowing on grain development in wheat. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 37:1-4.
Sharma, R., Sharma, B. and Singh, G. (1982). Effect of growth regulators on on some biochemical changes during pod development in ground-nut (Arachis hypogea). Indian J. Bot., 5:102-106.
Shekoofa, A. and Emam, Y. (2008). Plant growth regulator (ethephon) alters maize (Zea mays L.) growth, water use efficiency and grain yield under water stress. J. Agron., 7(1):41-48.
Singh, H., Chandra, S., Jolly, R.S. and Kolar, I. S. (1987). Influence of chlorocholine chloride and ethrel on grain yield and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soybean. Crop Improv., 14:79-83.
Singh, R. P. and Kumar, A. (1991). Effect of phytohormones on yield attributes and seed yield of mustard (Brassica Juncea). Indian J. Agron., 36:379-81.
Singh, S., Singh, K. and Singh, S. P. (1995). Effect of hormones on growth and yield characters of seed crop of kharif onion (Allium cepa L.). Indian J. Plant Physiol., 38:193-96.
Smalle, J., Heagman, M., Kurepa, J., Van, M. M. and Van, D. S. D. (1997). Ethylene can stimulate Arabidopsis hypocotyles elongation in light. Proc. of the National Academy of Sci. of the United States of America., 94: 2756-61.
Solaimalai, A., Sivakumar, C., Anbumani, S., Suresh, T. and Arulmurugan, K. (2001). Role of plant growth regulators in rice production-a review. Agric. Rev., 22 (1) :33-40.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2006). Plant Physiology. 4.ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, 700 p.
Tancredi, F. D. (2004). Influência da remoção do meristema apical sobre os componentes de produtividade em populações de plantas de soja. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy, 26(1): 113-119.
Thomas, T. H. (1986). Hormonal control of assimilate movement and compartmentation. In: Plant Growth Substances. Pp. 350-359. M. Bopp (Ed.). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Van Sanford, D.A., Grove, J. H., Grabau, J. and Mackown, C. T. (1989). Ethephon and nitrogen use in winter wheat. Agronomy J., 81:951-54.
Vreugdenhil, D. and Harro, J. B. (1989). Effects of ethylene on tuberization in radish (Raphinus sativus). Plant Growth Regulators, 8:21-30.
Yang, D. Q., Yang, J. X. and Hu, Y. W. (1994). Effects of S-3307 on some physiological characteristics of rape seedlings. Plant Physiol. Commun., 30:182-85.
Bhat, M. A., Mir, M.R., Khan, N. A., Lonr, N. A., Bhat, K. A., Razui, S. M., Hayat, S., Payne, W. A., Akhtar, S. and Wani, S. A. (2010). The role of ethrel in plant growth and development under different environmental conditions. Int. J. Curr. Res. 4:4-13.
Birbal, W., Singh, R. K., Kumar, V. and Kushwah, V. S. (2009). Effect of Foliar Application of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield and Post Harvest Losses of Potato (Solanum tuberosum). Ind. J. Agric. Sci., 79 (9):1-9
Bulman, P. and Smith, D. L. (1993). Yield and grain protein response of spring barley to ethephone and triadimefon. Crop Sci., 33:798-803.
Campos, M. F. D., Ono, E. O. and Rodrigues, J. D. (2010). Soybean plant architecture and plant growth regulators application. Pesquisa Aplicada and Agrotechnologia, 3 (1): 161-68.
Champigny, M. J. (1985). Regulation of photosynthate carbon assimilation at the cellular level: are view. Photosynthesis Res., 6: 273-86.
Coffelt, T. A. and Howell, R. K. (1986). Effect of ethrel seed treatment on growth, yield and grade of two Virginia type peanut cultivars. Peanut Sci., 13: 60-63.
Coll, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcia, B. S. and Tames, R. S. (2001). Etileno y poliaminas,. In: Coll J B, Rodrigo G N, Garcia B S, Tames R S (Ed.). Fisiologia Vegetal. Madrid: Ediciones Piramide, p. 357-67.
Devi, K. N. (2011). Effect of bioregulators on growth, yield and chemical constituents of soybean (Glycine max). J. Agric. Sci., 3 (4):151-159.
Grewal, H. S. and Kolar, J. S. (1990). Response of Brassica Juncea to chlorocholine chloride and ethrel sprays in association with nitrogen application. J. Agric. Sci., 114:87-91.
Grewal, H. S., Kolar, J. S., Cheema, S. S. and Singh, G. (1993). Studies on the use of growth regulators in relation to nitrogen for enhancing sink capacity and yield of gobhisarson (Brassica napus). Ind. J. Plant Physiol., 36:1-4.
Guiamet, J. J., Willemoes, G. and Montaldi, E. R. (1989). Modulation of progressive leaf senescence by the red: far-red ratio of incident light. Botanical Gazzette, 150:148-51.
Jana, B. K. and Kabir, K. (1991). Effect of ethrel on seed production of cauliflower cv. Dania. Crop Res. 4:222-224.
Jirali, D. I. (2001). Physiological investigation in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
Joshi, G., Shukla, A. and Shukla, A. (2011). Synergistic response of auxin and ethylene on physiology of Jatropha curcas L. Brazilian Society Plant Physiol. 23 (1):67-77.
Joshi, R. K., Mishra, S. D. and Gau, B. K. (1987). Productivity of dormant groundnut as affected by ethrel and benzyladenine. Indian J Agric. Sci., 57: 179-182.
Karim, M. F. and Fattah, Q. A. (2007). Growth analysis of chickpea cv. Bari Chhola-6 as affected by folar sprey of growth regulators. Bangladesh J. Bot., 36 (2):105-10.
Kasele, I. N., Shanahan, J. F. and Nielson, D. C. (1995). Impact of growth retardents on corn morphology and gas exchangetraits. Crop Sci., 35:190-94.
Kaur, N. (1990). Physiology of assimilates partitioning in relation to yield improvement in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.). Ph.D. dissertation. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
Khan, A., Hatam, M. and Khan, A. (2000a). Heritability and interrelationship among yield determining components of soybean varieties. Pak. J. Agric. Res., 116: 5-8.
Khan, N. A., Lone, N. A. and Samiullah. (2000b). Response of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) to applied nitrogen with or without ethrel spray under non-irrigated condition. J. Agron. and Crop Sci., 63-66.
Khan, N. A. (1996). Response of mustard to ethrel spray and basal and foliar application of nitrogen. J. Agron. Crop. Sci., 176: 331-34.
Khan, N. A. (1998). Effect of ethrel spray on yield of mustard cultivars under non-irrigated conditions. Test of Agrochemicals and cultivars, 19:38-39.
Khan, N. A. (2004) An evaluation of the effects of exogenous ethephon, an ethylene releasing compound, on photosynthesis of mustard (Brassica juncea) cultivars that differ in photosynthetic capacity. BMC Plant Biol., 4: 21.
Khan, N.A., Lone, N.A. and Samiullah. (2000). Response of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) to applied nitrogen with or without ethrel spray under non-irrigated conditions. J. Agron. and Crop Sci., 183:1-4.
Kulkarni, S.S., Chetti, M.B. and Uppar, O.S. (1995). Influence of growth retardents on biochemical parameter in sunflower. J. Maharashtra Agric. Uni., 20:352-54.
Kumar, K. A. K., Patil, B. C. and Chetti, M. B. (2005). Effect of plant growth regulators on physiological components of yield in hybrid cotton. Ind. J. Plant Physiol., 10 (2):187-90.
Lone, N. A. (2001). Studies on effect of cycocel and ethrel in association with nitrogen on growth and metabolism of mustard under non-irrigated conditions. PhD Thesis, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Mathias, J.N., Bradburone, J. A. and Dupree, M. (1989). GA effects on greening in pea seedlings. Plant Physiol., 91:19-22.
Matilla, A. J. (2000). Ethylene in seed formation and germination. Seed Sci. Res., 10:11-126.
Mir, M. R. (2002). Physiological significance of ethrel (2- chloroethyl phosphonic acid) and nitrogen in relation to growth and metabolism of mustard under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. PhD Thesis Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Mir, M. R, Lone, N. A., Khan, N. A., Singh, S., and Asma, H. (2009a). Impact of ethrel and nitrogen on growth, leaf water content, potassium accumulation and dry mass of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). SKUAST J. Res., 11:187-192.
Mir, M. R., Khan, N. A., Rather, G. H., Lonem, N. A. and Subaya, B. (2008). Effect of nitrogen and ethrel on various physiological and yield attributes of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Applied Biol. Res., 10:1-5.
Mir, M. R., Khan, N.A., Bhat, M.A., Lone, N.A., Rather, G. H., Rajvi, S. M., Bhat, K. A., Singh, S. and Payne, W. A. (2010). Effect of ethrel spray and nitrogen on growth, photosynthesis, carboxylation efficiency and water use efficiency of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Intl. J. Curr. Res., 6:45.52.
Mir, M. R., Lone, N. A. and Khan, N. A. (2009b). Impact of exogenously applied ethephon on physiological and yield attributes of two mustard cultivars under rainfed conditions. Applied Biol Res., 11:44-46.
Mir, M.R., Khan, N. A., Lone, N. A., Payne, W. A., Mir, A. H., Asma, H. and Viqar, A. (2009c). Effect of basal nitrogen application and foliar ethephon spray on morphophysiology and productivity of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Applied Biol. Res., 11:60-65.
Morris, C. F., Ferguson, D. L. and Paulsen, G. M. (1989). Nitrogen fertilizer management with foliar fungicide and growth regulator for hard winter wheat production. Applied Agronomical Res., 4:135-40.
Oritant, T. and Yoshida, R. (1971). Studies on nitrogen metabolism in crop plants XI. The change in abscisic acid and cytokinin like activity accompanying with growth and senescence in the crop plants. Proc. Crop Sci. Society of Japan, 40:325-31.
Ortuno, A. J. A., Del, R. J. L., Cases, M., Serrao, M. A. and Sanchez-Brava, J. (1993). Influence of ACC and ethephone on cell growth in etiolated lupin hypocotyls; dependence on cell growth stage. Biologia Plantarum.33:81-91.
Pahwa, K. (2013). Effect of plant growth regulators on manipulation of source-sink relationships in pigeonpea. Ph.D. dissertation. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
Pahwa, K., Ghai, N., Kaur , J., and Singh, S.(2012). Effect of some growth regulators on flower drop and yield of pigeonpea. Special issue Crop Improvement pp. 175-76.
Patrick, J. W. and Steains, K. H. (1987). Auxin promoted transport of metabolites in stem of phaseolus vulgare: auxin dose response curves and effect of inhibitors of polar auxin transport. J. Exp. Bot., 38:203-210.
Pearson, C. H., Golus, H. M. and Tindall, T. A. (1989). Ethephon application and nitrogen fertilization of irrigated winter barley in an arid environment. Agron. J., 81:717-19.
Perry, G.( 2014). Ethylene induced soil microbes to increase seed germination, reduce growth time and improve crop yield in Pisum sativum L. Peerj Preprints, 2-18.
Pierik, R., Tholen, D., Poorter, H., Visser, E. J. W. and Voesenek, L. A. C. J. (2006). The Janus face of ethylene: growth inhibition and stimulation. Trends Plant Sci., 11: 176–83.
Prabhu, D. (2000). Influence of plant growth regulators and micronutrients in blackgram (Vigna mungo). M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
Pua, E. C. and Chi, G. L. (1993). De novo shoot morphogenesis and plant growth of mustard (Brassica juncea) in vitro in relation to ethylene. Physiol. Plant, 88: 467-474 .
Rahman, M. S., Islam, N., Tahar, M. A. and Karim, M. A. (2004). Influence of GA3 and MH and their time of spray on dry matter accumulation and growth attributes of soybean. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 7(11): 1851-57.
Ramos, J. M., Garcial, M. L. F., Molina-cano, J. L., Salamanca, P. and Roca, T. F. (1989). Effect of an early application of sulpher or ethephon as foliar sprays on the growth and yield of spring barley in a Mediterranean environment. Agron. Crop Sci., 163:129-37.
Sanvicente, P., Lozarevitch, S., Brouet, A. and Guckert, A. (1999). Morphological and Anatomical modification in winter barley culm after late plant growth regulator treatment. European J. Agron., 11:45-51.
Saxena, D. C., Abbas, S. and Sairam, R. K. (2007). Effect of ethrel on reproductive efficiency in chickpea. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 12(2):162-67.
Sekhon, N.K. and Singh, G. (1994). Effect of growth regulators and date of sowing on grain development in wheat. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 37:1-4.
Sharma, R., Sharma, B. and Singh, G. (1982). Effect of growth regulators on on some biochemical changes during pod development in ground-nut (Arachis hypogea). Indian J. Bot., 5:102-106.
Shekoofa, A. and Emam, Y. (2008). Plant growth regulator (ethephon) alters maize (Zea mays L.) growth, water use efficiency and grain yield under water stress. J. Agron., 7(1):41-48.
Singh, H., Chandra, S., Jolly, R.S. and Kolar, I. S. (1987). Influence of chlorocholine chloride and ethrel on grain yield and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soybean. Crop Improv., 14:79-83.
Singh, R. P. and Kumar, A. (1991). Effect of phytohormones on yield attributes and seed yield of mustard (Brassica Juncea). Indian J. Agron., 36:379-81.
Singh, S., Singh, K. and Singh, S. P. (1995). Effect of hormones on growth and yield characters of seed crop of kharif onion (Allium cepa L.). Indian J. Plant Physiol., 38:193-96.
Smalle, J., Heagman, M., Kurepa, J., Van, M. M. and Van, D. S. D. (1997). Ethylene can stimulate Arabidopsis hypocotyles elongation in light. Proc. of the National Academy of Sci. of the United States of America., 94: 2756-61.
Solaimalai, A., Sivakumar, C., Anbumani, S., Suresh, T. and Arulmurugan, K. (2001). Role of plant growth regulators in rice production-a review. Agric. Rev., 22 (1) :33-40.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2006). Plant Physiology. 4.ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, 700 p.
Tancredi, F. D. (2004). Influência da remoção do meristema apical sobre os componentes de produtividade em populações de plantas de soja. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy, 26(1): 113-119.
Thomas, T. H. (1986). Hormonal control of assimilate movement and compartmentation. In: Plant Growth Substances. Pp. 350-359. M. Bopp (Ed.). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Van Sanford, D.A., Grove, J. H., Grabau, J. and Mackown, C. T. (1989). Ethephon and nitrogen use in winter wheat. Agronomy J., 81:951-54.
Vreugdenhil, D. and Harro, J. B. (1989). Effects of ethylene on tuberization in radish (Raphinus sativus). Plant Growth Regulators, 8:21-30.
Yang, D. Q., Yang, J. X. and Hu, Y. W. (1994). Effects of S-3307 on some physiological characteristics of rape seedlings. Plant Physiol. Commun., 30:182-85.
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Effect of ethylene on physiological and biochemical parameters in different crop plants - A review. (2015). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(2), 1064-1069. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.732
