Dye wastewater treatment with rice husk-derived silica xerogel: An eco-friendly process
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Abstract
Removal of dye contamination from wastewater is crucial for protecting human health and the environment, and adsorption is considered an effective removal method. In addition, agricultural residues are attractive for use as adsorbents for the adsorption due to their renewability. Therefore, the present work aimed to develop silica xerogel from rice husk (agricultural residue in rice production) into an adsorbent for dye wastewater treatment. In the xerogel synthesis, a non-toxic organic acid (citric acid) was used instead of a toxic inorganic acid for leaching and precipitation steps to lower the environmental impact of the process. It was found that the obtained silica xerogel has physical properties such as a surface area and pore volume, comparable with silica xerogels in other literature. When applying it in the dye (methylene blue) wastewater treatment, the obtained silica xerogel showed better adsorption capacity than unprocessed silica at all studied conditions, i.e. various times, pH and initial concentration. The maximum adsorption capacity of the xerogel and unprocessed silica were 103.45 and 61.78 mg/g, respectively. This indicates the benefit of silica xerogel with low environmental impact when applied in dye wastewater treatment. The adsorption isotherms and kinetic for both types of silica were also conducted. It was found that the adsorption process of methylene blue on the silica fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. This provides valuable information for optimizing the operating parameters for best performance in a given situation.
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Keywords
Addsorption isotherm, Adsorption kinetic, Dry wastewater, Methylene blue, Silica xerogel
References
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Ahmad, M. A., Ahmad Puad, N. A. & Bello, O. S. (2014). Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of synthetic dye removal using pomegranate peel activated carbon prepared by microwave-induced KOH activation. Water Resources and Industry, 6, 18-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2014.06.002
Allahkarami, E., Allahkarami, E., Heydari, M., Azadmehr, A. & Maghsoudi, A. (2024). Assessment of chromite ore wastes for methylene blue adsorption: Isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic studies, ANN, and statistical physics modeling. Chemosphere, 358, 142098. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142098
Aragaw, T. A. & Bogale, F. M. (2021). Biomass-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Dyes From Wastewater: A Review. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9. DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.764958
Arenas, L., Simm, C., Gushikem, Y., Dias, S., Moro, C., Costa, T. & Benvenutti, E. (2007). Synthesis of silica xerogels with high surface area using acetic acid as catalyst. Journal of The Brazilian Chemical Society - JBCS, 18. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-50532007000500003
Bawa, I., Irdhawati & Putri, K. (2023). Combined absorbent of corn husks and eggshells activated by sodium hydroxide as an adsorbent for Remazol Yellow FG dye in textile waste. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15, 1582-1586. DOI: 10.31018/jans.v15i4.5124
Chen, K., Ng, K. H., Cheng, C. K., Cheng, Y. W., Chong, C. C., Vo, D.-V. N., Witoon, T. & Ismail, M. H. (2022). Biomass-derived carbon-based and silica-based materials for catalytic and adsorptive applications- An update since 2010. Chemosphere, 287, 132222. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132222
Cherifi, H., Fatiha, B. & Salah, H. (2013). Kinetic studies on the adsorption of methylene blue onto vegetal fiber activated carbons. Applied Surface Science, 282, 52-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.05.031
Dahliyanti, A., Yunitama, D. A., Rofiqoh, I. & Mustapha, M. (2022). Synthesis and characterization of silica xerogel from corn husk waste as cationic dyes adsorbent. F1000Research, 11, 305. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.75979.1
Dorairaj, D., Govender, N., Zakaria, S. & Wickneswari, R. (2022). Green synthesis and characterization of UKMRC-8 rice husk-derived mesoporous silica nanoparticle for agricultural application. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 20162. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24484-z
Foo, K. Y. & Hameed, B. H. (2012). Mesoporous activated carbon from wood sawdust by K2CO3 activation using microwave heating. Bioresource technology, 111, 425-432. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.141
Forgacs, E., Cserháti, T. & Oros, G. (2004). Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review. Environment International, 30(7), 953-971. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.001
Freundlich, H. (1906). Over the adsorption in solution. International Journal of Research in Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, 57, 387-470.
Gherraby, Y., Rachdi, Y., El Alouani, M., Aouan, B., Bassam, R., Cherouaki, R., Saufi, H., Khouya, E. h. & Belaaouad, S. (2024). Application of Aptenia cordifolia powder as a biosorbent for methylene blue retention from an aqueous medium: Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic investigations. Desalination and Water Treatment, 318, 100263. DOI: 10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100263
Gregory, A. R., Elliott, J. & Kluge, P. (1981). Ames testing of direct black 38 parallels carcinogenicity testing. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 1(6), 308-313. DOI: 10.1002/jat.2550010608
Gupta, V. K. & Suhas. (2009). Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal--a review. J Environ Manage, 90(8), 2313-2342. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.017
Guzel Kaya, G., Yilmaz, E. & Deveci, H. (2019). A novel silica xerogel synthesized from volcanic tuff as an adsorbent for high-efficient removal of methylene blue: parameter optimization using Taguchi experimental design. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 94(8), 2729-2737. DOI: 10.1002/jctb.6089
Hamdaoui, O. (2006). Batch study of liquid-phase adsorption of methylene blue using cedar sawdust and crushed brick. Journal of hazardous materials, 135(1), 264-273. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.062
Henisch, H. K. (1988). Crystals in Gels and Liesegang Rings: Cambridge University Press.
Ho, Y. S. & McKay, G. (1999). Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process biochemistry, 34(5), 451-465. DOI: 10.1016/S0032-9592(98)00112-5
Husien, S., El-taweel, R., Salim, A., Fahim, I., Said, L. & Radwan, A. (2022). Review of activated carbon adsorbent material for textile dyes removal: Preparation, and modelling. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 5, 100325. DOI: 10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100325
Islam, M. A., Ahmed, M. J., Khanday, W. A., Asif, M. & Hameed, B. H. (2017). Mesoporous activated carbon prepared from NaOH activation of rattan (Lacosperma secundiflorum) hydrochar for methylene blue removal. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 138, 279-285. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.010
Juzsakova, T., Salman, A. D., Abdullah, T. A., Rasheed, R. T., Zsirka, B., Al-Shaikhly, R. R., Sluser, B. & Cretescu, I. (2023). Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Mixture of Reused Silica Gel Desiccant and Natural Sand or Eggshell Waste. Materials, 16(4), 1618.
Kalapathy, U., Proctor, A. & Shultz, J. (2000). A simple method for production of pure silica from rice hull ash. Bioresource technology, 73(3), 257-262. DOI: 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00127-3
Kasbaji, M., Ibrahim, I., Mennani, M., abdelatty abuelalla, O., fekry, S. S., Mohamed, M. M., Salama, T. M., Moneam, I. A., Mbarki, M., Moubarik, A. & Oubenali, M. (2023). Future trends in dye removal by metal oxides and their Nano/Composites: A comprehensive review. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 158, 111546. DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111546
Khan, T. A., Khan, E. A. & Shahjahan. (2016). Adsorptive uptake of basic dyes from aqueous solution by novel brown linseed deoiled cake activated carbon: Equilibrium isotherms and dynamics. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(3), 3084-3095. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2016.06.009
Kushwaha, A. K., Gupta, N. & Chattopadhyaya, M. C. (2014). Enhanced adsorption of methylene blue on modified silica gel: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52(22-24), 4527-4537. DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2013.803319
Lagergren, S. (1898). Zur Theorie der Sogenannten Adsorption Gelöster Stoffe, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens. Handlingar, 24(4), 1-39.
Langmuir, I. (1918). The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. Journal of the American Chemical society, 40(9), 1361-1403.
Li, Y., Wang, S., Shen, Z., Li, X., Zhou, Q., Sun, Y., Wang, T., Liu, Y. & Gao, Q. (2020). Gradient Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet onto Compound Microporous Silica from Aqueous Medium. ACS Omega, 5(43), 28382-28392. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04437
Maseko, N. N., Enke, D., Iwarere, S. A., Oluwafemi, O. S. & Pocock, J. (2023). Synthesis of low density and high purity silica xerogels from south african sugarcane leaves without the usage of a surfactant. Sustainability, 15(5), 4626. DOI: 10.3390/su15054626
Mohamed, F., Shaban, M., Zaki, S. K., Abd-Elsamie, M. S., Sayed, R., Zayed, M., Khalid, N., Saad, S., Omar, S., Ahmed, A. M., Gerges, A., El-Mageed, H. R. A. & Soliman, N. K. (2022). Activated carbon derived from sugarcane and modified with natural zeolite for efficient adsorption of methylene blue dye: experimentally and theoretically approaches. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 18031. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22421-8
Nzereogu, P. U., Omah, A. D., Ezema, F. I., Iwuoha, E. I. & Nwanya, A. C. (2023). Silica extraction from rice husk: Comprehensive review and applications. Hybrid Advances, 4, 100111. DOI: 10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100111
Omatolaa, K., Onojah, A. & Ahemen, I. (2023). Synthesis and characterization of silica xerogel and aerogel from rice husk ash and pulverized beach sand via sol-gel route. Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences, 11609. DOI: 10.46481/jnsps.2023.1609
Ruan, W., Hu, J., Qi, J., Hou, Y., Zhou, C. & Wei, X. (2019). Removal of dyes from wastewater by nanomaterials : A review. Advanced Materials Letters, 10(1), 9-20. DOI: 10.5185/amlett.2019.2148
Shang, T. X., Zhang, J., Jin, X. J. & Gao, J. M. (2014). Study of Cr(VI) adsorption onto nitrogen-containing activated carbon preparation from bamboo processing residues. Journal of Wood Science, 60(3), 215-224. DOI: 10.1007/s10086-014-1392-4
Temkin, M. I. & Pyzhev, V. (1940). Kinetics of ammonia synthesis on promoted iron catalysts. Acta Physicochim U.R.S.S., 12, 217-222.
Vander Auwera, J., Ngo, N. H., El Hamzaoui, H., Capoen, B., Bouazaoui, M., Ausset, P., Boulet, C. & Hartmann, J. M. (2013). Infrared absorption by molecular gases as a probe of nanoporous silica xerogel and molecule-surface collisions: Low-pressure results. Physical Review A, 88(4), 042506. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.88.042506
Vargas, A. M., Cazetta, A. L., Kunita, M. H., Silva, T. L. & Almeida, V. C. (2011). Adsorption of methylene blue on activated carbon produced from flamboyant pods (Delonix regia): Study of adsorption isotherms and kinetic models. Chemical Engineering Journal, 168(2), 722-730. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.067
Ahmad, M. A., Ahmad Puad, N. A. & Bello, O. S. (2014). Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of synthetic dye removal using pomegranate peel activated carbon prepared by microwave-induced KOH activation. Water Resources and Industry, 6, 18-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2014.06.002
Allahkarami, E., Allahkarami, E., Heydari, M., Azadmehr, A. & Maghsoudi, A. (2024). Assessment of chromite ore wastes for methylene blue adsorption: Isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic studies, ANN, and statistical physics modeling. Chemosphere, 358, 142098. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142098
Aragaw, T. A. & Bogale, F. M. (2021). Biomass-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Dyes From Wastewater: A Review. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9. DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.764958
Arenas, L., Simm, C., Gushikem, Y., Dias, S., Moro, C., Costa, T. & Benvenutti, E. (2007). Synthesis of silica xerogels with high surface area using acetic acid as catalyst. Journal of The Brazilian Chemical Society - JBCS, 18. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-50532007000500003
Bawa, I., Irdhawati & Putri, K. (2023). Combined absorbent of corn husks and eggshells activated by sodium hydroxide as an adsorbent for Remazol Yellow FG dye in textile waste. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15, 1582-1586. DOI: 10.31018/jans.v15i4.5124
Chen, K., Ng, K. H., Cheng, C. K., Cheng, Y. W., Chong, C. C., Vo, D.-V. N., Witoon, T. & Ismail, M. H. (2022). Biomass-derived carbon-based and silica-based materials for catalytic and adsorptive applications- An update since 2010. Chemosphere, 287, 132222. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132222
Cherifi, H., Fatiha, B. & Salah, H. (2013). Kinetic studies on the adsorption of methylene blue onto vegetal fiber activated carbons. Applied Surface Science, 282, 52-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.05.031
Dahliyanti, A., Yunitama, D. A., Rofiqoh, I. & Mustapha, M. (2022). Synthesis and characterization of silica xerogel from corn husk waste as cationic dyes adsorbent. F1000Research, 11, 305. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.75979.1
Dorairaj, D., Govender, N., Zakaria, S. & Wickneswari, R. (2022). Green synthesis and characterization of UKMRC-8 rice husk-derived mesoporous silica nanoparticle for agricultural application. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 20162. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24484-z
Foo, K. Y. & Hameed, B. H. (2012). Mesoporous activated carbon from wood sawdust by K2CO3 activation using microwave heating. Bioresource technology, 111, 425-432. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.141
Forgacs, E., Cserháti, T. & Oros, G. (2004). Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review. Environment International, 30(7), 953-971. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.001
Freundlich, H. (1906). Over the adsorption in solution. International Journal of Research in Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, 57, 387-470.
Gherraby, Y., Rachdi, Y., El Alouani, M., Aouan, B., Bassam, R., Cherouaki, R., Saufi, H., Khouya, E. h. & Belaaouad, S. (2024). Application of Aptenia cordifolia powder as a biosorbent for methylene blue retention from an aqueous medium: Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic investigations. Desalination and Water Treatment, 318, 100263. DOI: 10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100263
Gregory, A. R., Elliott, J. & Kluge, P. (1981). Ames testing of direct black 38 parallels carcinogenicity testing. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 1(6), 308-313. DOI: 10.1002/jat.2550010608
Gupta, V. K. & Suhas. (2009). Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal--a review. J Environ Manage, 90(8), 2313-2342. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.017
Guzel Kaya, G., Yilmaz, E. & Deveci, H. (2019). A novel silica xerogel synthesized from volcanic tuff as an adsorbent for high-efficient removal of methylene blue: parameter optimization using Taguchi experimental design. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 94(8), 2729-2737. DOI: 10.1002/jctb.6089
Hamdaoui, O. (2006). Batch study of liquid-phase adsorption of methylene blue using cedar sawdust and crushed brick. Journal of hazardous materials, 135(1), 264-273. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.062
Henisch, H. K. (1988). Crystals in Gels and Liesegang Rings: Cambridge University Press.
Ho, Y. S. & McKay, G. (1999). Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process biochemistry, 34(5), 451-465. DOI: 10.1016/S0032-9592(98)00112-5
Husien, S., El-taweel, R., Salim, A., Fahim, I., Said, L. & Radwan, A. (2022). Review of activated carbon adsorbent material for textile dyes removal: Preparation, and modelling. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 5, 100325. DOI: 10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100325
Islam, M. A., Ahmed, M. J., Khanday, W. A., Asif, M. & Hameed, B. H. (2017). Mesoporous activated carbon prepared from NaOH activation of rattan (Lacosperma secundiflorum) hydrochar for methylene blue removal. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 138, 279-285. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.010
Juzsakova, T., Salman, A. D., Abdullah, T. A., Rasheed, R. T., Zsirka, B., Al-Shaikhly, R. R., Sluser, B. & Cretescu, I. (2023). Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Mixture of Reused Silica Gel Desiccant and Natural Sand or Eggshell Waste. Materials, 16(4), 1618.
Kalapathy, U., Proctor, A. & Shultz, J. (2000). A simple method for production of pure silica from rice hull ash. Bioresource technology, 73(3), 257-262. DOI: 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00127-3
Kasbaji, M., Ibrahim, I., Mennani, M., abdelatty abuelalla, O., fekry, S. S., Mohamed, M. M., Salama, T. M., Moneam, I. A., Mbarki, M., Moubarik, A. & Oubenali, M. (2023). Future trends in dye removal by metal oxides and their Nano/Composites: A comprehensive review. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 158, 111546. DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111546
Khan, T. A., Khan, E. A. & Shahjahan. (2016). Adsorptive uptake of basic dyes from aqueous solution by novel brown linseed deoiled cake activated carbon: Equilibrium isotherms and dynamics. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(3), 3084-3095. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2016.06.009
Kushwaha, A. K., Gupta, N. & Chattopadhyaya, M. C. (2014). Enhanced adsorption of methylene blue on modified silica gel: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52(22-24), 4527-4537. DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2013.803319
Lagergren, S. (1898). Zur Theorie der Sogenannten Adsorption Gelöster Stoffe, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens. Handlingar, 24(4), 1-39.
Langmuir, I. (1918). The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. Journal of the American Chemical society, 40(9), 1361-1403.
Li, Y., Wang, S., Shen, Z., Li, X., Zhou, Q., Sun, Y., Wang, T., Liu, Y. & Gao, Q. (2020). Gradient Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet onto Compound Microporous Silica from Aqueous Medium. ACS Omega, 5(43), 28382-28392. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04437
Maseko, N. N., Enke, D., Iwarere, S. A., Oluwafemi, O. S. & Pocock, J. (2023). Synthesis of low density and high purity silica xerogels from south african sugarcane leaves without the usage of a surfactant. Sustainability, 15(5), 4626. DOI: 10.3390/su15054626
Mohamed, F., Shaban, M., Zaki, S. K., Abd-Elsamie, M. S., Sayed, R., Zayed, M., Khalid, N., Saad, S., Omar, S., Ahmed, A. M., Gerges, A., El-Mageed, H. R. A. & Soliman, N. K. (2022). Activated carbon derived from sugarcane and modified with natural zeolite for efficient adsorption of methylene blue dye: experimentally and theoretically approaches. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 18031. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22421-8
Nzereogu, P. U., Omah, A. D., Ezema, F. I., Iwuoha, E. I. & Nwanya, A. C. (2023). Silica extraction from rice husk: Comprehensive review and applications. Hybrid Advances, 4, 100111. DOI: 10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100111
Omatolaa, K., Onojah, A. & Ahemen, I. (2023). Synthesis and characterization of silica xerogel and aerogel from rice husk ash and pulverized beach sand via sol-gel route. Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences, 11609. DOI: 10.46481/jnsps.2023.1609
Ruan, W., Hu, J., Qi, J., Hou, Y., Zhou, C. & Wei, X. (2019). Removal of dyes from wastewater by nanomaterials : A review. Advanced Materials Letters, 10(1), 9-20. DOI: 10.5185/amlett.2019.2148
Shang, T. X., Zhang, J., Jin, X. J. & Gao, J. M. (2014). Study of Cr(VI) adsorption onto nitrogen-containing activated carbon preparation from bamboo processing residues. Journal of Wood Science, 60(3), 215-224. DOI: 10.1007/s10086-014-1392-4
Temkin, M. I. & Pyzhev, V. (1940). Kinetics of ammonia synthesis on promoted iron catalysts. Acta Physicochim U.R.S.S., 12, 217-222.
Vander Auwera, J., Ngo, N. H., El Hamzaoui, H., Capoen, B., Bouazaoui, M., Ausset, P., Boulet, C. & Hartmann, J. M. (2013). Infrared absorption by molecular gases as a probe of nanoporous silica xerogel and molecule-surface collisions: Low-pressure results. Physical Review A, 88(4), 042506. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.88.042506
Vargas, A. M., Cazetta, A. L., Kunita, M. H., Silva, T. L. & Almeida, V. C. (2011). Adsorption of methylene blue on activated carbon produced from flamboyant pods (Delonix regia): Study of adsorption isotherms and kinetic models. Chemical Engineering Journal, 168(2), 722-730. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.067
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How to Cite
Dye wastewater treatment with rice husk-derived silica xerogel: An eco-friendly process. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 1213-1221. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i3.5805
