Efficiency of aluminum and iron electrodes in removal of colour, turbidity and total suspended solid from biologically treated municipal wastewater
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Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to observe the effect of different combinations of aluminium and iron (Al-Al, Al-Fe, Fe-Fe and Fe-Al) electrodes on the removal of colour, turbidity (TD) and total suspended solids (TSS) of biologically treated municipal wastewater ( BTMW) using applied potential (V), operating time (OT) and initial pH. The maximum removal of colour (98.7 %) and TSS (96.89 %) was found with the use of Al-Al combination with optimum operating conditions (Voltage: 40 V; OT: 40 mins.; IED: 1.0 cm; EA: 160 cm2; initial pH: 7.5 and ST: 30 mins). It was interesting to note that TD of BTMW was completely removed at these optimal operating conditions. The economic evaluation of electrode combinations was observed to be in the order of Fe-Al (1.17 US $/m3)> Al-Fe (1.11 US $/m3)> Fe-Fe (1.08 US $/m3) >Al-Al (1.01 US $/m3) in terms of energy and electrode consumption. Thus, the BTMW can be effectively treated with the Al-Al electrode combination in comparison to other electrode combinations (Al-Fe , Fe-Fe and Fe-Al).
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Keywords
Aluminium and iron electrodes, Economic evaluation, Turbidity, Total suspended solids, Voltage
References
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Tyagi, V. K., Sahoo, B. K., Khursheed, A., Kazmi, A.A., Ahmad, Z. and Chopra, A.K. (2011). Fate of coliforms and patho-genic parasite in four full-scale sewage treatment systems in India. Environ Monit Assess., 181(1-4):123-35.
Zhu J., Zhao H. and Ni, J. (2007). Fluoride distribution in electrocoagulation defluoridation process, Sep. Purif. Technol. 56 : 184–191.
Bayramoglu, M., Kobya M., Can, O.T. and Sozbir, M. (2004). Operating costs analysis of electrocoagulation of textile dye wastewater. Sep Purif Technol., 37:117–125
Bensadok K, Benammar S, Lapicque F, Nezzal G (2008). Electrocoagulation of cutting oil emulsions using alumi-num plate electrodes. J Hazard Mater., 152(1):423–430
Bukhari, A.A. (2008). Investigation of the electro-coagulation treatment process for the removal of total suspended solids and turbidity from municipal wastewa-ter. Bioresour. Technol., 99:914-921.
Cho, J.H., Lee, J.E., Ra, C.S. (2010).Effects of electric volt-age and sodium chloride level on electrolysis of swine wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials 180 (2010) 535–541
Chopra, A. K. and Sharma, A. K. (2013). Removal of turbid-ity,COD and BOD from secondarily treated sewage water by electrolytic treatment. Appl. Water Sci., 3:125-132.
Chopra, A. K., Sharma, A. K. and Kumar, V. (2011). Over-view of electrolytic treatment: An alternative technol-ogy for purification of wastewater, Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 3(5):191–206.
Chopra, A.K. and Sharma, A.K. (2015) Effect of electro-chemical treatment on the COD removal from biologi-cally treated municipal wastewater. Desalin Water Treat., 53(1):41–47
Chopra, A. K. and Sharma, A. K. (2012). Efficiency of tur-bidity and BOD removal from secondarily treated sew-age by electrochemical treatment. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 4:304-309.
Daneshava, N, Oladegaragoze, A. and Djafarzadeh, N. (2005). Decolorization of basic dye solutions by electro-coagulation: an investigation of the effect of operational parameters. J Hazard Mater., 129:116–122
El-Ashtoukhy ESZ and Amin NK (2010) Removal of acid green dye from wastewater by anodic oxidation and electrocoagulation—a comparative study. J Hazard Mater., 179:113–119
Eriksson E, Auffarth K, Eilersen AM, Henze M, Ledin A (2003). Household chemicals and personal care prod-ucts as sources for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater. Water SA, 29:135–146
Escobara, C., Cesar, S.S. and Toral, M. (2006) Optimization of the electrocoagulation process for the removal of copper, lead and cadmium in natural waters and simu-lated wastewater. J Environ Manag., 81(4):384–391
Essadki A.H., Bennajah, M., Gourich, B., Vial, C., Azzi, N. and Delmas, H. (2008). Electrocoagulation/ electroflota-tion in an external-loop airlift reactor- Application to the decolorization of textile dye wastewater A case study. Chem. Eng. Process., 47:1211- 1223.
Ghosh, D., Medhi, C.R., Solanki, H., and Purkait, M. K., (2008). Decolorization of Crystal Violet Solution by Electrocoagulation. Journal of environmental protection science, 2:25 – 35.
Holt P. K., Barton G. W., Wark M., and Mitchell C. A. (2002). A quantitative comparison between chemical dosing and electrocoagulation. Colloids and Surfaces A, 211(2-3): 233–248.
Hong, KiHo, Kim, W.Y., Son D.J., Yun, C.Y., Sun, P.Q. , Chang, D. , Bae H. S. , Kim, J.H. , Sunwoo Y. and Kim, D. G. (2013). Treatment of Weak Sewage by Con-tinuous Electrochemical Process using Noble Metal Electrodes. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8: 12741 – 12756
Hossain, Md. Milon, Mahmud, Md. Iqbal Parvez Md. Sho-han, Cho and Haeng Muk (2013). Impact of Current Density, Operating Time and pH of Textile Wastewater Treatment by Electrocoagulation Process Environ. Eng. Res. 18(3) : 157-161.
Katal R, Pahlavanzadeh H (2011) Influence of different com-binations of aluminum and iron electrode on electro coagulation efficiency: Application to the treatment of paper mill wastewater. Desalination 265:199–205
Letterman R. D., Amirtharajah A., and Melia C. R. O., A (1999). Handbook of Community Water Supplies, AWWA, McGraw- Hill, NewYork, NY, USA,.
M. Kobya, U. Gebologlu, F. Ulu, S. Oncel and E. Demirbas, (2011). Removal of arsenic from drinking water by the electrocoagulation using Fe and Al electrodes. Electro-chimica Acta., 56: 5060-5070.
Marchioretto M.M. and Reali M.A.P.(2001). Ozonation fol-lowed by coagulation/flocculation as post-treatment of the effluent from an anaerobic baffled reactor treating domestic sewage, Water Sci. Technol. 43 (8): 99–106.
Pidou M., Avery, L., Stephenson, T., Jeffrey, P., Parsons, S.A., Liu, S., Memon, F. A. and Jefferson, B. (2008). Chemical solutions for greywater recycling. Chemos-phere 71 : 147–155
Sharma AK and Chopra AK (2013) Removal of COD and BOD from biologically treated municipal wastewater by electrochemical treatment. J Appl Nat Sci., 5(2):475–481
Song, S., Yao, J., He, Z., Qiu, J. and Chen, J. (2008). Effect of operational parameters on the decolorization of C.I. Reac-tive Blue 19 in aqueous solution by ozone enhanced electrocoagulation. J. Hazard. Mater., 152: 204-210.
Souza U. S.M.A Guelli, Melo, A.R. and Ulson de Souza A.A. (2006). Resources Conservation and Recycling, 49:1–13.
Tir M. and Mostefa N. M. (2008).Optimization of oil re-moval from oily wastewater by electrocoagulation using response surface method, Journal of Hazardous Materi-als,158( 1):107–115
Tyagi, V. K., Sahoo, B. K., Khursheed, A., Kazmi, A.A., Ahmad, Z. and Chopra, A.K. (2011). Fate of coliforms and patho-genic parasite in four full-scale sewage treatment systems in India. Environ Monit Assess., 181(1-4):123-35.
Zhu J., Zhao H. and Ni, J. (2007). Fluoride distribution in electrocoagulation defluoridation process, Sep. Purif. Technol. 56 : 184–191.
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Efficiency of aluminum and iron electrodes in removal of colour, turbidity and total suspended solid from biologically treated municipal wastewater. (2015). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(2), 799-805. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.686
