Environmental and economic returns for the development and management of innovations in modern irrigation systems in Egypt
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Abstract
The pottery irrigation system is an ancient method to transport water drops slowly during porous pottery pitches, and it is filled manually. It is used in many countries and called with many names such as pitches, olla, clay, pours and ceramic irrigation systems. The present study aimed to analyze environmental and economic returns for developing and managing innovations in modern irrigation systems during the winter seasons (2020 and 2021) in AlSharqia, Egypt. Garlic was planted in one hectare under two irrigation systems, 1) The drippers were belt-in, the flow was 4 liter per second, with a operating pressure of 1 bar and two drippers in one meter on the hose, dripper known in Egypt as (Gr), used in the experiment as a surface drip (SD) and subsurface drip (SSD) irrigation system, 2) The Innovative Follicular Drippers (IFD) had ultra-low flow (0.1 l/h and 0.2 low-head operating pressure), three IFD in one meter on the hose. The plant row had three hoses located under the soil surface by 20 cm. The soil texture was sandy loam and water salinity was 400 ppm. Soil, water, and yield measurements were conducted using more than applied energy analysis and economic feasibility. The results showed that water savings by using IFD were 45%. The highest yields were 21.6, 15.8, and 11.7 tons/ha for IFD, SD, and SSD, respectively. The highest water productivity was 8.4, 3.4 and 2.5 kg.m-3 for IFD, SD and SSD, respectively. Green house gases (GHG) of IFD system were lower than SD and SSD by 67%. Where the novelty and utility of IFD is the collecting of the feature of irrigation net and pottery media in one system, where the IFD irrigation is controlled like common drip irrigation and pottery media did not required to refill by water manuuly follow-stop.
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Keywords
Climate changes, Dripper, Economic, Ecosystem, Energy, Garlic, Green house gases GHG, Innovation, water
References
Adhikary, R., and Pal, A., Bera, M. & De, S.K. (2020). Pitcher irrigation in salinity management for production of brinjal crop in coastal soil of West Bengal, India. Ecology, Environment and Conservation. 26, 179-183.
Bainbridge, D.A. ( 2001). Buried clay pot irrigation; a little known but very efficient traditional method of irrigation, Journal of Agricultural Water Management, 48, 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00119-0
Batchelor C., C. Lovell, M. Murata & S. microirrigation. (1996) techniques for improving irrigation efficiency on vegetable gardens, Agricultural Water Management, Volume 32, Issue 1, 1996, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(96)01257-7Pages 37-48,
Batty, J. C. & J. keller, (1980), Energy requirement for irrigation. D. Pimentel (ed): Hbook of Energy Utilization. In Agriculture. Florida, CRC press: 35-44, USA. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351072519
Batty, J. C.; S. N. Hamad & J. Keller (1975). Energy inputs to irrigation. J. of Irri. Drain. Div., ASCE, 101(IR4):293-307.
Bhalage P. B Jadia & S T Sangale. (2015), Case Studies of Innovative Irrigation Management Techniques, International conference on water resources, coastal and ocean engineering (icwrcoe 2015), Aquatic Procedia 4 ( 2015 ) 1197 – 1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.152
Canakci, M., Topakci, M., Akinci, I., & Ozmerzi, A., 2005. Energy use pattern of some field crops and vegetable production: case study for Antalya Region, Turkey.Energy Convers. Manag. 46 (4), 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2004.04.008
Doorenbos, J. P & Pruitt, W.O. (1977) Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24, FAO, Rome, 144 p.Improving Irrigation Efficiency on Vegetable Gardens. Agricultural Water
Down, M. J., A. K. Turner & T. A. McMahon, (1986). On farm energy used in irrigation. Final Report No. 78/86 of a project supported by the NER. Development and demonstration Council. Melbourne Univ., Civil and Agric. Eng. Dept. 78pp, Australia
El-Hagarey, M.E. Design of an Emitter, Water and Fertigation Management in Micro Irrigation, 2015, Book chapter, pp. 175–191 Edition: http://appleacademicpress.com/title.php?id=9781771881067 Publisher: apple academic press Editor: Megh R. Goyal ISBN: 9781771881067. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4003.2161
El-Hagarey, M.E.-S., El-Nesr, M.N., Mehanna, H.M. & Mansour, H.A. 2015, Energy Cost in Drip Irrigated Peach Orchard, Water and Fertigation Management in Micro Irrigation, Book Chapter, 2015, pp. 193–214, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4003.2161 Edition: http://appleacademicpress.com/title.php?id=9781771881067 Publisher: apple academic press Editor: Megh R. Goyal ISBN: 978177188106. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4003.2161
El-Sayed, O.M., & El-Hagarey, M.E.-S. 2015, Performance of Peach Trees under Ultra Low Drip Irrigation, Water and Fertigation Management in Micro Irrigation, Book Chapter, pp. 215–240. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4003.2161 Edition: http://appleacademicpress.com/title.php?id=9781771881067 Publisher: apple academic press Editor: Megh R. Goyal ISBN: 978177188106. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4003.2161
EU Grannts (2021). See the tool to support the calculation of GHG emwassion avoidance from renewable electricity, re-newable cooling and renewable heating projects under the Innovation Fund (v2.0 - 24.03.2021), available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/fundingtenders/opportunities/docs/2021027/innovfund/other/ghg-calculator-renewable-electricity-heating_innovfund-lsc_en.xlsx
FAO (1984). Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper No.24.
FAO, 2016. Food and Agricultural Commodities Production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org
Kassem, A.S, (1986). A mathematical model for determining total energy consumption for agriculture systems. Mwasr. J. Agric. Eng., 3(1):39-57, Egypt
Kefa C, Kipkorirm E, Kwonyikem J, Kubowon P, & Ndambiri K (2013) Comparison of Water Use Savings and Crop Yields for Clay Pot and Furrow Irrigation Methods in Lake Bogoria. Kenya. J Natural Sci Res 3 (8) 34—39.
Keller, J. & D. Karmeli (1975). Trickle irrigation design rain bird sprinkler manufacturing crop. Glendor Calfi, 133p.91740 USA: 24-26.
Landolsi, M., & Miled, K.B.H (2024) Reducing GHG Emissions by Improving Energy Efficiency: A Decomposition Approach. Environ Model Assess (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-024-09955-z. Larson, D. L. & D. D. Fangmeier (1978), Energy in irrigated crop production. J. of the ASAE, 21:1075-1080,USA.
Loch, R. J., Grant, C. G., Mckenzie, D. C. & Raine, S. R., 2005, Improving Plants, Water Use Efficiency and Potential Impacts from Soil Structure Change-Research Investment Opportunities, Final report to the National Program for Sustainable Irrigation, Cooperative Research Center Irrigation Futures (CRCIF), Report No.3.14/1. CRCIF, Toowoomba.
lsraelsen, O. W. & V. E. Hansen, "Eds",(1962a). Flow of water into and through soils. Hbook of Irrigation Principal and Practices. 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NewYork, U.S.A.
Mengjie, B., Qibo, T., Zuxin, Z., Shuqing, L., Junhui, L.i., Dali, C., Yanrong, W.,& Xiaowen, H.u., 2023. Effect of drip irrigation on seed yield, seed quality, and water use efficiency of Hedysarum fruticosum in the arid region of Northwest China. Agric. Water Manage. 278 (108137), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108137
Mondal, R. C. 1974. Farming with Pitcher: a technique of water conservation. World Crops, 26(2): 91－97.
Nazma S., MA R. Abu Torab, & Md. Mohiduzzaman, C. P. B., Bari Md. L., A. B. Tukun, MA Mannan, L. Bhattacharjee, B. Stadlmayr. 2013. .Food Composition Table for Bangladesh. First Edition. WASBN: 978984337522-3. Institute of Nutrition and Food Science Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences University of Dhaka https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/food_composition/documents/FCT_10_2_14_final_vers ion.pdf
Rao A.R., & R.K. Malik, Methodological considerations of irrigation energetics, Energy, Volume 7, Issue 10, 1982, Pages 855-859,https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(82)90034-2
Reddy D. P., & Pal A. "Use of geotextiles in agriculture: A review study ". International Journal of Botany Studies, Volume 6, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 81-83
Setiawan, B. I. 2000. On the Dwassemination of Pitcher Irrigation System for Horticulture Farming in Dry Lands. Proceed-ings of China International Conference on Dry land and Water-Saving Farming. Beijing, November 21-23, 2000.
Setiawan, B. I., E. Saleh & Y. Nurhidayat. 1998. Pitcher Irrigation System for Horticulture in Dry Lands. Proceedings water and land resources development and management for sustainable use. Vol II-A. The Tenth Afro-Asian Regional Confrence. ICID-CIID, INACID, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia.
Sokol, J., Amrose, S. & Nangia, V.; Talozi, S.; Brownell, E.; Montanaro, G.; Abu Naser, K.; Bany Mustafa, K.; Bahri, A. & B. Bouazzama, (2019). Energy Reduction and Uniformity of Low-Pressure Online Drip Irrigation Emitters in Field Tests. Water 2019, 11, 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061195
Stein, Th.-M. 1990. Development of Design Criteria for Pitcher Irrigation. Cranfield Institute of Technology, Silsoe College, M.Sc Teswas, August 1990.
Stein, Th.-M. 1994. Hydraulic Conductivity of Pitcher Material for Pitcher Irrigation (first result). Zeitschrft fur be-wasserungswirtschaft, 30(1): 72－93
UN Climate Change news,(2022). Browse all news, articles and press releases.The UN Climate Change Conference COP 27 will take place in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 6 to 18 November. https://unfccc.int/news/climate-plans-remain-insufficient-more-ambitious-action-needed-now
Vasudevan P. S., Alka Thapliyal, M.G. Dastida & P.K. Sen, (2007), PITCHER OR CLAY POT IRRIGATION FOR WATER CONSERVATIO, Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 2007 (ICME2007) 29- 31 De-cember 2007, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Worth,B. & J. Xin (1983).Farmmechanization for profit. Granada Publwashing.UK.pp.250- 269.
Bainbridge, D.A. ( 2001). Buried clay pot irrigation; a little known but very efficient traditional method of irrigation, Journal of Agricultural Water Management, 48, 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00119-0
Batchelor C., C. Lovell, M. Murata & S. microirrigation. (1996) techniques for improving irrigation efficiency on vegetable gardens, Agricultural Water Management, Volume 32, Issue 1, 1996, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(96)01257-7Pages 37-48,
Batty, J. C. & J. keller, (1980), Energy requirement for irrigation. D. Pimentel (ed): Hbook of Energy Utilization. In Agriculture. Florida, CRC press: 35-44, USA. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351072519
Batty, J. C.; S. N. Hamad & J. Keller (1975). Energy inputs to irrigation. J. of Irri. Drain. Div., ASCE, 101(IR4):293-307.
Bhalage P. B Jadia & S T Sangale. (2015), Case Studies of Innovative Irrigation Management Techniques, International conference on water resources, coastal and ocean engineering (icwrcoe 2015), Aquatic Procedia 4 ( 2015 ) 1197 – 1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.152
Canakci, M., Topakci, M., Akinci, I., & Ozmerzi, A., 2005. Energy use pattern of some field crops and vegetable production: case study for Antalya Region, Turkey.Energy Convers. Manag. 46 (4), 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2004.04.008
Doorenbos, J. P & Pruitt, W.O. (1977) Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24, FAO, Rome, 144 p.Improving Irrigation Efficiency on Vegetable Gardens. Agricultural Water
Down, M. J., A. K. Turner & T. A. McMahon, (1986). On farm energy used in irrigation. Final Report No. 78/86 of a project supported by the NER. Development and demonstration Council. Melbourne Univ., Civil and Agric. Eng. Dept. 78pp, Australia
El-Hagarey, M.E. Design of an Emitter, Water and Fertigation Management in Micro Irrigation, 2015, Book chapter, pp. 175–191 Edition: http://appleacademicpress.com/title.php?id=9781771881067 Publisher: apple academic press Editor: Megh R. Goyal ISBN: 9781771881067. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4003.2161
El-Hagarey, M.E.-S., El-Nesr, M.N., Mehanna, H.M. & Mansour, H.A. 2015, Energy Cost in Drip Irrigated Peach Orchard, Water and Fertigation Management in Micro Irrigation, Book Chapter, 2015, pp. 193–214, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4003.2161 Edition: http://appleacademicpress.com/title.php?id=9781771881067 Publisher: apple academic press Editor: Megh R. Goyal ISBN: 978177188106. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4003.2161
El-Sayed, O.M., & El-Hagarey, M.E.-S. 2015, Performance of Peach Trees under Ultra Low Drip Irrigation, Water and Fertigation Management in Micro Irrigation, Book Chapter, pp. 215–240. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4003.2161 Edition: http://appleacademicpress.com/title.php?id=9781771881067 Publisher: apple academic press Editor: Megh R. Goyal ISBN: 978177188106. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4003.2161
EU Grannts (2021). See the tool to support the calculation of GHG emwassion avoidance from renewable electricity, re-newable cooling and renewable heating projects under the Innovation Fund (v2.0 - 24.03.2021), available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/fundingtenders/opportunities/docs/2021027/innovfund/other/ghg-calculator-renewable-electricity-heating_innovfund-lsc_en.xlsx
FAO (1984). Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper No.24.
FAO, 2016. Food and Agricultural Commodities Production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org
Kassem, A.S, (1986). A mathematical model for determining total energy consumption for agriculture systems. Mwasr. J. Agric. Eng., 3(1):39-57, Egypt
Kefa C, Kipkorirm E, Kwonyikem J, Kubowon P, & Ndambiri K (2013) Comparison of Water Use Savings and Crop Yields for Clay Pot and Furrow Irrigation Methods in Lake Bogoria. Kenya. J Natural Sci Res 3 (8) 34—39.
Keller, J. & D. Karmeli (1975). Trickle irrigation design rain bird sprinkler manufacturing crop. Glendor Calfi, 133p.91740 USA: 24-26.
Landolsi, M., & Miled, K.B.H (2024) Reducing GHG Emissions by Improving Energy Efficiency: A Decomposition Approach. Environ Model Assess (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-024-09955-z. Larson, D. L. & D. D. Fangmeier (1978), Energy in irrigated crop production. J. of the ASAE, 21:1075-1080,USA.
Loch, R. J., Grant, C. G., Mckenzie, D. C. & Raine, S. R., 2005, Improving Plants, Water Use Efficiency and Potential Impacts from Soil Structure Change-Research Investment Opportunities, Final report to the National Program for Sustainable Irrigation, Cooperative Research Center Irrigation Futures (CRCIF), Report No.3.14/1. CRCIF, Toowoomba.
lsraelsen, O. W. & V. E. Hansen, "Eds",(1962a). Flow of water into and through soils. Hbook of Irrigation Principal and Practices. 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NewYork, U.S.A.
Mengjie, B., Qibo, T., Zuxin, Z., Shuqing, L., Junhui, L.i., Dali, C., Yanrong, W.,& Xiaowen, H.u., 2023. Effect of drip irrigation on seed yield, seed quality, and water use efficiency of Hedysarum fruticosum in the arid region of Northwest China. Agric. Water Manage. 278 (108137), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108137
Mondal, R. C. 1974. Farming with Pitcher: a technique of water conservation. World Crops, 26(2): 91－97.
Nazma S., MA R. Abu Torab, & Md. Mohiduzzaman, C. P. B., Bari Md. L., A. B. Tukun, MA Mannan, L. Bhattacharjee, B. Stadlmayr. 2013. .Food Composition Table for Bangladesh. First Edition. WASBN: 978984337522-3. Institute of Nutrition and Food Science Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences University of Dhaka https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/food_composition/documents/FCT_10_2_14_final_vers ion.pdf
Rao A.R., & R.K. Malik, Methodological considerations of irrigation energetics, Energy, Volume 7, Issue 10, 1982, Pages 855-859,https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(82)90034-2
Reddy D. P., & Pal A. "Use of geotextiles in agriculture: A review study ". International Journal of Botany Studies, Volume 6, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 81-83
Setiawan, B. I. 2000. On the Dwassemination of Pitcher Irrigation System for Horticulture Farming in Dry Lands. Proceed-ings of China International Conference on Dry land and Water-Saving Farming. Beijing, November 21-23, 2000.
Setiawan, B. I., E. Saleh & Y. Nurhidayat. 1998. Pitcher Irrigation System for Horticulture in Dry Lands. Proceedings water and land resources development and management for sustainable use. Vol II-A. The Tenth Afro-Asian Regional Confrence. ICID-CIID, INACID, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia.
Sokol, J., Amrose, S. & Nangia, V.; Talozi, S.; Brownell, E.; Montanaro, G.; Abu Naser, K.; Bany Mustafa, K.; Bahri, A. & B. Bouazzama, (2019). Energy Reduction and Uniformity of Low-Pressure Online Drip Irrigation Emitters in Field Tests. Water 2019, 11, 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061195
Stein, Th.-M. 1990. Development of Design Criteria for Pitcher Irrigation. Cranfield Institute of Technology, Silsoe College, M.Sc Teswas, August 1990.
Stein, Th.-M. 1994. Hydraulic Conductivity of Pitcher Material for Pitcher Irrigation (first result). Zeitschrft fur be-wasserungswirtschaft, 30(1): 72－93
UN Climate Change news,(2022). Browse all news, articles and press releases.The UN Climate Change Conference COP 27 will take place in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 6 to 18 November. https://unfccc.int/news/climate-plans-remain-insufficient-more-ambitious-action-needed-now
Vasudevan P. S., Alka Thapliyal, M.G. Dastida & P.K. Sen, (2007), PITCHER OR CLAY POT IRRIGATION FOR WATER CONSERVATIO, Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 2007 (ICME2007) 29- 31 De-cember 2007, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Worth,B. & J. Xin (1983).Farmmechanization for profit. Granada Publwashing.UK.pp.250- 269.
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Environmental and economic returns for the development and management of innovations in modern irrigation systems in Egypt. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(2), 653-662. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i2.5382
