Synergistic effects of silicon and seaweed extract on growth and leaf nutrient content of papaya cv Red Lady
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Abstract
Silicon is crucial in the process of absorbing and transporting nutrients to the plants, which in turn helps to decrease the toxicity of iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn). Plants can better endure drought and salt stress because it strengthens their tissues. Seaweed extracts serve as biostimulants and are considered vital nutrients for sustainable agriculture due to their organic nature and ability to decompose naturally. The present study aimed to compare the nutritional content and growth rate of papaya cv. Red Lady after being treated with silicon and seaweed extract. The papaya plants were moved to new spots 1.5m x 1.5m apart. A Factorial Randomised Block Design with nine treatments and three replications was used for the field experiments. At 6, 7, 8, and 9 months after replanting, silicon (potassium silicate at 0.3% and 0.5%) and seaweed extract at 3% and 5% were made through foliar application. The study showed that the plant's height (278.66 cm), stem width (174.8 cm), number of leaves per plant (33.17), petiole length (127.3 cm), and leaf length (123 cm) were all higher in T8 (SE 5%+PS 0.5%) than in T7 (SE 5%+PS 0.3%) or T5 (SE 3%+PS 0.5%). A study of leaf minerals in synchrony showed that the highest levels of N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg were found in the leaves nine months after the crop was transplanted. Thus , using modest concentrations of silicon and seaweed extracts topically enhances growth, nutritional content in leaves, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, as well as Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV), collar rot, and anthracnose.
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Keywords
Growth, Leaf nutrient, Papaya, Potassium silicate, Seaweed extract
References
Ali, O., Ramsubhag, A. & Jayaraman, J. (2021). Biostimulant properties of seaweed extracts in plants: Implications towards sustainable crop production. Plants, 10(3), 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030531.
Ali, O., Ramsubhag, A. & Jayaraman, J. (2019). Biostimulatory activities of Ascophyllum nodosum extract in tomato and sweet pepper crops in a tropical environment. PLoS One, 14(5), e0216710. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216710.
Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Prasad, V.M., Vijay Bahadur, Thomas, T. & Anil Kumar., (2018). Effect of Different Combinations of PGR’s and Micronutrients on Quality in Papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Pusa Nanha. Int.J. Curr.Microbiol. App.Sci,7(9):2813-2820. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.709.350.
Belal, B. E. S., El-Kenawy, M. A., El-Mogy, S. & Mostafa Omar, A. S. (2023). Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Seaweed Extract and Nano-Zinc Oxide Particles on Vegetative Growth, Yield and Clusters Quality of ‘Early Sweet’ Grapevines. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 50(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejoh.2022.167481.1217.
Bisen, K. (2020). Bio stimulants and Bio effect or Mediated Mitigation of A biotic Stress in Crop Plant. IJARAAS., 2, 21-27. https://www.ramauniversityjournal.com/agriculture/pdf_december2020/5.pdf
Chawla, R., & Sadawarti, R. K. (2022). Effect of integrated nutrient management on plant growth, yield and quality of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. red Lady. Indian Journal of Ecology, 49(4), 1320-1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.55362/IJE/2022/3665.
Caijiao, C., Leshan, H., Mengke, Y., Lei, S., Miansong, Z., Yaping, S., ... & Airong, J. (2021). Comparative studies on antioxidant, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory and anticoagulant activities of the methanol extracts from two brown algae (Sargassum horneri and Sargassum thunbergii). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 47, 380-387. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1063074021050035
Dookie, M., Ali, O., Ramsubhag, A., & Jayaraman, J. (2021). Flowering gene regulation in tomato plants treated with brown seaweed extracts. Scientia Horticulturae, 276, 109715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109715.
El-Hagarey, E., Zahra, R. M., Fahmy, Z. M. & Hashem, H. A. (2021). Effect of seaweed extract and silicon on growth, yield and chemical constituents of strawberry plants grown under sandy soil conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 278, 109863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.109863.
Elansary, H. O., El-Ansary, D. O., & Yessoufou, K. (2022). Silicon applications and algae extracts improve growth and fruit yield of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) plants under saline conditions. South African Journal of Botany, 148, 154-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.11.008.
Ghani MNO, Awang Y, Ismail MF (2018). Growth, ion content sand photosynthesis of salt-sensitive and less salt-sensitive cucurbits treated with silicon. Malays Appl Biol 47:25–31.
Ghoname, A. A., Zahran, E., El-Nagar, A. H., & El-Nemr, M. A. (2021). Improving growth, fruit yield, quality and nutrient composition of “Manfalouty” pomegranate trees using different sources of silicon. Scientia Horticulturae, 289, 110475. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110475.
Harinder Singh & Anis Mirza. (2020). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv Taiwan Red Lady. International Journal of Chemical Studies.8(6):2168-2172. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i6ae.11096.
Javaid K. & Misgar, F.A.(2017). Effect of foliar application of orthosilicic acid on leaf and fruit nutrient content of apple cv. ‘Red Delicious’. Advance Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Discoveries. 20(1),30-32. https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=1637373.
Kumar, M., Natarajan, D., Ganesan, S. & Kuppusamy, G. (2020). Influence of seaweed extracts on growth and yield of fruit crops: a review. Journal of Applied Phycology, 32(5), 2947- https://doi.org/2962. 10.1007/s10811-020-02122-w.
Mahusook, S. S., Rajathi, F., Maharifa, H. & Sharmila, R. (2021). Comparative study of agarophytes-gracilaria edulis and gelidiella acerosa as biostimulant and application of agar for water-holding in soil and plant growth promotion. Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 41(1), 21-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ag.D-5108.
Melnyk, S. A. & Swink, M. (2016). Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, 41, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2007.01.019.
Mitra, S. & Sharma, S. K. (2020). Varieties and crop improvement. The papaya: botany, production and uses. Wallingford UK: CABI, 68-101.
Muraleedharan, A., Sha, K., Kumar, S., Sujin, G. S., Joshi, J. L. & Kumar, C. P. (2020). Influence of seaweed extract and growth regulators on the growth, flowering, and yield of anthurium plants. Plant Archives, 20(2), 1196-1199. https://www.plantarchives.org/SPL%20ISSUE%2020-2/186__1196-1199_.pdf.
Naveen Kumar D., Suresh Kumar, T., Veena Joshi.& Raja Goud, C.H. (2021). Effect of plant nutrients on quality and shelf life of papaya (Carica papaya L) Cv. Taiwan Red Lady. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.10(1):1912-1916. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives?year=2021&vol=10&issue=1&ArticleId=13627
Ovando‐Martínez, M. & González‐Aguilar, G. A. (2020). Papaya. In A. K. Jaiswal (Ed.), Nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of fruits and vegetables (pp. 499–513). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812780-3.00031-3
Patel, D., Ahlawat, T. R., Pandey, A. K. & Jena, S. (2021). Improved fruit quality in papaya cv. Red Lady though foliar sprays of silicon and seaweed extract. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 10(5),1514-1516. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2021/vol10issue5/PartS/10-5-120-219.pdf
Patel, D., Ahlawat, T. R., Jena, S. & Chaudhary, A. (2020). Effect of silicon and seaweed extract on physical and sensory quality of papaya cv. red Lady. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci, 9, 504-510. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.901.055.
Patel, D., Ahlawat, T. R., Chawla, S.L., Suchismita Jena & Palak Kachhadia (2019). Effect of Silicon and Seaweed extract on growth and leaf nutrient content of papaya cv. Red Lady. International Journal of Chemical Studies.7(6):134-137. https://www.chemijournal.com/archives/2019/vol7issue6/PartC/7-6-15-705.pdf.
Rahimi, S. & Abdollahi, H. (2022). Effect of foliar application of seaweed extracts and potassium silicate on growth, yield, fruit quality and physiological characteristics of strawberry cv. ‘Camarosa’. Scientia Horticulturae, 292, 110604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.110604.
Raja, B., & Vidya, R. (2023). Application of seaweed extracts to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 1-21. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12298-023-01313-9
Seif El-Yazal, M. A., Zahra, R. M., Abo-Kassem, E. M., El-Naggar, A. H. & Hassan, E. A. (2022). Impact of foliar spray with seaweed extract and silicon on growth, fruit yield, and quality of guava cv. "Zard". Scientia Horticulturae, 292, 110614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.110614.
Yao, Y., Wang, X., Chen, B., Zhang, M. & Ma, J. (2020). Seaweed extract improved yields, leaf photosynthesis, ripening time, and net returns of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.). ACS omega, 5(8), 4242-4249. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b04155.
Zhang Z, Fan J,Wu J, Zhang L, Wang J, Zhang B. & Wang-Pruski G(2020) Alleviating effect of silicon on melon seed germination underautotoxicity stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 188:109901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.10 9901.
Ali, O., Ramsubhag, A. & Jayaraman, J. (2019). Biostimulatory activities of Ascophyllum nodosum extract in tomato and sweet pepper crops in a tropical environment. PLoS One, 14(5), e0216710. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216710.
Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Prasad, V.M., Vijay Bahadur, Thomas, T. & Anil Kumar., (2018). Effect of Different Combinations of PGR’s and Micronutrients on Quality in Papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Pusa Nanha. Int.J. Curr.Microbiol. App.Sci,7(9):2813-2820. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.709.350.
Belal, B. E. S., El-Kenawy, M. A., El-Mogy, S. & Mostafa Omar, A. S. (2023). Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Seaweed Extract and Nano-Zinc Oxide Particles on Vegetative Growth, Yield and Clusters Quality of ‘Early Sweet’ Grapevines. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 50(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejoh.2022.167481.1217.
Bisen, K. (2020). Bio stimulants and Bio effect or Mediated Mitigation of A biotic Stress in Crop Plant. IJARAAS., 2, 21-27. https://www.ramauniversityjournal.com/agriculture/pdf_december2020/5.pdf
Chawla, R., & Sadawarti, R. K. (2022). Effect of integrated nutrient management on plant growth, yield and quality of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. red Lady. Indian Journal of Ecology, 49(4), 1320-1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.55362/IJE/2022/3665.
Caijiao, C., Leshan, H., Mengke, Y., Lei, S., Miansong, Z., Yaping, S., ... & Airong, J. (2021). Comparative studies on antioxidant, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory and anticoagulant activities of the methanol extracts from two brown algae (Sargassum horneri and Sargassum thunbergii). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 47, 380-387. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1063074021050035
Dookie, M., Ali, O., Ramsubhag, A., & Jayaraman, J. (2021). Flowering gene regulation in tomato plants treated with brown seaweed extracts. Scientia Horticulturae, 276, 109715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109715.
El-Hagarey, E., Zahra, R. M., Fahmy, Z. M. & Hashem, H. A. (2021). Effect of seaweed extract and silicon on growth, yield and chemical constituents of strawberry plants grown under sandy soil conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 278, 109863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.109863.
Elansary, H. O., El-Ansary, D. O., & Yessoufou, K. (2022). Silicon applications and algae extracts improve growth and fruit yield of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) plants under saline conditions. South African Journal of Botany, 148, 154-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.11.008.
Ghani MNO, Awang Y, Ismail MF (2018). Growth, ion content sand photosynthesis of salt-sensitive and less salt-sensitive cucurbits treated with silicon. Malays Appl Biol 47:25–31.
Ghoname, A. A., Zahran, E., El-Nagar, A. H., & El-Nemr, M. A. (2021). Improving growth, fruit yield, quality and nutrient composition of “Manfalouty” pomegranate trees using different sources of silicon. Scientia Horticulturae, 289, 110475. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110475.
Harinder Singh & Anis Mirza. (2020). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv Taiwan Red Lady. International Journal of Chemical Studies.8(6):2168-2172. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i6ae.11096.
Javaid K. & Misgar, F.A.(2017). Effect of foliar application of orthosilicic acid on leaf and fruit nutrient content of apple cv. ‘Red Delicious’. Advance Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Discoveries. 20(1),30-32. https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=1637373.
Kumar, M., Natarajan, D., Ganesan, S. & Kuppusamy, G. (2020). Influence of seaweed extracts on growth and yield of fruit crops: a review. Journal of Applied Phycology, 32(5), 2947- https://doi.org/2962. 10.1007/s10811-020-02122-w.
Mahusook, S. S., Rajathi, F., Maharifa, H. & Sharmila, R. (2021). Comparative study of agarophytes-gracilaria edulis and gelidiella acerosa as biostimulant and application of agar for water-holding in soil and plant growth promotion. Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 41(1), 21-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ag.D-5108.
Melnyk, S. A. & Swink, M. (2016). Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, 41, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2007.01.019.
Mitra, S. & Sharma, S. K. (2020). Varieties and crop improvement. The papaya: botany, production and uses. Wallingford UK: CABI, 68-101.
Muraleedharan, A., Sha, K., Kumar, S., Sujin, G. S., Joshi, J. L. & Kumar, C. P. (2020). Influence of seaweed extract and growth regulators on the growth, flowering, and yield of anthurium plants. Plant Archives, 20(2), 1196-1199. https://www.plantarchives.org/SPL%20ISSUE%2020-2/186__1196-1199_.pdf.
Naveen Kumar D., Suresh Kumar, T., Veena Joshi.& Raja Goud, C.H. (2021). Effect of plant nutrients on quality and shelf life of papaya (Carica papaya L) Cv. Taiwan Red Lady. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.10(1):1912-1916. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives?year=2021&vol=10&issue=1&ArticleId=13627
Ovando‐Martínez, M. & González‐Aguilar, G. A. (2020). Papaya. In A. K. Jaiswal (Ed.), Nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of fruits and vegetables (pp. 499–513). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812780-3.00031-3
Patel, D., Ahlawat, T. R., Pandey, A. K. & Jena, S. (2021). Improved fruit quality in papaya cv. Red Lady though foliar sprays of silicon and seaweed extract. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 10(5),1514-1516. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2021/vol10issue5/PartS/10-5-120-219.pdf
Patel, D., Ahlawat, T. R., Jena, S. & Chaudhary, A. (2020). Effect of silicon and seaweed extract on physical and sensory quality of papaya cv. red Lady. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci, 9, 504-510. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.901.055.
Patel, D., Ahlawat, T. R., Chawla, S.L., Suchismita Jena & Palak Kachhadia (2019). Effect of Silicon and Seaweed extract on growth and leaf nutrient content of papaya cv. Red Lady. International Journal of Chemical Studies.7(6):134-137. https://www.chemijournal.com/archives/2019/vol7issue6/PartC/7-6-15-705.pdf.
Rahimi, S. & Abdollahi, H. (2022). Effect of foliar application of seaweed extracts and potassium silicate on growth, yield, fruit quality and physiological characteristics of strawberry cv. ‘Camarosa’. Scientia Horticulturae, 292, 110604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.110604.
Raja, B., & Vidya, R. (2023). Application of seaweed extracts to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 1-21. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12298-023-01313-9
Seif El-Yazal, M. A., Zahra, R. M., Abo-Kassem, E. M., El-Naggar, A. H. & Hassan, E. A. (2022). Impact of foliar spray with seaweed extract and silicon on growth, fruit yield, and quality of guava cv. "Zard". Scientia Horticulturae, 292, 110614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.110614.
Yao, Y., Wang, X., Chen, B., Zhang, M. & Ma, J. (2020). Seaweed extract improved yields, leaf photosynthesis, ripening time, and net returns of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.). ACS omega, 5(8), 4242-4249. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b04155.
Zhang Z, Fan J,Wu J, Zhang L, Wang J, Zhang B. & Wang-Pruski G(2020) Alleviating effect of silicon on melon seed germination underautotoxicity stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 188:109901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.10 9901.
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Synergistic effects of silicon and seaweed extract on growth and leaf nutrient content of papaya cv Red Lady. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 1250-1255. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i3.5673
