Maize (Zea mays L.) response to subsoil compaction and nitrogen fertilization under semi-arid irrigated conditions
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Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to access the optimal N dose and its impact on growth, yield and yield attributes of hybrid maize (Zea mays. L) under subsoil compaction condition. The experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the summer seasons of the year 2012 and 2013. The experiment comprised three subsoil compaction treatments in main plots and three nitrogen levels in sub plots following split-plot design with three replications. Plant height, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation were negatively affected by subsoil compaction. However nitrogen fertilization mitigates the negative effect of subsoil compaction on growth of maize. Cob length was recorded lower with higher cob barrenness under higher degree of subsoil compaction. The grain yield was reduced by 13-16 per cent and biomass yield by 10-17 per cent due to subsoil compaction. The total N uptake was 14.6 and 18.2 per cent higher under C0 treatment than that in highly compacted subsoil (C2), while N2 treatment had improved the total N uptake by 18.6 and 14.9 per cent as compared to N0 treatment during the year 2012 and 2013, respectively. The results revealed that N1 fertilization level can be recommended under subsurface compacted soils as compared to N0 and N2 rates. This study further suggests the management option should be explored in addition to deep tillage to maximize yield of maize.
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Keywords
Dry matter, Subsoil compaction, Maize, N uptake, Nitrogen, Yield, Yield attributes
References
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Akbar, H., Jan M.T. and Amanullah, J. (2002). Yield potential of sweet corn as influenced by different level of nitrogen and plant population. Asian J. Plant Sci. 16: 631-633.
Anonymous (2012). Package of practices for crops of Punjab: Kharif-2012. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. 29(1): 18-30.
Azeez, J., Adetunji, M. and Lagoke, S. (2006). Response of low-nitrogen tolerant maize genotypes to nitrogen application in a tropical Alfisol in northern Nigeria. Soil Tillage Res. 91: 181–185.
Cassman, K.G., Doberman, A. and Walters, D.T. (2002). Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management. J. Hum. Evol. 31: 132–140.
Fedotkin, I.V. and Kravtsov, I.A. (2001). Production of grain maize under irrigated conditions. Kukuruza-I-Sorgo, 3: 5-8.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, U K.
Hakansson, I. and Lipiec, J. (2000). A review of the usefulness of relative bulk density values in studies of soil structure and compaction. Soil Tillage Res.53: 71-85.
Hennessy, D.A. (2009). Crop yield skewness under law of the minimum technology. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 91: 197-208.
Inamullah, Shah, N.H., Rehman, N., Siddiq, M. and Khan, Z. (2011a). Phenology, yields and their correlations in popular local and exotic maize hybrids at various nitrogen levels. Sarhad J. Agric. 27: 363-69.
Inamullah, Rehman, N., Shah, N.H., Arif, M., Siddiq, M. and Mian I.A. (2011b). Correlations among grain yield and yield attributes in maize hybrids at various nitrogen levels. Sarhad J. Agric. 27: 531-538.
Ishaq, M., Hassan, A., Saeed, M., Ibrahim, M. and Lal, R. (2001). Subsoil compaction effects on crops in Punjab. Pakistan I. Soil physical properties and crop yield. Soil Tillage Res.59:57–65.
Jagdish-Singh and Hadda, M.S. (2014) Phenology and thermal indices of maize (Zea mays L.) influenced by subsoil compaction and nitrogen fertilization under semi-arid irrigated conditions. J Appl. Nat. Sci. 6: 349-355.
Kage, H. and Ehler, W. (1996). Does transport of water to the roots limit water uptake of field crops. Zeits. Pflanz. Bodenkunde. 159:583-590.
Kumar, A., (2009). Production potential and nitrogen use efficiency of sweet corn as influenced by different planting densities and nitrogen levels. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 79: 351-55.
Lipiec, J., Ishioka, T., Szustak, A., Pietrusiewicz, J. and St?pniewski, W. (1996). Effects of soil compaction and transient oxygen deficiency on growth, water use and stomatal resistance in maize. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B: Soil & Plant Sci. 46: 186-191.
Lipiec, J., Medvedev, V.V., Birkas, M., Dumitru, E,. Lyndina, T.E., Rousseva, S. and Fulajtár, E. (2003) Effect of soil compaction on root growth and crop yield in Central and Eastern Europe. Int. Agrophysics. 17:61–69.
Muchow, R.C. (1990). Effect of high temperature on grain-growth in field-grown maize. Field Crop. Res. 23: 145-58.
Nelson, D.W. and Somers, L.E., (1973). Determination of total nitrogen in plant material. Agron. J. 65, 109–112.
Patel, J.B., Patel, V.J. and Patel J.R. (2006). Influence of different methods of irrigation and nitrogen levels on crop growth rate and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Indian J. Crop Sci. 1: 175-177.
Prasad, T.V., Khrishnamurthy K. and Shivashankar, K. (1990). Canopy and growth differences in maize genotypes in relation to plant densities and nitrogen levels. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 24:437-44.
Radford, B.J., Yule, D.F., McGarry, D. and Playford, C. (2001) Crop responses to applied soil compaction and to compaction repair treatments. Soil Tillage Res.61: 157–166.
Rafique, M., Hussain, A., Mahmood, T., Alvi, A.W. and Alvi, M.B. (2004). Heritability and interrelationships among grain yield and yield components in maize (Zea mays L.). Int. J. Agric. Biol. 6: 1113-1114.
Rasheed, M., Mahmood, T., Nazir, M.S., Bhutta, W.A. and Ghaffar, A. (2004). Nutrient efficiency and economics of hybrid maize under different planting methods and nutrient levels. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 6:922-925.
Sakai, H., Nordfjell, T., Suadicani, K., Talbot, B. and Bøllehuus, E. (2008). Soil compaction on forest soils from different kinds of tires and tracks and possibility of accurate estimate. Croat. J. For. Eng. 29:15–27.
Shivay, Y.S. and Singh R.P. (2000). Growth, yield attributes, yield and nitrogen uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by cropping systems and nitrogen levels. Ann. Agric. Res. 21:494-98.
Sweeney, D. W., Kirkham M. B. and Sisson J. B. (2006) Crop and soil response to wheel-track compaction of a claypan soil. Agron. J. 98:637–643.
Tan, X., Chang, S. and Kabzems, R. (2008). Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil. Biol. Fert. Soils, 44:471–479.
Torbert, H.A., Potter, K.N. and Morrison, J.E. (2001). Tillage system, fertilizer nitrogen rate and timing effect on corn yields in the Texas Black land prairie. Agron. J. 93: 1119-1124.
Uhart, S.A. and Andrade, F.H. (1995). Nitrogen deficiency in maize. I. Effects on crop growth, development, dry matter partitioning and kernel set. Crop Sci. 35: 1376-83.
Unger, P.W. and Kaspar, T.C. (1994). Soil compaction and root growth: a review. Agron. J. 6: 759-766.
Voorhees,W.B. (2000). Long-term effects of subsoil compaction on yield of maize. Adv. GeoEcol. 32:331–338.
Williamson, J. and Neilsen, W. (2000). The influence of forest site on rate and extent of soil compaction and profile disturbance of skid trails during ground-based harvesting. Canadian J. For. Res. 30:1196–1205.
Worku, M., Bänziger, M., Erley, G.S.A., Friesen, D., Diallo, A.O. and Horst, W.J. (2007). Nitrogen uptake and utilization in contrasting nitrogen efficient tropical maize hybrids. Crop Sci. 47: 519–528.
Xu, L., Niu, J., Li, C. and Zhang, F. (2009). Growth, nitrogen uptake and flow in maize plants affected by root growth restriction. Int. J. Plant Biol. 51:689–97.
Yousra, M., Akhtar, J., Saqib, Z.A., Saqib, M. and Haq, M.A. (2013). Effect of potassium application on ammonium nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) under salt stress. Pakistan J. Agric. Sci. 50: 43-48.
Akbar, H., Jan M.T. and Amanullah, J. (2002). Yield potential of sweet corn as influenced by different level of nitrogen and plant population. Asian J. Plant Sci. 16: 631-633.
Anonymous (2012). Package of practices for crops of Punjab: Kharif-2012. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. 29(1): 18-30.
Azeez, J., Adetunji, M. and Lagoke, S. (2006). Response of low-nitrogen tolerant maize genotypes to nitrogen application in a tropical Alfisol in northern Nigeria. Soil Tillage Res. 91: 181–185.
Cassman, K.G., Doberman, A. and Walters, D.T. (2002). Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management. J. Hum. Evol. 31: 132–140.
Fedotkin, I.V. and Kravtsov, I.A. (2001). Production of grain maize under irrigated conditions. Kukuruza-I-Sorgo, 3: 5-8.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, U K.
Hakansson, I. and Lipiec, J. (2000). A review of the usefulness of relative bulk density values in studies of soil structure and compaction. Soil Tillage Res.53: 71-85.
Hennessy, D.A. (2009). Crop yield skewness under law of the minimum technology. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 91: 197-208.
Inamullah, Shah, N.H., Rehman, N., Siddiq, M. and Khan, Z. (2011a). Phenology, yields and their correlations in popular local and exotic maize hybrids at various nitrogen levels. Sarhad J. Agric. 27: 363-69.
Inamullah, Rehman, N., Shah, N.H., Arif, M., Siddiq, M. and Mian I.A. (2011b). Correlations among grain yield and yield attributes in maize hybrids at various nitrogen levels. Sarhad J. Agric. 27: 531-538.
Ishaq, M., Hassan, A., Saeed, M., Ibrahim, M. and Lal, R. (2001). Subsoil compaction effects on crops in Punjab. Pakistan I. Soil physical properties and crop yield. Soil Tillage Res.59:57–65.
Jagdish-Singh and Hadda, M.S. (2014) Phenology and thermal indices of maize (Zea mays L.) influenced by subsoil compaction and nitrogen fertilization under semi-arid irrigated conditions. J Appl. Nat. Sci. 6: 349-355.
Kage, H. and Ehler, W. (1996). Does transport of water to the roots limit water uptake of field crops. Zeits. Pflanz. Bodenkunde. 159:583-590.
Kumar, A., (2009). Production potential and nitrogen use efficiency of sweet corn as influenced by different planting densities and nitrogen levels. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 79: 351-55.
Lipiec, J., Ishioka, T., Szustak, A., Pietrusiewicz, J. and St?pniewski, W. (1996). Effects of soil compaction and transient oxygen deficiency on growth, water use and stomatal resistance in maize. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B: Soil & Plant Sci. 46: 186-191.
Lipiec, J., Medvedev, V.V., Birkas, M., Dumitru, E,. Lyndina, T.E., Rousseva, S. and Fulajtár, E. (2003) Effect of soil compaction on root growth and crop yield in Central and Eastern Europe. Int. Agrophysics. 17:61–69.
Muchow, R.C. (1990). Effect of high temperature on grain-growth in field-grown maize. Field Crop. Res. 23: 145-58.
Nelson, D.W. and Somers, L.E., (1973). Determination of total nitrogen in plant material. Agron. J. 65, 109–112.
Patel, J.B., Patel, V.J. and Patel J.R. (2006). Influence of different methods of irrigation and nitrogen levels on crop growth rate and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Indian J. Crop Sci. 1: 175-177.
Prasad, T.V., Khrishnamurthy K. and Shivashankar, K. (1990). Canopy and growth differences in maize genotypes in relation to plant densities and nitrogen levels. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 24:437-44.
Radford, B.J., Yule, D.F., McGarry, D. and Playford, C. (2001) Crop responses to applied soil compaction and to compaction repair treatments. Soil Tillage Res.61: 157–166.
Rafique, M., Hussain, A., Mahmood, T., Alvi, A.W. and Alvi, M.B. (2004). Heritability and interrelationships among grain yield and yield components in maize (Zea mays L.). Int. J. Agric. Biol. 6: 1113-1114.
Rasheed, M., Mahmood, T., Nazir, M.S., Bhutta, W.A. and Ghaffar, A. (2004). Nutrient efficiency and economics of hybrid maize under different planting methods and nutrient levels. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 6:922-925.
Sakai, H., Nordfjell, T., Suadicani, K., Talbot, B. and Bøllehuus, E. (2008). Soil compaction on forest soils from different kinds of tires and tracks and possibility of accurate estimate. Croat. J. For. Eng. 29:15–27.
Shivay, Y.S. and Singh R.P. (2000). Growth, yield attributes, yield and nitrogen uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by cropping systems and nitrogen levels. Ann. Agric. Res. 21:494-98.
Sweeney, D. W., Kirkham M. B. and Sisson J. B. (2006) Crop and soil response to wheel-track compaction of a claypan soil. Agron. J. 98:637–643.
Tan, X., Chang, S. and Kabzems, R. (2008). Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil. Biol. Fert. Soils, 44:471–479.
Torbert, H.A., Potter, K.N. and Morrison, J.E. (2001). Tillage system, fertilizer nitrogen rate and timing effect on corn yields in the Texas Black land prairie. Agron. J. 93: 1119-1124.
Uhart, S.A. and Andrade, F.H. (1995). Nitrogen deficiency in maize. I. Effects on crop growth, development, dry matter partitioning and kernel set. Crop Sci. 35: 1376-83.
Unger, P.W. and Kaspar, T.C. (1994). Soil compaction and root growth: a review. Agron. J. 6: 759-766.
Voorhees,W.B. (2000). Long-term effects of subsoil compaction on yield of maize. Adv. GeoEcol. 32:331–338.
Williamson, J. and Neilsen, W. (2000). The influence of forest site on rate and extent of soil compaction and profile disturbance of skid trails during ground-based harvesting. Canadian J. For. Res. 30:1196–1205.
Worku, M., Bänziger, M., Erley, G.S.A., Friesen, D., Diallo, A.O. and Horst, W.J. (2007). Nitrogen uptake and utilization in contrasting nitrogen efficient tropical maize hybrids. Crop Sci. 47: 519–528.
Xu, L., Niu, J., Li, C. and Zhang, F. (2009). Growth, nitrogen uptake and flow in maize plants affected by root growth restriction. Int. J. Plant Biol. 51:689–97.
Yousra, M., Akhtar, J., Saqib, Z.A., Saqib, M. and Haq, M.A. (2013). Effect of potassium application on ammonium nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) under salt stress. Pakistan J. Agric. Sci. 50: 43-48.
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Maize (Zea mays L.) response to subsoil compaction and nitrogen fertilization under semi-arid irrigated conditions. (2015). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(1), 493-500. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i1.638
