Effect of plant and animal protein sources on the growth, gonadal maturity and proximate composition of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of plant and animal sources in the diet of Labeo rohita with an overall goal of gaining sustainable fish and egg production. Fishes with an initial weight of 310-323 g were fed with five different isocaloric (3Kcalg-1) diets viz. D1 ( control diet- 30% rice bran + 70% groundnut meal), D2 (30% rice bran + 50% groundnut meal + 20% fish meal), D3 (30% rice bran + 50% groundnut meal + 20% mustard meal), D4 (30% rice bran + 30% groundnut meal + 20% mustard meal + 20 % fish meal) and D5 (30% rice bran + 30% soybean meal + 20% mustard meal + 20 % fish meal) @ 3% of fish biomass for 270 days. Significantly higher weight gain and better gonadal maturity was recorded in fishes fed with diet containing fish meal than other. Among diets containing fish meal (D2, D4, D5), fish fed on diet D2 resulted in higher somatic growth (35.67, 42.80, 28.10 and 18.48% higher net weight gain than D1, D3, D4 and D5, respectively) and better gonadal development (43.20, 50.08, 22.59 and 23.25% higher absolute fecundity than D1, D3, D4 and D5,respectively) in L. rohita. Hence, Our study revealed that for higher growth and better broodstock development, L. rohita may be fed on diet formulated with 30% rice bran, 50% groundnut meal and 20% fish meal.
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Keywords
Diet, Growth, Labeo rohita, Proximate composition, Reproductive biology
References
Abid M. and Ahmed M.S. (2009). Growth response of Labeo rohita fingerlings fed with different feeding regimes under intensive rearing. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 19(1): 45-49
Ahmed M.S., Shafiq K and Kiani M.S. (2012). Growth per-formance of major carp, Labeo rohita fingerlings on commercial feeds. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 22(1): 93-96
Ai Q, Mai K, Li H, Zhang C, Zhang L, Duan Q, Tan B, Xu W, Ma H, Zhang W and Liufu Z. (2004). Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese seabass, Labrax japonicas. Aquaculture , 230: 507-16.
Anonymous. (2006). Carp Breeding and Seed Production. Hand Book of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Pp 248-264. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi.
AOAC. (2000). Official methods of analysis. 17th Ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
Al Hafedh Y.S, Siddiqui A.Q. and Saiady M.Y. (1999). Effects of dietary protein levels on gonad maturation, size and age at first maturity, fecundity and growth of Nile tilapia. Aquaculture International, 7: 319-32.
APHA (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 22th edition., American Public Health Association, Washington D.C.
Ayyappan S. (2009). Towards blue Revolution. In: Souvenir National Workshop on Advances in Aquaculture and Fisheries Perspectives, Prospects and challenges. ILDEX India 2009 Aquaculture, New Delhi. pp1-5
Bagheri T, Imanpoor M.R, Jafari V and Bennetau-Pelissero C. (2013). Reproductive impairment and endocrine disruption in goldfish by feeding diets containing soyabean meal. Animal Reproduction Science, 139:136-144
Cabral, E.M., Bacelar, M., Batista, S., Castro-Cunha, M., Ozório, R.O.A., Valente, L.M.P. (2011). Replacement of fishmeal by increasing levels of plant protein blends in diets for Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles. Aquaculture 322–323, 74–81.
Choi, S.M., Wang, X., Park, G.J., Lim, S.R., Kim, K.W., Bai, S.C., Sin, I.S. (2004). Dietary dehulled soybeanmeal as a replacement for fish meal in fingerling and growing olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Aquaculture Research 35, 410–418.
Chong, A., Hashim, R., Ali, A. (2003). Assessment of soybean meal in diets for discus (Symphysodon aequifasciata HECKEL) farming through a fish meal replacement study. Aquaculture Research 34, 913–922.
Cumaranatunga, P.R.T. and H. Thabrew. (1989). Effects of legume (Vigna catiang) substituted diets on the ovarian development of Oreochromis niloticus. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Feeding and Nutrition in Fish, 28 August-1 September. Toba, Japan Translation Centre, Tokyo, pp. 333–344
Dixon R.A. (2004). Phytoestrogens. Annual Review of Plant Biology 55:225-261
Dubois M, Gilles K.A, Hamiton J.K., Robert P.A. and Smith F. (1956). Colorimetric method for the determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemist 28: 350-56.
Elangovan, A., Shim, K..F. (2000). The influence of replacing fish meal partially in the diet with soybean meal on growth and body composition of juvenile tin foil barb (Barbodes altus). Aquaculture 189, 133–144.
FAO. (2000). Fishery Statistics (Aquaculture Production). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 90(2): 22-131
Folch J., Lees M. and Sloane – Stanley G.H. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 226: 497-509.
Francis G., Makkar H..P.S. and Becker K. (2001). Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingradients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture 199:197-227
Gangadhar B., nandeesha M.C., Verghese T.J. and Keshavnath P. (1997). Effects of varying protein and lipid levels on the growth of rohu Labeo rohita. Asian Fisheries Society. 10: 139-42.
Hernandez M.D., Jover M.M. and Garcia B.G. (2007). Effect of partial replacement of fish meal by soybean meal in sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo) diet. Aquaculture 263:159-167
Herpher B., Liao I.C., Cheng S.H. and Hsieh C.S. (1983). Food utilization by red tilapia- affects of diet composition. feeding level and temperature on utilization efficiencies for maintenance and growth. Aquaculture 32: 255-75.
Hertrampf J.W. and Piedad-Pascual F. (2000). Handbook on ingredients for aquaculture feeds. Kluwer Academic Publishers. London.
Izquierdo M.S., Fernandez-Palacios H. and Tacon A.G.J.. (2001). Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish. Aquaculture 197: 25-42.
Khan, M.A., A.K. Jafri, N.K. Chadha and N. Usmani. (2003). Growth and body composition of rohu (Labeo rohita) fed diets containing oilseed meals: partial or total replacement of fish meal with soybean meal. Aquaculture Nutrition. 9(6): 391-396.
Khan, M.A., Jafri A.K. and Chadha N.K. (2005). Effects of varying dietary protein levels on growth, reproductive performance, body and egg composition of rohu, Labeo rohita(Hamilton). Aquaculture Nutrition 11: 11–17.
Kikuchi, K. (1999). Use of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fish meal in diets of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture 179, 3–11.
Lagler K.F. (1971). Freshwater Fishery Biology. W.C. Brown Publishers, Lowa, USA.
Lim, S.R., Choi, S.M., Wang, X.J., Kim, K.W., Shin, I.S., Min, T.S., Bai, S.C. (2004). Effects of dehulled soybean meal as a fish meal replacer in diets for fingerling and growing Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Aquaculture 231, 457–468.
Lin, S. and Luo, L. (2011). Effects of different levels of soybean meal inclusion in replacement for fish meal on growth, digestive enzymes and transaminases activity in practical diets for juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus X O. aureus. Animal Feed Science and Technology doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.03.012,
Lowry O.H., Rosenbrough N.J., Farr A.L. and Randall R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193: 265-75.
Moharram S.G. and Raky F.A. (2007). Effect of varying dietary protein sources on growth and spawning performance and gonad maturation of red tilapia reared in sea water. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 10 (21): 3742-3751
Muchlisin Z.A., Hashim, R. and Chong, A.S.C. (2006). Influence of dietary protein levels on growth and egg quality in broodstock female Bagrid catfish (Mystus nemurus Cuv. & Val.). Aquaculture Research 37: 416 – 18.
Nandi S., Chattopadhyay D.N., Verma J.P., Sarkar S.K. and Mukhopadhaya P.K. (2001). Effect of dietary supplementation of fatty acids and vitamins on the breeding performance of the carp Catla catla. Reproductive Nutrition Development 41:365-75.
Nandi S., Routray P., Gupta S.D., RathS C., Dasgupta S., Meher P.K. and Mukhopadhyay P.K. (2007). Reproductive performance of carp, Catla catla (Ham.), reared on a formulated diet with PUFA supplementation. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 23(6): 684-91.
Ovie S. and Ovie S. (2007). The effect of replacing fish meal with 10% of groundnut cake in the diets of H. longlifilis on its growth, food conversion and survival. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Science 11: 87-90.
Pandey A.K., Arvindakshan P.K. and Singh B.N. (2009). Early maturation in broodstocks of Indian major carps maintained on semi-balanced diet supplemented with lysine and methionine. Recent Advances in Hormonal Physiology of fish and shellfish Reproduction Pp. 175-82.
Pereira J., Reis?Henriques M.A., Sanchez J.L. and Costa J. M. (1998). Effect of protein source on the reproductive performance of female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Research 29(10):751–760
Peres H., Lim C. and Klesius P.H. (2003). Nutritional value of heat treated soybean meal for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture 225: 67-82.
Quintero H.E., Hutson A., Chaimongkol A., Davis A., Dunham R., Abebe A. (2009). Effects of varying dietary protein levels and feeding frequencies on condition and reproductive performance of channel catfish to produce hybrid catfish. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 40:601-15.
Refstie S., Trond S. and Roem A.J. (1998). Feed consumption and conversion in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with fish meal, extracted soybean meal or soybean meal with reduced content of oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, lectins and soya antigens. Aquaculture 162: 301-12.
Regost C., Arzel1 J., Cardinal M., Robin J., Laroche M. and Kaushik S.J. (2001). Dietary lipid level, hepatic lipogenesis and flesh quality in turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture 193 (3-4) : 291-09.
Robaina L., Izquierdo M.S., Moyano F.J., Socorro J., Vergara J.M., Montero D. and Fernandez-Palacios H. (1995). Soybean and lupin seed meals as protein sources in diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): nutrition and histological implications. Aquaculture 130:219-33.
Saeed M., M. Salim and U. Noreen (2005). Study of the growth performance and feed conversion ration of La-beo rohita fingerlings, fed on soybean meal, blood meal corn gluten 62%. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 25 3:121-126.
Silva-Carrillo Y., Hernández C., Hardy RW., González -Rodríguez B. and Castillo-Vargasmachuca S. (2012). The effect of substituting fish meal with soybean meal on growth, feed efficiency, body composition and blood chemistry in juvenile spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869). Aquaculture 364-365: 180-185.
Sink T.D., Lochmann R.T., Pohlenz C., Buentello A. and Gatlin D. (2010). Effects of dietary protein source and protein- lipid source interaction on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) egg biochemical composition, egg production and quality and fry hatching percentage and performance. Aquaculture 298: 251-259
Singh R. and Dhawan A. (1996). Effect of formulated diets on the growth and ovarian maturation in common carp Cyprinus carpio communis Linn. Indian Jornal of Fisheries 43: 349-53.
Tantikitti, C., Sangpong, W., Chiavareesajja, S. (2005). Effects of defatted soybean protein levels on growth performance and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Aquaculture 248, 41–50.
Varghese, B., Paulraj, R., Gopakumar, G., & Chakraborty, K. (2009). Dietary influence on the egg production and larval viability in True Sebae Clownfish Amphiprion sebae Bleeker 1853. Asian Fisheries Science 22(1): 7-20.
Vergara J.M., Robaina L., Izquierdo M.S. and De la Higuela M. (1996). Protein sparing effect of lipids in diets for fingerling of gilthead sea bream. Marine Mammal Science 62: 624-28.
Wang C., Harris W.S., Chung M., Lichtenstein A.H., Balk E.M., Kupelnick B., Jordan H.S. and Lau J. (2006). n–3 fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not ?-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48: 5-17.
Zakeri M., Marammazi J.G., Kochanian P., Savari A., Yavari V. and Haghi M. (2009). Effects of protein and lipid concentrations in broodstock diets on growth, spawning performance and egg quality of yellowfin sea bream (Acanthopagrus latus). Aquaculture 295 : 99–105.
Zohar Y., Harel M., Hassin S. and Tandler A. (1995). Gilthead seabeam. In : Bromage N.R., Robert R.J. (eds.), Broodstock management and egg and larval Quality. Pp 424. Cambridge University press, Cambridge.
Ahmed M.S., Shafiq K and Kiani M.S. (2012). Growth per-formance of major carp, Labeo rohita fingerlings on commercial feeds. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 22(1): 93-96
Ai Q, Mai K, Li H, Zhang C, Zhang L, Duan Q, Tan B, Xu W, Ma H, Zhang W and Liufu Z. (2004). Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese seabass, Labrax japonicas. Aquaculture , 230: 507-16.
Anonymous. (2006). Carp Breeding and Seed Production. Hand Book of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Pp 248-264. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi.
AOAC. (2000). Official methods of analysis. 17th Ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
Al Hafedh Y.S, Siddiqui A.Q. and Saiady M.Y. (1999). Effects of dietary protein levels on gonad maturation, size and age at first maturity, fecundity and growth of Nile tilapia. Aquaculture International, 7: 319-32.
APHA (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 22th edition., American Public Health Association, Washington D.C.
Ayyappan S. (2009). Towards blue Revolution. In: Souvenir National Workshop on Advances in Aquaculture and Fisheries Perspectives, Prospects and challenges. ILDEX India 2009 Aquaculture, New Delhi. pp1-5
Bagheri T, Imanpoor M.R, Jafari V and Bennetau-Pelissero C. (2013). Reproductive impairment and endocrine disruption in goldfish by feeding diets containing soyabean meal. Animal Reproduction Science, 139:136-144
Cabral, E.M., Bacelar, M., Batista, S., Castro-Cunha, M., Ozório, R.O.A., Valente, L.M.P. (2011). Replacement of fishmeal by increasing levels of plant protein blends in diets for Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles. Aquaculture 322–323, 74–81.
Choi, S.M., Wang, X., Park, G.J., Lim, S.R., Kim, K.W., Bai, S.C., Sin, I.S. (2004). Dietary dehulled soybeanmeal as a replacement for fish meal in fingerling and growing olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Aquaculture Research 35, 410–418.
Chong, A., Hashim, R., Ali, A. (2003). Assessment of soybean meal in diets for discus (Symphysodon aequifasciata HECKEL) farming through a fish meal replacement study. Aquaculture Research 34, 913–922.
Cumaranatunga, P.R.T. and H. Thabrew. (1989). Effects of legume (Vigna catiang) substituted diets on the ovarian development of Oreochromis niloticus. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Feeding and Nutrition in Fish, 28 August-1 September. Toba, Japan Translation Centre, Tokyo, pp. 333–344
Dixon R.A. (2004). Phytoestrogens. Annual Review of Plant Biology 55:225-261
Dubois M, Gilles K.A, Hamiton J.K., Robert P.A. and Smith F. (1956). Colorimetric method for the determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemist 28: 350-56.
Elangovan, A., Shim, K..F. (2000). The influence of replacing fish meal partially in the diet with soybean meal on growth and body composition of juvenile tin foil barb (Barbodes altus). Aquaculture 189, 133–144.
FAO. (2000). Fishery Statistics (Aquaculture Production). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 90(2): 22-131
Folch J., Lees M. and Sloane – Stanley G.H. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 226: 497-509.
Francis G., Makkar H..P.S. and Becker K. (2001). Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingradients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture 199:197-227
Gangadhar B., nandeesha M.C., Verghese T.J. and Keshavnath P. (1997). Effects of varying protein and lipid levels on the growth of rohu Labeo rohita. Asian Fisheries Society. 10: 139-42.
Hernandez M.D., Jover M.M. and Garcia B.G. (2007). Effect of partial replacement of fish meal by soybean meal in sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo) diet. Aquaculture 263:159-167
Herpher B., Liao I.C., Cheng S.H. and Hsieh C.S. (1983). Food utilization by red tilapia- affects of diet composition. feeding level and temperature on utilization efficiencies for maintenance and growth. Aquaculture 32: 255-75.
Hertrampf J.W. and Piedad-Pascual F. (2000). Handbook on ingredients for aquaculture feeds. Kluwer Academic Publishers. London.
Izquierdo M.S., Fernandez-Palacios H. and Tacon A.G.J.. (2001). Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish. Aquaculture 197: 25-42.
Khan, M.A., A.K. Jafri, N.K. Chadha and N. Usmani. (2003). Growth and body composition of rohu (Labeo rohita) fed diets containing oilseed meals: partial or total replacement of fish meal with soybean meal. Aquaculture Nutrition. 9(6): 391-396.
Khan, M.A., Jafri A.K. and Chadha N.K. (2005). Effects of varying dietary protein levels on growth, reproductive performance, body and egg composition of rohu, Labeo rohita(Hamilton). Aquaculture Nutrition 11: 11–17.
Kikuchi, K. (1999). Use of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fish meal in diets of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture 179, 3–11.
Lagler K.F. (1971). Freshwater Fishery Biology. W.C. Brown Publishers, Lowa, USA.
Lim, S.R., Choi, S.M., Wang, X.J., Kim, K.W., Shin, I.S., Min, T.S., Bai, S.C. (2004). Effects of dehulled soybean meal as a fish meal replacer in diets for fingerling and growing Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Aquaculture 231, 457–468.
Lin, S. and Luo, L. (2011). Effects of different levels of soybean meal inclusion in replacement for fish meal on growth, digestive enzymes and transaminases activity in practical diets for juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus X O. aureus. Animal Feed Science and Technology doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.03.012,
Lowry O.H., Rosenbrough N.J., Farr A.L. and Randall R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193: 265-75.
Moharram S.G. and Raky F.A. (2007). Effect of varying dietary protein sources on growth and spawning performance and gonad maturation of red tilapia reared in sea water. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 10 (21): 3742-3751
Muchlisin Z.A., Hashim, R. and Chong, A.S.C. (2006). Influence of dietary protein levels on growth and egg quality in broodstock female Bagrid catfish (Mystus nemurus Cuv. & Val.). Aquaculture Research 37: 416 – 18.
Nandi S., Chattopadhyay D.N., Verma J.P., Sarkar S.K. and Mukhopadhaya P.K. (2001). Effect of dietary supplementation of fatty acids and vitamins on the breeding performance of the carp Catla catla. Reproductive Nutrition Development 41:365-75.
Nandi S., Routray P., Gupta S.D., RathS C., Dasgupta S., Meher P.K. and Mukhopadhyay P.K. (2007). Reproductive performance of carp, Catla catla (Ham.), reared on a formulated diet with PUFA supplementation. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 23(6): 684-91.
Ovie S. and Ovie S. (2007). The effect of replacing fish meal with 10% of groundnut cake in the diets of H. longlifilis on its growth, food conversion and survival. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Science 11: 87-90.
Pandey A.K., Arvindakshan P.K. and Singh B.N. (2009). Early maturation in broodstocks of Indian major carps maintained on semi-balanced diet supplemented with lysine and methionine. Recent Advances in Hormonal Physiology of fish and shellfish Reproduction Pp. 175-82.
Pereira J., Reis?Henriques M.A., Sanchez J.L. and Costa J. M. (1998). Effect of protein source on the reproductive performance of female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Research 29(10):751–760
Peres H., Lim C. and Klesius P.H. (2003). Nutritional value of heat treated soybean meal for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture 225: 67-82.
Quintero H.E., Hutson A., Chaimongkol A., Davis A., Dunham R., Abebe A. (2009). Effects of varying dietary protein levels and feeding frequencies on condition and reproductive performance of channel catfish to produce hybrid catfish. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 40:601-15.
Refstie S., Trond S. and Roem A.J. (1998). Feed consumption and conversion in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with fish meal, extracted soybean meal or soybean meal with reduced content of oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, lectins and soya antigens. Aquaculture 162: 301-12.
Regost C., Arzel1 J., Cardinal M., Robin J., Laroche M. and Kaushik S.J. (2001). Dietary lipid level, hepatic lipogenesis and flesh quality in turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture 193 (3-4) : 291-09.
Robaina L., Izquierdo M.S., Moyano F.J., Socorro J., Vergara J.M., Montero D. and Fernandez-Palacios H. (1995). Soybean and lupin seed meals as protein sources in diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): nutrition and histological implications. Aquaculture 130:219-33.
Saeed M., M. Salim and U. Noreen (2005). Study of the growth performance and feed conversion ration of La-beo rohita fingerlings, fed on soybean meal, blood meal corn gluten 62%. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 25 3:121-126.
Silva-Carrillo Y., Hernández C., Hardy RW., González -Rodríguez B. and Castillo-Vargasmachuca S. (2012). The effect of substituting fish meal with soybean meal on growth, feed efficiency, body composition and blood chemistry in juvenile spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869). Aquaculture 364-365: 180-185.
Sink T.D., Lochmann R.T., Pohlenz C., Buentello A. and Gatlin D. (2010). Effects of dietary protein source and protein- lipid source interaction on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) egg biochemical composition, egg production and quality and fry hatching percentage and performance. Aquaculture 298: 251-259
Singh R. and Dhawan A. (1996). Effect of formulated diets on the growth and ovarian maturation in common carp Cyprinus carpio communis Linn. Indian Jornal of Fisheries 43: 349-53.
Tantikitti, C., Sangpong, W., Chiavareesajja, S. (2005). Effects of defatted soybean protein levels on growth performance and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Aquaculture 248, 41–50.
Varghese, B., Paulraj, R., Gopakumar, G., & Chakraborty, K. (2009). Dietary influence on the egg production and larval viability in True Sebae Clownfish Amphiprion sebae Bleeker 1853. Asian Fisheries Science 22(1): 7-20.
Vergara J.M., Robaina L., Izquierdo M.S. and De la Higuela M. (1996). Protein sparing effect of lipids in diets for fingerling of gilthead sea bream. Marine Mammal Science 62: 624-28.
Wang C., Harris W.S., Chung M., Lichtenstein A.H., Balk E.M., Kupelnick B., Jordan H.S. and Lau J. (2006). n–3 fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not ?-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48: 5-17.
Zakeri M., Marammazi J.G., Kochanian P., Savari A., Yavari V. and Haghi M. (2009). Effects of protein and lipid concentrations in broodstock diets on growth, spawning performance and egg quality of yellowfin sea bream (Acanthopagrus latus). Aquaculture 295 : 99–105.
Zohar Y., Harel M., Hassin S. and Tandler A. (1995). Gilthead seabeam. In : Bromage N.R., Robert R.J. (eds.), Broodstock management and egg and larval Quality. Pp 424. Cambridge University press, Cambridge.
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Effect of plant and animal protein sources on the growth, gonadal maturity and proximate composition of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). (2015). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(2), 631-638. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.657
