Ability of arbuscular mycorrhiza to promote growth of maize plant and enzymatic activity of an alluvial soil
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Abstract
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of selected species of mycorrhizae for root colonization and phosphorus uptake by maize in an alluvial soil. Of all the species of mycorrhizae taken under consideration, Glomus mosseae was found to perform better in terms of root colonization, number of spores, grain yield and phosphorus uptake. The maximum plant height (28.5 cm), shoot dry weight (19.45 g plant-1) and root dry weight (4.77 g plant-1) was also found with the application of G. mosseae. Its application significantly increased the root dry weight by 99.58 and 72.82% over application of G. intraradices and control respectively, and was at par with the application of G. coronatum and Gigaspora decipiens. Application of G. decipiens reported the highest bacterial (39.11 cfu g-1 soil) and fungal count (30.68 cfu g-1 soil) that was found to be at par with application of G. mosseae. Application of G. mosseae significantly increased the actinomycetes population by 44.71 and 55.97% over application of a local mycorrhizal strain and control. Maximum dehydrogenase activity (56.00 g-1 TPF g-1 24 h-1) and acid phosphatase activity (0.299 mg PNP g-1 h-1) and was also observed with application of G. mosseae, which in turn resulted in higher yield which was 27.28%, 28.52%, 9.35 and 11.7% more than G. intraradices, G. coronatum, G. decipiens and the local species respectively. G. mosseae inoculation proved to be effective in modifying the soil microbe population and community structure and also in enhancing the soil enzymatic activities and phosphorus uptake of the crop.
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Keywords
Alluvial soil, Grain yield, Maize, Mycorrhiza, Phosphorus
References
Abeer, H., Allah, E.F.A., Alqarawi, A.A., Al-Whibi, M., S. Alenazi, M.M., Egamberdieva, D. and Ahmad, P. Ahmad. (2015). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigates NaCl adverse effects on Solanum lycopersicum L. Pak. J. Bot. 47(1):327-340.
Allah, E.F.A., Abeer, H., Alqarawi, A.A. and Hend, A.A. (2015). Alleviation of adverse impact of cadmium stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Pak. J. Bot. 47(2): 785-795.
Alqarawi, A.A., Allah, E.F.A. and Abeer, H. (2014). Alleviation of salt-induced adverse impact via mycorrhizal fungi in Ephedra aphylla Forssk. J. Plant Interact. 9 (1):802-810.
Amaya C., L., Davies, F.T., Fox, T. and He, C. (2009). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic fertilizer influence photosynthesis, root phosphatase activity, nutrition, and growth of Ipomoea carnea ssp. Fistulosa. Photosynthetica 47 (1): 1-10.
Andrade, G., Linderman, R.G. and Bethlenfalvay, G.J. (1998). Bacterial associations with the mycorrhizosphere and hyphosphere of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Plant Soil. 202: 79-87.
Badri, D.V. and Vivanco, J.M. (2009). Regulation and function of root exudates. Plant Cell Environ. 32(6):666-681.
Bethlenfalvay, G.J. (1993). Mycorrhizae in the agricultural plant-soil system. Symbiosis 14(1-3): 413-414.
Bhadraiah, B., Kankadurga, V.V. Kankadurga, Ramrao, P. Ramrao and Manoharachary C. (1999). Effect of VAM fungi and rock phosphate on phosphatase activities in Terminalia arjuna. National Conference on Mycorrhiza Section. Physiol Biochem. 5-7.
Bucher, M., Wegmuller, S. and Drissner, D. (2009). Chasing the structures of small molecules in arbuscular mycorrhizal signaling. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 12: 500-507.
Busto, M. D. and Perez-Mateos, M. (1997). Stabilisation of cellulases by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and soil humates Extraction of humic-fl-glucosidase fractions from soil. Biores Technol. 60: 27-33.
Caravaca, F., Alguacil, M.M., Azcon, R., Díaz, G., Roldan, A. (2004). Comparing the effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation and amendment with sugar beet, rock phosphate and Aspergillus niger to enhance field performance of the leguminous shrub Dorycnium pentaphyllum L. Appl. Soil Ecol. 25: 169-180.
Carpio, A. L., Davies, F.T., Fox, T. and He, C. (2009). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic fertilizer influence photosynthesis, root phosphatase activity, nutrition, and growth of Ipomoea carnea ssp. Fistulosa. Photosynthetica 47 (1): 1–10.
Casida, L.E., Klein, D.A. and Santoro, T. (1964). Soil dehydrogenase activity. Soil Sci., 98:371–376.
Diop, T. A., Krasova-Wade, T., Diallo, A., Diouf, M. and Gueye, M. (2003). Solanum cultivar responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: growth and mineral status. Afr. J. Biotech., 2(11): 429-433.
Feng, K., Lu, H. M., Sheng, H. J., Wang, X. L. and Mao, J. (2004). Effect of organic ligands on biological availability of inorganic phosphorus in soils. Pedosphere 14: 85–92.
Gerdemann, J.W. and Nicolson, T.H. (1963). Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wetsieving and decanting. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 46: 235-244.
Gianinazzi, S., Gianinazzi, V. and Pearson, J. (1979). Dexheimer, Enzymatic studies on the metabolism of vesicular– arbuscular mycorrhiza. III. Ultrastructural localization of acid and alkaline phosphatase in onion roots infected by Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.), New Phytol. 82: 127–132.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984) Statistical Procedures in Agricultural Research. Wiley Publishing House, New York
Gui,Y. Z., Li, P. Z., Ming, F. W., Zhen, L., Qiao, L. F., Qi, R. S. and Guo. H. Xu. (2011). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, organic fertilizer and soil sterilization on maize growth. Acta Ecologica Sinica 31:192–196.
Hata, S., Kobae, Y. and Banba, M. (2010). Interactions between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 281: 1–48.
Hoagland, D.R. and Arnon, D.I. (1938). The water culture method of growing plants without soil. California Agricultural Experiment Station, Circ. 347.
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 32, 34-36..
John, M. (2001). Microbial interactions and biocontrol in the rhizosphere. J. Experimental. Bot. 552 (1):487-511.
Kebrabadi, B.Z., Matinizadeh, M., Daryayi, M.G., and Salehi, A. (2014). Changes in acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity in rhizosphere ash Fraxinus rotundifolia and its correlation with soil and plant phosphorus. J. Biodiversity Environ Sci. 4(5): 233-238.
Kurle, J. E. and Pfleger, F.L. (1994). The effect of cultural practices and pesticides on VAM fungi. In: F.L. Pfleger and R.G. Linderman (Eds.) Mycorrhizae and Plant Health. APS Press, Minnesota, pp. 101-131.
Mar Vazquez, M., Cesar S., Azcon R., Barea, J.M. (2000). Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other microbial inoculants (Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Trichoderma) and their effects on microbial population and enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of maize plants. Appl. Soil Ecol. 15:261–272.
Parniske, M. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses, Nature Rev. Microb. 6: 763-775.
Philips, J.M. and Hayman, D.S. (1970). Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans Br Mycol Soc. 55: 158–161.
Prasad, K., Yadav A., Aggarwal K. and Tanwar, A. (2012). Impact of different levels of superphosphate using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens on Chrysanthemum indicum L. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 12(3): 451-462.
Rakshit, A. and Bhadoria, P. (2009). Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal length on simulation of P influx with the mechanistic model, Afr. J. Microb. Res. 3 (1): 001-004.
Rao, A.V., Tak, R. (2001). Influence of mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of different tree species and their nutrient uptake in gypsum mine spoil in India. Appl. Soil Ecol. 17: 279-284.
Sabia, E., Claps, S., Morone, G., Bruno,A., Sepe, L. and Aleandri, R. (2015). Field inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhiza on maize (Zea mays L.) under low inputs: preliminary study on quantitative and qualitative aspects. Italian J. Agron. 10: 30-33.
Schubler, A., Schwartzott, D. and Walker, C. (2001). A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycological Res. 105: 1413-1421.
Secilia, J. and Bagyaraj, D.J. (1987). Bacteria and actinomycetes associated with pot cultures of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas. Canadian J. Microbial. 33(8):1069-1073.
Smith, S.E. and Read, D.J. (2008). Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, London, UK.
Soto, M.J., Fernaández-Aparicio, M., Castellanos-Morales, V., García-Garrido, J.M., Ocampo, J.A., Delgado, M.J. and Vierheilig, H. (2010). First indications for the involvement of trigolactones on nodule formation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Soil Biol. Biochem. 42: 383-385.
Subba, R.N.S. (1986). Rhizobium and root nodulation. In: soil microorganisms and plant growth. Oxford IBH New Delhi.
Tabatabai, M.A. and Bremner, J.M. (1969). Use of pnitrophenyl phosphate for assay of phosphatase activity. Soil Bio Biochem. 1:301–307.
Thom, C. and Raper, K.B. (1945). A manual of the Aspergilli. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, U. S. A.
Zhu, H.H., Long, L.K. and Yang, S.Z. (2005). Influence of AM fungus on Ralstonia Solanacearum Population and bacterial community structure in rhizosphere. Mycosystema 24(11):137-142.
Zhu, Y.G., Smith, F.A. and Smith, S.E. (2003). Phosphorus efficiencies and responses of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi grown in highly calcareous soil. Mycorrhiza. 13:93–100.
Allah, E.F.A., Abeer, H., Alqarawi, A.A. and Hend, A.A. (2015). Alleviation of adverse impact of cadmium stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Pak. J. Bot. 47(2): 785-795.
Alqarawi, A.A., Allah, E.F.A. and Abeer, H. (2014). Alleviation of salt-induced adverse impact via mycorrhizal fungi in Ephedra aphylla Forssk. J. Plant Interact. 9 (1):802-810.
Amaya C., L., Davies, F.T., Fox, T. and He, C. (2009). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic fertilizer influence photosynthesis, root phosphatase activity, nutrition, and growth of Ipomoea carnea ssp. Fistulosa. Photosynthetica 47 (1): 1-10.
Andrade, G., Linderman, R.G. and Bethlenfalvay, G.J. (1998). Bacterial associations with the mycorrhizosphere and hyphosphere of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Plant Soil. 202: 79-87.
Badri, D.V. and Vivanco, J.M. (2009). Regulation and function of root exudates. Plant Cell Environ. 32(6):666-681.
Bethlenfalvay, G.J. (1993). Mycorrhizae in the agricultural plant-soil system. Symbiosis 14(1-3): 413-414.
Bhadraiah, B., Kankadurga, V.V. Kankadurga, Ramrao, P. Ramrao and Manoharachary C. (1999). Effect of VAM fungi and rock phosphate on phosphatase activities in Terminalia arjuna. National Conference on Mycorrhiza Section. Physiol Biochem. 5-7.
Bucher, M., Wegmuller, S. and Drissner, D. (2009). Chasing the structures of small molecules in arbuscular mycorrhizal signaling. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 12: 500-507.
Busto, M. D. and Perez-Mateos, M. (1997). Stabilisation of cellulases by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and soil humates Extraction of humic-fl-glucosidase fractions from soil. Biores Technol. 60: 27-33.
Caravaca, F., Alguacil, M.M., Azcon, R., Díaz, G., Roldan, A. (2004). Comparing the effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation and amendment with sugar beet, rock phosphate and Aspergillus niger to enhance field performance of the leguminous shrub Dorycnium pentaphyllum L. Appl. Soil Ecol. 25: 169-180.
Carpio, A. L., Davies, F.T., Fox, T. and He, C. (2009). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic fertilizer influence photosynthesis, root phosphatase activity, nutrition, and growth of Ipomoea carnea ssp. Fistulosa. Photosynthetica 47 (1): 1–10.
Casida, L.E., Klein, D.A. and Santoro, T. (1964). Soil dehydrogenase activity. Soil Sci., 98:371–376.
Diop, T. A., Krasova-Wade, T., Diallo, A., Diouf, M. and Gueye, M. (2003). Solanum cultivar responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: growth and mineral status. Afr. J. Biotech., 2(11): 429-433.
Feng, K., Lu, H. M., Sheng, H. J., Wang, X. L. and Mao, J. (2004). Effect of organic ligands on biological availability of inorganic phosphorus in soils. Pedosphere 14: 85–92.
Gerdemann, J.W. and Nicolson, T.H. (1963). Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wetsieving and decanting. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 46: 235-244.
Gianinazzi, S., Gianinazzi, V. and Pearson, J. (1979). Dexheimer, Enzymatic studies on the metabolism of vesicular– arbuscular mycorrhiza. III. Ultrastructural localization of acid and alkaline phosphatase in onion roots infected by Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.), New Phytol. 82: 127–132.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984) Statistical Procedures in Agricultural Research. Wiley Publishing House, New York
Gui,Y. Z., Li, P. Z., Ming, F. W., Zhen, L., Qiao, L. F., Qi, R. S. and Guo. H. Xu. (2011). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, organic fertilizer and soil sterilization on maize growth. Acta Ecologica Sinica 31:192–196.
Hata, S., Kobae, Y. and Banba, M. (2010). Interactions between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 281: 1–48.
Hoagland, D.R. and Arnon, D.I. (1938). The water culture method of growing plants without soil. California Agricultural Experiment Station, Circ. 347.
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 32, 34-36..
John, M. (2001). Microbial interactions and biocontrol in the rhizosphere. J. Experimental. Bot. 552 (1):487-511.
Kebrabadi, B.Z., Matinizadeh, M., Daryayi, M.G., and Salehi, A. (2014). Changes in acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity in rhizosphere ash Fraxinus rotundifolia and its correlation with soil and plant phosphorus. J. Biodiversity Environ Sci. 4(5): 233-238.
Kurle, J. E. and Pfleger, F.L. (1994). The effect of cultural practices and pesticides on VAM fungi. In: F.L. Pfleger and R.G. Linderman (Eds.) Mycorrhizae and Plant Health. APS Press, Minnesota, pp. 101-131.
Mar Vazquez, M., Cesar S., Azcon R., Barea, J.M. (2000). Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other microbial inoculants (Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Trichoderma) and their effects on microbial population and enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of maize plants. Appl. Soil Ecol. 15:261–272.
Parniske, M. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses, Nature Rev. Microb. 6: 763-775.
Philips, J.M. and Hayman, D.S. (1970). Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans Br Mycol Soc. 55: 158–161.
Prasad, K., Yadav A., Aggarwal K. and Tanwar, A. (2012). Impact of different levels of superphosphate using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens on Chrysanthemum indicum L. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 12(3): 451-462.
Rakshit, A. and Bhadoria, P. (2009). Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal length on simulation of P influx with the mechanistic model, Afr. J. Microb. Res. 3 (1): 001-004.
Rao, A.V., Tak, R. (2001). Influence of mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of different tree species and their nutrient uptake in gypsum mine spoil in India. Appl. Soil Ecol. 17: 279-284.
Sabia, E., Claps, S., Morone, G., Bruno,A., Sepe, L. and Aleandri, R. (2015). Field inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhiza on maize (Zea mays L.) under low inputs: preliminary study on quantitative and qualitative aspects. Italian J. Agron. 10: 30-33.
Schubler, A., Schwartzott, D. and Walker, C. (2001). A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycological Res. 105: 1413-1421.
Secilia, J. and Bagyaraj, D.J. (1987). Bacteria and actinomycetes associated with pot cultures of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas. Canadian J. Microbial. 33(8):1069-1073.
Smith, S.E. and Read, D.J. (2008). Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, London, UK.
Soto, M.J., Fernaández-Aparicio, M., Castellanos-Morales, V., García-Garrido, J.M., Ocampo, J.A., Delgado, M.J. and Vierheilig, H. (2010). First indications for the involvement of trigolactones on nodule formation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Soil Biol. Biochem. 42: 383-385.
Subba, R.N.S. (1986). Rhizobium and root nodulation. In: soil microorganisms and plant growth. Oxford IBH New Delhi.
Tabatabai, M.A. and Bremner, J.M. (1969). Use of pnitrophenyl phosphate for assay of phosphatase activity. Soil Bio Biochem. 1:301–307.
Thom, C. and Raper, K.B. (1945). A manual of the Aspergilli. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, U. S. A.
Zhu, H.H., Long, L.K. and Yang, S.Z. (2005). Influence of AM fungus on Ralstonia Solanacearum Population and bacterial community structure in rhizosphere. Mycosystema 24(11):137-142.
Zhu, Y.G., Smith, F.A. and Smith, S.E. (2003). Phosphorus efficiencies and responses of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi grown in highly calcareous soil. Mycorrhiza. 13:93–100.
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Ability of arbuscular mycorrhiza to promote growth of maize plant and enzymatic activity of an alluvial soil. (2015). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(2), 1029-1035. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.726
