Synergic effect of nano urea, sulphur and boron fertilization on growth, yield and quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
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Abstract
Nutrient use efficiency may be reduced due to overuse of fertilizers, leaching, volatilization and denitrification in most Indian soils. Nano urea and other micronutrients are used as foliar applications to reduce losses and increase agriculture production. Considering this, a field experiment was carried out to check the different levels of sulphur (S) and boron (B) along with nano urea on sunflower's growth, yield and quality. The treatment consisted of two levels of sulphur (30 & 45 kg/ha) and boron (100 & 200 ml/ha) along with nano urea except for control. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with nine treatments (T0 to T8). The results revealed that the crop raised with nano urea plus 45 kg/ha S and 200 ml/ha B significantly impacted sunflowers growth, yield and quality. The highest values in plant height (181.6 cm), no. of leaves (31.7), stem girth (11.16 cm), dry matter production (121.5 g/plant), and Leaf area index (5.06), diameter of the head (19.59 cm), no. of filled seeds/head (753.3), weight of 100 seeds (5.46) were registered in T8. Ultimately, treatment T8 has an impeccable influence on improving seed yield (3140.8 kg/ha) and stover yield (5570.0 kg/ha). The same treatment also showed maximum oil content (44.20 %), oil yield (1388.34 kg/ha), and crude protein content (16.07 %) . The study suggests that the sulphur, boron, and nano urea had a synergistic relationship, and proper dosages, application methods, and time for the above nutrients can significantly improve sunflower production.
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Keywords
Growth, Nutrients, Quality, Sunflower, Sustainability, Yield
References
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Asad, A., Blamey, F. P. C. & Edwards, D. G. (2003). Effects of boron foliar applications on vegetative and reproductive growth of sunflower. Annals of Botany, 92(4), 565-570. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg179
Barthwal, A., Swaroop, N., Thomas, T., Sharma, V., Khatana, R. N. S. & Rao, P. S. (2022). Role of Nutrient Interaction Between Sulphur and Boron on Oilseed Crops. In Biological Forum–An International Journal (Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 275-279).
Bhakher, R., Debbarma, V. & Ninama, J. (2023). Response of Sulphur and Foliar Application of Nano Urea on Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Int. J. Plant Soil Sci, 35(9), 153-159.
Broadley, M., Brown, P., Cakmak, I., Rengel, Z. & Zhao, F. (2012). Function of nutrients: micronutrients. In: Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants (pp. 191-248). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384905-2.00007-8
Chandhana, B., Kumar, G. D. S., Sengar, R. S., & Nagaveni, M. (2022). Strategies for increasing area and productivity of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in India. Doi. 10.5958/2395-146X.2022.00097.7
Dinh, A. Q., Naeem, A. & Mühling, K. H. (2022). Growth and distribution of boron in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) as affected by boron supply. Plants, 11(20), 2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11202746
Gomez, K. A., & Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley & sons.
Hassan, F. U., Hakim, S. A., Munaf, A., Qadir, G. & Ahmad, S. (2007). Response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to sulphur and seasonal variations. Int. J. Agric. Biol, 9, 499-503.
Howarth, R., & Choi, E. (2005). Nutrient Management. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Policy Responses, Volume 3, 295. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1783
Indian vegetable oil import expected to decline to 16.2 mt in 2023-24, https://www.agricensus.com/Article/India-s-edible-oil-imports-seen-lower-in-2023-24-IVPA-32000.html
Indu, T. & Singh, R. (2020). Effect of sulphur and boron on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 9(8), 3320-3323. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.381
Jackson, M.L. 1967. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Jat, R., Naga, S. R., Choudhary, R., Jat, S. & Rolaniya, M. K. (2017). Effect of potassium and sulphur on growth, yield attributes and yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Chem Sci Rev Lett, 6(21), 184-186.
Jackson, M.L. 1967. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.604.223
Kalaiyarasan, C., Tamizhselvan, D., Jawahar, S., Ezhilkumar, S., Suseendran, K., Madhavan, S. & Ramesh, S. (2020). Effect of sulphur and boron on hybrid sunflower. 10.1088/1755-1315/1158/6/062017
Kalaiyarasan, C., Tamizhselvan, D., Jawahar, S., Ezhilkumar, S., Suseendran, K., Madhavan, S. & Ramesh, S. (2020). Effect of sulphur and boron on hybrid sunflower.
Kaleri, A. A., Azhar, A., Gadahi, F. N., Khanzada, B., Kaleri, A., Rajput, A., ... & Manzoor, D. (2024). Integrated Soil Applied Fertilizers (Nitrogen, Zinc, and Boron) Effects on Growth and Yield of Sunflower. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 3(1), 137-145.
Khan, I., Anjum, S. A., Qardri, R. W. K., Ali, M., Chattha, M. U., & Asif, M. (2015). Boosting achene yield and yield related traits of sunflower hybrids through boron application strategies. American journal of plant sciences, 6(11), 1752. 10.4236/ajps.2015.611175
Koshiba, T., Kobayashi, M., & Matoh, T. (2009). Boron nutrition of tobacco BY-2 cells. V. Oxidative damage is the major cause of cell death induced by boron deprivation. Plant and cell physiology, 50(1), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcn184
Kumar, S. and Singh, S. S., (2011). Effect of different levels of phosphorus and sulphur on the growth, yield and oil content of sunflower, (Helianthus annuus L). Journal of Oilseeds Research., 22(2): 408-409.
Madhavi, A., Pasha, M. L., Sudhakar, K. S. & Goud, G. (2022). Evaluation of the foliar application of Nano urea on the performance of Rabi sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 12(11), 2700-2706. 10.9734/IJECC/2022/v12i1131258
Manchanda, S. C. & Passi, S. J. (2016). Selecting healthy edible oil in the Indian context. Indian heart journal, 68(4), 447. 10.1016/j.ihj.2016.05.004
Muhammad Tahir, M. T., Shah, S. A., Muhammad Ayub, M. A., Asif Tanveer, A. T. & Haseeb-ur-Rehman, H. U. R. (2014). Growth and yield response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to sulphur and boron application.
Oad, R. K., Ansari, M. A., Kumar, J. & Menghwar, D. R. (2018). Effect of foliar applied urea on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Open Access Library Journal, 5(7), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104668
Paul, S. K., Khatun, M. M. & Sarkar, M. A. R. (2019). Effect of sulphur on the seed yield and oil content of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). 10.3329/jbau.v17i1.40660
Rakesh, K., Singh, Y. V., Surendra, S., Latare, A. M., & Mishra, P. K. (2012). Effect of phosphorus and sulphur nutrition on yield attributes, yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(5), 2571-2573.
Ravikumar, C., Ganapathy, M., Karthikeyan, A. & Senthilvalavan, P. (2020). Evaluation and optimization of sulphur sources through growth enhancement and yield maximization of sunflower (helianthus annuus. L.) In clay loam soil. Plant Archives, 20(2), 1114-1116.
Ravikumar, C., Karthikeyan, A., Senthilvalavan, P. & Manivannan, R. (2021). Effect of sulphur, zinc and boron on the growth and yield enhancement of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 295-300. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2569
Reddy, N.Y.A., Shaanker, R.U., Prasad, T.G. and Kumar, M.U. (2003) Physiological Approaches to Improve Harvest Index and Productivity in Sunflower. Helia, 26, 81-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/HEL0338081R
Saleem, M., Elahi, E., Gandahi, A. W., Bhatti, S. M., Ibrahim, H. & Ali, M. (2019). Effect of sulphur application on growth, oil content and yield of sunflower. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 35(4), 1198-1203. 10.17582/journal.sja/2019/35.4.1198.1203
Shehzad, M. A. & Maqsood, M. (2015). Integrated nitrogen and boron fertilization improves the productivity and oil quality of sunflower grown in a calcareous soil. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 20(2), 213-222. 10.17557/tjfc.83107
Shekhawat, K. and Shivay, Y. S.: Effect of nitrogen sources of sulphur and boron levels on productivity, nutrient uptake and quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Indian Journal of Agronomy. 53(2): 129-134, 2008.
Shelke, R. I., Kalegore, N. K. & Wayase, K. P. 2014. Effect of levels of phosphorus and sulphur on growth, yield and quality of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(3): 108–11. 10.5829/idosi.wjas.2014.10.3.1812
Sheoran, P., Sardana, V., Chander, S., Kumar, A., Meena, M. D., Bali, A. & Sharma, P. (2018). Sulphur, boron and zinc nutrition to improve productivity, profitability and oil quality in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88 (11): 1746–54
Singh, Z., Ghosh, G., & Debbarma, V. (2017). Effect of different levels of nitrogen, sulphur and foliar application of boron in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 6(10), 1336-1342. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.157
Velmurugan, A., Subramanil, T., Bommayasamy, N., Ramakrishna, M. K. & Swaranam, T. P. (2021). The effect of foliar application of nano urea (liquid) on rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Andaman Sci. Assoc, 26, 76-81.
Vijayakumar, M., Subbian, P., Lourduraj, A. C. & Selvaraju, R. (2003). Effect of planting pattern and N splits on yield attributes, yield and quality of rainfed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Acta agronomica hungarica, 51(2), 157-162.
Vyankatrao, K. S., Baburao, A. P., Amrut, R. R., Jaipal, K. P. & Ashroba, I. O. (2024). Effect of Foliar Application of Nano-Urea on Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Yield and Quality of Sunflower. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 36(4), 184-190. 10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i44467
Wagh, R. G., Thorat, S. T. & Mane, M. J. (1991). A role of nitrogen fertilization on quality of sunflower.
Walkley, A. & Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science, 37(1), pp.29-38.
Zahoor, R. I. Z. W. A. N., Basra, S. A., Munir, H. A. S. S. A. N., Nadeem, M. A. & Yousaf, S. H. A. H. I. D. A. (2011). Role of boron in improving assimilate partitioning and achene yield in sunflower. J. Agric. Soc. Sci, 7(2), 49-55.
Asad, A., Blamey, F. P. C. & Edwards, D. G. (2003). Effects of boron foliar applications on vegetative and reproductive growth of sunflower. Annals of Botany, 92(4), 565-570. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg179
Barthwal, A., Swaroop, N., Thomas, T., Sharma, V., Khatana, R. N. S. & Rao, P. S. (2022). Role of Nutrient Interaction Between Sulphur and Boron on Oilseed Crops. In Biological Forum–An International Journal (Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 275-279).
Bhakher, R., Debbarma, V. & Ninama, J. (2023). Response of Sulphur and Foliar Application of Nano Urea on Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Int. J. Plant Soil Sci, 35(9), 153-159.
Broadley, M., Brown, P., Cakmak, I., Rengel, Z. & Zhao, F. (2012). Function of nutrients: micronutrients. In: Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants (pp. 191-248). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384905-2.00007-8
Chandhana, B., Kumar, G. D. S., Sengar, R. S., & Nagaveni, M. (2022). Strategies for increasing area and productivity of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in India. Doi. 10.5958/2395-146X.2022.00097.7
Dinh, A. Q., Naeem, A. & Mühling, K. H. (2022). Growth and distribution of boron in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) as affected by boron supply. Plants, 11(20), 2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11202746
Gomez, K. A., & Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley & sons.
Hassan, F. U., Hakim, S. A., Munaf, A., Qadir, G. & Ahmad, S. (2007). Response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to sulphur and seasonal variations. Int. J. Agric. Biol, 9, 499-503.
Howarth, R., & Choi, E. (2005). Nutrient Management. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Policy Responses, Volume 3, 295. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1783
Indian vegetable oil import expected to decline to 16.2 mt in 2023-24, https://www.agricensus.com/Article/India-s-edible-oil-imports-seen-lower-in-2023-24-IVPA-32000.html
Indu, T. & Singh, R. (2020). Effect of sulphur and boron on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 9(8), 3320-3323. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.381
Jackson, M.L. 1967. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Jat, R., Naga, S. R., Choudhary, R., Jat, S. & Rolaniya, M. K. (2017). Effect of potassium and sulphur on growth, yield attributes and yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Chem Sci Rev Lett, 6(21), 184-186.
Jackson, M.L. 1967. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.604.223
Kalaiyarasan, C., Tamizhselvan, D., Jawahar, S., Ezhilkumar, S., Suseendran, K., Madhavan, S. & Ramesh, S. (2020). Effect of sulphur and boron on hybrid sunflower. 10.1088/1755-1315/1158/6/062017
Kalaiyarasan, C., Tamizhselvan, D., Jawahar, S., Ezhilkumar, S., Suseendran, K., Madhavan, S. & Ramesh, S. (2020). Effect of sulphur and boron on hybrid sunflower.
Kaleri, A. A., Azhar, A., Gadahi, F. N., Khanzada, B., Kaleri, A., Rajput, A., ... & Manzoor, D. (2024). Integrated Soil Applied Fertilizers (Nitrogen, Zinc, and Boron) Effects on Growth and Yield of Sunflower. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 3(1), 137-145.
Khan, I., Anjum, S. A., Qardri, R. W. K., Ali, M., Chattha, M. U., & Asif, M. (2015). Boosting achene yield and yield related traits of sunflower hybrids through boron application strategies. American journal of plant sciences, 6(11), 1752. 10.4236/ajps.2015.611175
Koshiba, T., Kobayashi, M., & Matoh, T. (2009). Boron nutrition of tobacco BY-2 cells. V. Oxidative damage is the major cause of cell death induced by boron deprivation. Plant and cell physiology, 50(1), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcn184
Kumar, S. and Singh, S. S., (2011). Effect of different levels of phosphorus and sulphur on the growth, yield and oil content of sunflower, (Helianthus annuus L). Journal of Oilseeds Research., 22(2): 408-409.
Madhavi, A., Pasha, M. L., Sudhakar, K. S. & Goud, G. (2022). Evaluation of the foliar application of Nano urea on the performance of Rabi sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 12(11), 2700-2706. 10.9734/IJECC/2022/v12i1131258
Manchanda, S. C. & Passi, S. J. (2016). Selecting healthy edible oil in the Indian context. Indian heart journal, 68(4), 447. 10.1016/j.ihj.2016.05.004
Muhammad Tahir, M. T., Shah, S. A., Muhammad Ayub, M. A., Asif Tanveer, A. T. & Haseeb-ur-Rehman, H. U. R. (2014). Growth and yield response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to sulphur and boron application.
Oad, R. K., Ansari, M. A., Kumar, J. & Menghwar, D. R. (2018). Effect of foliar applied urea on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Open Access Library Journal, 5(7), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104668
Paul, S. K., Khatun, M. M. & Sarkar, M. A. R. (2019). Effect of sulphur on the seed yield and oil content of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). 10.3329/jbau.v17i1.40660
Rakesh, K., Singh, Y. V., Surendra, S., Latare, A. M., & Mishra, P. K. (2012). Effect of phosphorus and sulphur nutrition on yield attributes, yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(5), 2571-2573.
Ravikumar, C., Ganapathy, M., Karthikeyan, A. & Senthilvalavan, P. (2020). Evaluation and optimization of sulphur sources through growth enhancement and yield maximization of sunflower (helianthus annuus. L.) In clay loam soil. Plant Archives, 20(2), 1114-1116.
Ravikumar, C., Karthikeyan, A., Senthilvalavan, P. & Manivannan, R. (2021). Effect of sulphur, zinc and boron on the growth and yield enhancement of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 295-300. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2569
Reddy, N.Y.A., Shaanker, R.U., Prasad, T.G. and Kumar, M.U. (2003) Physiological Approaches to Improve Harvest Index and Productivity in Sunflower. Helia, 26, 81-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/HEL0338081R
Saleem, M., Elahi, E., Gandahi, A. W., Bhatti, S. M., Ibrahim, H. & Ali, M. (2019). Effect of sulphur application on growth, oil content and yield of sunflower. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 35(4), 1198-1203. 10.17582/journal.sja/2019/35.4.1198.1203
Shehzad, M. A. & Maqsood, M. (2015). Integrated nitrogen and boron fertilization improves the productivity and oil quality of sunflower grown in a calcareous soil. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 20(2), 213-222. 10.17557/tjfc.83107
Shekhawat, K. and Shivay, Y. S.: Effect of nitrogen sources of sulphur and boron levels on productivity, nutrient uptake and quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Indian Journal of Agronomy. 53(2): 129-134, 2008.
Shelke, R. I., Kalegore, N. K. & Wayase, K. P. 2014. Effect of levels of phosphorus and sulphur on growth, yield and quality of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(3): 108–11. 10.5829/idosi.wjas.2014.10.3.1812
Sheoran, P., Sardana, V., Chander, S., Kumar, A., Meena, M. D., Bali, A. & Sharma, P. (2018). Sulphur, boron and zinc nutrition to improve productivity, profitability and oil quality in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88 (11): 1746–54
Singh, Z., Ghosh, G., & Debbarma, V. (2017). Effect of different levels of nitrogen, sulphur and foliar application of boron in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 6(10), 1336-1342. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.157
Velmurugan, A., Subramanil, T., Bommayasamy, N., Ramakrishna, M. K. & Swaranam, T. P. (2021). The effect of foliar application of nano urea (liquid) on rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Andaman Sci. Assoc, 26, 76-81.
Vijayakumar, M., Subbian, P., Lourduraj, A. C. & Selvaraju, R. (2003). Effect of planting pattern and N splits on yield attributes, yield and quality of rainfed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Acta agronomica hungarica, 51(2), 157-162.
Vyankatrao, K. S., Baburao, A. P., Amrut, R. R., Jaipal, K. P. & Ashroba, I. O. (2024). Effect of Foliar Application of Nano-Urea on Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Yield and Quality of Sunflower. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 36(4), 184-190. 10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i44467
Wagh, R. G., Thorat, S. T. & Mane, M. J. (1991). A role of nitrogen fertilization on quality of sunflower.
Walkley, A. & Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science, 37(1), pp.29-38.
Zahoor, R. I. Z. W. A. N., Basra, S. A., Munir, H. A. S. S. A. N., Nadeem, M. A. & Yousaf, S. H. A. H. I. D. A. (2011). Role of boron in improving assimilate partitioning and achene yield in sunflower. J. Agric. Soc. Sci, 7(2), 49-55.
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Synergic effect of nano urea, sulphur and boron fertilization on growth, yield and quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 969-975. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i3.5639
