Detection of anti-mannan antibodies and TLR9 as alternative methods for diagnosis of candidiasis in immunocompromised patients with vulvovaginitis
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Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is considered one of the most common women's infections. The main cause of this disease is Candida albicans, which have many virulence factors such as germ tube formation, chlamydospore, and many hydrolytic enzymes. The current study aims to use anti-mannan antibodies and TLR9 to diagnose candidiasis in immuno-compromised patients with vulvovaginitis. A total of two hundred samples were obtained from patients attending Kirkuk Tumor Center, Kirkuk, Iraq, of which 100 were vaginal swabs from immunocompromised patients aged between (18-<40 years) from the period November 2022 to March 2023. The swab samples were transported with brain-hart infusion broth (Himedia-India). Furthermore, the other 100 samples were blood samples that were separated to use the serum for the detection of TLR9 and anti-mannan antibodies. The findings indicated that Candida spp. was present in 83% of the cultured samples. A notable rise in TLR9 was observed in serum samples that tested positive for candida spp. The results of the sensitivity and specification of IgM detection using the ELISA test showed 100% and 89.4%, respectively. The same test for the detection of IgG showed 92.4% and 51.1%. The positive and negative agreement between the ELISA test for detecting IgM and the ELISA test for detecting IgG is 81.4% and 44.1%, respectively. The findings suggest that the use of anti-mannan antibodies to diagnose candidiasis should be considered and given more importance for identification purposes.
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Keywords
Anti-mannan Antibodies, IgG, Immunoglobulin, Toll-like receptor
References
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Adil, B.H., Al-Halbosiy, M.M.F. & Murbat, H.H.( 2019). The use of cold atmospheric plasma in pentostam enhancement as Leishmaniasis treatment in vitro . AIP Conference Proceedings , 2190, 020033. https://doi./10.1063/1.5138519
Al. Sarraj, B.M, Salman, E.D, Ahmed ,D.M, Massadeh, M.I & Dheeb, B.I. (2024). Bacteriological and molecular detection of fluoroquinolone resistance in escherichia coli isolated from women patients with urinary tract infections. FARMACIA 27(4):840-842. https://doi 10.31925/farmacia.2024.4.12
Al-Shmgani, H.S.A., Kadri, Z.H.M., Al-Halbosiy, M.M.F. & Dewir, Y.H.(2019). Phytochemical analysis, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of cuckoo pint (Arum maculatum) leaf extract . Acta Biologica Szegediensis , 63(2), 119–124 https://doi./10.14232/abs.2019.2.119-124
Al-Halbosiy, M.M.F., Thabit, Z.A., Al-Qaysi, S.A.-D.A.S. & Moussa, T.A.A.(2018). Biological Activity of Levan Produced from Rhizospheric Soil Bacterium Brachybacterium phenoliresistens KX139300. Baghdad Science Journal, 15(3), 238–243. https://doi./10.21123/bsj.2018.15.3.0238
Abdullah, H.I., Hammadi, S.Y., Hussein, A.S. & Dheeb, B.I.(2019). Investigation of genetic diversity and relationships among the clinical candida species using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Research Journal of Biotechnology, 14(Special Issue 1), 6–13.
Awad, F.M., Al-Samarrai, A.H.M. & Dheeb, B.I.(2020). Study of the inhibitory effects of rheum ribes extracts on a pathogenic fungi and cancer cell line. Plant Archives , 20(1), 3161–3168.
Małgorzata S., Arkadiusz G., Bartłomiej Z., Karolina F., Klaudia Ż., Rafał T. & Krzysztof K. (2023). Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis An Overview of Guidelines and the Latest Treatment Methods. J Clin Med. 12(16), 5376. https://doi.10.3390/jcm12165376
Blostein F., Elizabeth L. & Julian W. (2017). Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Annals of Epidemiology, 27(9), 1-7 https://doi.10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.08.010
Gómez-Gaviria M.,Uriel R. & Héctor M. M. (2023). Non-albicans Candida Species: Immune Response, Evasion Mechanisms, and New Plant-Derived Alternative Therapies. J. Fungi, 9(1), 8-11. https://doi. 10.3390/jof9010011Tsega A. & Feleke M. (2019). Prevalence, risk factors and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species among pregnant women at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(527), 1-7. https://doi. 10.1186/s12884-019-2494-1.
Alam, F.F., Mustafa A.S. & Khan Z.U. (2007). Comparative evaluation of (1,3)-β-D-glucan, mannan and anti-mannan antibodies, and Candida species-specific snPCR in patients with candidemia. BMC Infection Disease. 7, 103-107. https://doi. 10.1186/1471-2334-7-103
Allaw, F. Kara Zahreddine N. & Ibrahim, A. (2021). First Candida auris Outbreak during a COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary-Care Center in Lebanon. Pathogens, 10(2), 157. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020157
Altintop, Y., Ergul A. & Koc, A. (2021). The role of combined use of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in pediatric intensıve care unit. Medicine, 10(4), 1368-72. https://doi. 10.5455/medscience.2021.04.134
Álvarezm,B., Francisco J., Rodriguez H. & Evelin, P. (2021). Incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis in women of the Imbabura province (Bachelor's thesis, Universidad de Investigación de Tecnología Experimental Yachay).15(3),155-162.
Ascioglu, S., Rex, J.H. & de Pauw, B. (2002). Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus. Clinical Infection Disease, 34, 7–14. https://doi. 10.1086/323335.
Bauters, T.G., Dhont M.A., Temmerman, M.I. & Nelis H.J. (2002). Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis and susceptibility to fluconazole in women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 187(3), 569-574. https://doi. 10.1067/mob.2002.125897
Boonsilp S., Homkaew A., Phumisantiphong U., Nutalai D. & Wongsuk T.( 2021). Species distribution, antifungal susceptibility, and molecular epidemiology of Candida species causing candidemia in a tertiary care hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Fungi, 577. https://doi. 10.3390/jof7070577
Branco, J., Miranda, I.M. & Rodrigues, A.G. (2023). Candida parapsilosis Virulence and Antifungal Resistance Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review of Key Determinants Journal of Fungi, 9, 80. https://doi. 10.3390/jof9010080
Cao, X., Yu, C. & Zhou S. (2021). Case Report: A Candida Meningitis in an Immunocompetent Patient Detected Through the Next-Generation Sequencing. Frontiers in Medicine. 8, 656066. https://doi. /10.3389/fmed.2021.656066
Dheeb, B.I., Al-dujayli , S.M.A., Ibrahim, I.M. & Abbas, Q.A.(2019). Study the Antifungal Activity of ZnS: Mn Nanoparticles Against Some Isolated Pathogenic Fungi . Journal of Physics: Conference Series.1178, 46–52 https://doi. 10.1088/1742-6596/1178/1/012008
Dheeb, B.I., Hashim, S.S., Hussein, H.S. & Hamada, T.A.(2022). Study of TGF- β Immune Marker Expression in Mice Exposed to Candida Spp. AIP Conference Proceedings.1230,234-237. https://doi. 10.1063/5.0121945
Dheeb, B. I., Abdulla, S. N., Shanter ALQaysi, S. A., Al-Sarraj, B. M. & Farhan, M. S. (2023). Extraction of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans Biofilm and studying their Cytotoxic Effects on Human Lymphocytes. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(4). https://doi. 10.54319/jjbs/160418
Dignani, M., Solomkin, J. and Anaissie, E. (2009). Candida. In: "Anaissie E, McGinnis M, Pfaller M, eds. Clinical mycology". USA: Elsevier, 197–231. https://doi. 10.1007/978-981-99-6445-1_15
EMmons, C.W. Binford, C.H. Utz, P.J. . & Kwon-Chung, K.J. (1977). In Medical Mycology, 3rd Edition. Lea & Febiger: Philadelphia. 254.
García-Carnero, L., Martínez-Álvarez, J. and Salazar-Garcíam,L. (2020). Recognition of fungal components by the host immune system. Current Protein and Peptide Science, 21(3), 245-264. https://doi. 10.2174/1389203721666191231105546
Gonçalves, B., Ferreira, C., Alves, C.T., Henriques, M., Azeredo, J. and Silva, S. (2016). Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors. Critical reviews in microbiology, 42(6), 905-927. https://doi. 10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805
Hussain, A.F., Sulaiman, G.M., Dheeb, B.I. & Hashim, A.J.(2018). Histopathological changes and expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β3) in mice exposed to gliotoxin. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 27, 193–197. https://doi. 10.1016/j.jksus.2018.10.013
Kwon-Chung, K.J. & Bennett, J.E. (1992). Candidiasis (moniliasis, thrush, Candida paronychia, Candida endocarditis, bronchomycosis, mycotic vulvovaginitis, candiosis) Medical Mycology, 280-336.
Ma, J., Liu, W. & Wang, B. (2021). Als3‐Th‐cell‐epitopes plus the novel combined adjuvants of CpG, MDP, and FIA synergistically enhanced the immune response of recombinant TRAP derived from Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, 9(3), 971-983. https://doi. 10.1002/iid3.456
Matsumoto, K., Yasuoka, H. & Yoshimoto, K. (2021). Platelet CXCL4 mediates neutrophil extracellular traps formation in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Scientific reports, 11(1), 1-11.
Mattsby-Baltzer, I., Pinel C., Yugueros Marcos J., Kondori, N., Potton L. & Thiebaut-Bertrand A. (2015). IgG1 anti-cell wall and IgG2 anti-phosphopeptidomannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis and heavy Candida colonization. MedIcal Mycol, 53:725-35. https://doi. 10.1093/mmy/myv037
McCarty, T.P., White, C.M. and Pappas, P.G. (2021). Candidemia and Invasive Candidiasis. Infection Disease Clinical., 35, 389–413. https://doi. 10.1016/j.idc.2021.03.007
Mellinghoff, S.C., Thelen, M. & Bruns C. (2022). T-cells of invasive candidiasis patients show patterns of T-cell-exhaustion suggesting checkpoint blockade as treatment option. Journal of Infection, 84(2), 237-247. https://doi. 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.12.009
Midgley D.J., Chambers S.M. and Cairney J.W.G. (2004). Distribution of ericoid mycorrhizal endophytes and rootassociated fungi in neighbouring Ericaceae plants in the field. Plant and Soil, 259: 137-151.
Mikulska, M., Calandra, T. & Sanguinetti, M. (2010) . The use of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: recommendations from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Critical care, 14(6), 1-14. https://doi. 10.1186/cc9365
Mahmood, M.N., Mahal, M.H., Mohammed, H.E., Tariq, T.A., Mohammed, A.J. & Dheeb, B. I. (2019). Evaluation of enzymes liver and kidney function in serum people the exposures at risk of chemicals volatile in the lab pharmaceutical samarra. Journal of Global Pharma Technology,11(7), 331–336 .
Nasser, H.A., Ismael, M.K. & Al. Halbosiy, M.M.F.( 2018). The relationship between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and TNF-α in cardiovascular disease patients. Iraqi Journal of Science, 59(4), 1836–1842 . https://doi. 10.24996/ijs.2018.59.4A.8
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Detection of anti-mannan antibodies and TLR9 as alternative methods for diagnosis of candidiasis in immunocompromised patients with vulvovaginitis. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 1183-1188. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i3.5460
