Analysis of polyphenols and anti-oxidant activity of Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa L.) from Himachal Pradesh-A North-Western State of India
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Abstract
Boerhavia diffusa L. (family Nyctaginaceae) is also known as Punarnava in Indian medicine and has been used as rasayana herb in Ayurvedic medicine since ancient times. Plant has anti-aging, rejuvenating, cell-strengthening, mind-enhancing and preventative properties. The present study aims to investigate the different plant parts of the species B. diffusa for phytochemicals and antioxidants characterization for the first time from Bilaspur (31.33 oN 76.75 oE), Himachal Pradesh of North-Western India. The methanol: water extracts (leaf, stem and root) of B. diffusa were tested for in vitro antioxidant activity by various assays such as DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS [2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)], FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) and RP-HPLC-PDA (Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array Detector), which showed that B. diffusa root had the highest antioxidant activity i.e. DPPH (93.11±0.152g %), ABTS (89.70±0.207g %) and FRAP (88.67±0.251g %). This suggests that plant-derived polyphenols are good sources of natural antioxidants. Further, in the present study, three polyphenols, such as rutin, syringic acid, and epicatechin, were also determined through RP-HPLC-PDA method and found to be maximum in root extract. The results indicated that the methanolic extract of B. diffusa could be a potential herbal medicine against free radicals.
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Keywords
Antioxidant activity, Boerhavia diffusa L, DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), Polyphenols, RP-HPLC-PDA (Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array Detector)
References
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Banjare, L., Prasad, A. K., Naik, M. L. (2012). Boerhaavia diffusa from traditional use to scientific assessment- a review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives. 3(6), 1346-1354.
Beegum Juna, G.R., Suhara Beevy S.S., & Sugunan, V.S. (2015). Natural antioxidant activity of Boerhavia diffusa L. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 8, 8-13.
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Devinder, K. C., Vinita, P., & Vandana, M. (2014). Analysis of stem of Tinospora cordifolia, leaves of Andrographis paniculata and root and leaves of Boerhavia diffusa for nutritional and phytochemical composition. International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences. 3, 4.
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Ekow ThomfoPird, N., Dzobo, K., Adu, F., Chirikure, S., Wonkam, A., & Dandara, C. (2018). Bush mint (Hyptis suaveolens) and spreading hogweed (Boerhavia diffusa) medicinal plant extracts differentially affect activities of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes. Journal of Ethnopharmacol. 30, 211, 58-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.023.
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Jomova, K., Vondrakova, D., Lawson, M., Valko, M., 2010. Metals, oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol. & Cell. Biochem. 345, 91-104.
Jordan, B. R. (2002). Molecular response of plant cells to UV-B stress. Functional Plant Biology. 29, 909-916.
Kadota, S., Lami, N., Tezuka, Y., & Kikuchi, T. (1989). Constituents of the roots of Boerhavia diffusa examination of sterols and structure of new rotenoids, boeravinones A and B. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 37, 3214-3220.
Kataria, M., & Singh, L. (1997). Hepatoprotective effect of Liv. 52 and Kumaryasava on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 35, 255-57.
Kaur, H. (2019). Boerhavia diffusa bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 12(4), 1675-82.
Khalid, M., Siddiqui, H. H., & Fareed, S. (2011). In-vitro estimation of the antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Boerhavia diffusa root extract. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicine. 6(6), 259-266.
Kriti, J., Rutusmita, M., Samrat, C., Sumeet, G., Partha, R., & Debabrata, S. (2020). Metabolite profiling and wound-healing activity of Boerhavia diffusa leaf extracts using in-vitro and in-vivo models. Journal of Traditional and Complimentary Medicine. 10: 52-59.
Lami, N., Kodota, S., & Kikuchi, T. (1992). Constituents of the roots of Boerhavia diffusa. Isolation and structure determination of boeravinones D, E and F. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 39, 1863-1865.
Lami, N., Kodota, S., Tezuka, Y., & Kikuchi, T. (1990). Constituents of the roots of Boerhavia diffusa. Structure and stereochemistry of a new rotenoid boeravinone C2. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 38, 1558-1562.
Lu, J. M., Lin, P. H., Yao, Q., & Chen, C. (2010). Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants experimental approaches and model systems. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 14, 840-6.
Mahesh, A. R., Kumar, H., Ranganath, M. K., & Devkar, R. A. (2012). Detail study on Boerhavia diffusa plant for its medicinal importance- a review. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 1: 28-36.
Mfengwana, P., Mashele, S., & Manduna, I. (2019). In-vitro antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa from Mohale’s Hoek, Lesotho. Pharmacognosy Journal. 11(4), 730-9.
Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. (2000). The effect of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells, implications for inflammation, heart disease and cancer. Pharmcological Reviews. 52(4), 673-751.
Mishra, S., Aeri, V., Gaur, P. V., & Jachak, S. M. (2014). Phytochemical, therapeutic, and ethnopharmacological overview for a traditionally important herb Boerhavia diffusa. BioMed Research Inernational. 1-19.
Mohammad, K., Hefazat, H. S., & Sheeba, F. (2011). In vitro estimation of the antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Boerhavia diffusa root extract. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicine. 6 (6).
Murad, F. (1999). Discovery of some of the biological effects of nitric oxide and its role in cell signalling. Bioscience Reports. 19, 133-154.
Njus, D., Kelley, P. M., Tu, Y. J., & Schlegel, H. B. (2020). Ascorbic Acid: The chemistry underlying its antioxidant properties. Available under the Elsevier user license https://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/.
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Olaleye, M. T., Akinmoladun, A. C., Ogunboye, A. A., & Akindahunsi, A. A. (2010). Anti-oxidant activity and hepatoprotective property of leaf extracts of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 48(8-9), 2200-2205.
Oudhia, P. (2011). Traditional medicinal knowledge about useful herb Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa, family (Nyctaginaceae) in Chhattisgarh Plains, India. 138.
Pandeya, R., Maurya, R., Singh, G., Sathiamoorthy, B., & Naik, S. (2005). Immunosuppressive properties of flavonoids isolated from Boerhavia diffusa. International of Immunopharmacology. 5, 541-53.
Patel, M., Verma, R., & Srivastava, P. (2014). Antioxidant activity of Boerhavia diffusa extract. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 6, 3, 598-605.
Pathak, D., Alam, K., Rohilla, H., Rai, A. K., & Agarwal, A. (2012). Phytochemical investigation of Boerhavia diffusa and Andrographis paniculata a comparative study. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 4(4), 250-25.
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Piaru, S. P, Mahmud, R., Majid, A. M. S. A., & Nassar, Z. D. M. (2012). Antioxidant and antiangiogenic activities of the essential oils of Myristica fragrans and Morinda citrifolia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 5(2), 294-298.
Poongothai, K., Ponmurugan, P., Syed, K. Z. A., Senthil, B. K., & Sheriff, S. A. (2011). Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of Solanum xanthocarpum leaves (field grown & in vitro raised) extract on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 4(10), 778-785.
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Agrawal, B., Das, A. & Pandey, A. (2011). Boerhavia diffusa a review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences. 4, 663- 84. 10. 3923/ajaps.2011.663.684.
Ahmed, M., Datta, B. K., & Rouf, A. S. S. (1990). Rotenoids from Boerhavia repens. Phytochemistry. 29, 1709-1710. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422 (92) 80487-Y.
Ahmed, M., Djebli, N., Meslem, A., & Aissa, S. (2012). Antibacterial activity of various honey types of Algeria against pathogenic Gram-negative Bacilli: Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2(3), 211-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808 (12) 60048-6.
Ammar, A.F., Zhang, H. & Siddeeg, A. (2014). In-vitro antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Alhydwan (Boerhavia elegana Choisy) Seeds. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2.5, 215-220. DOI: 10.12691/jfnr-2-5-2.
Aviello, G., Canadanovic, B. J. M., Milic, N., Capasso, R., Fattorusso, E. & Taglialatela, S.O. (2011). Potent antioxidant and genoprotective effects of Boeravinone G, a rotenoid isolated from Boerhavia diffusa. PLoS One. 6(5), e19628.
Banjare, L., Prasad, A. K., Naik, M. L. (2012). Boerhaavia diffusa from traditional use to scientific assessment- a review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives. 3(6), 1346-1354.
Beegum Juna, G.R., Suhara Beevy S.S., & Sugunan, V.S. (2015). Natural antioxidant activity of Boerhavia diffusa L. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 8, 8-13.
Blois, M. S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature. 181, 1199-1200.
Clarke, G., Ting, K. N, Wiart, C., & Fry, J. (2013). High correlation of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing activity potential and total phenolics content indicates redundancy in use of all three assays to screen for antioxidant activity of extracts of plants from the Malaysian rainforest. Antioxidants. 2, 1-10.
Devinder, K. C., Vinita, P., & Vandana, M. (2014). Analysis of stem of Tinospora cordifolia, leaves of Andrographis paniculata and root and leaves of Boerhavia diffusa for nutritional and phytochemical composition. International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences. 3, 4.
Duh, P. D., Du, P. C., & Yen, G. C. (1999). Action of methanolic extract of mung bean hulls as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and non-lipid damage. Food Chemical Toxicology. 37(11), 1055-1061. 10.1016/s0278-6915(99)00096-4.
Ekow ThomfoPird, N., Dzobo, K., Adu, F., Chirikure, S., Wonkam, A., & Dandara, C. (2018). Bush mint (Hyptis suaveolens) and spreading hogweed (Boerhavia diffusa) medicinal plant extracts differentially affect activities of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes. Journal of Ethnopharmacol. 30, 211, 58-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.023.
Garba, A. (2019). Comparative free radical scavenging efficacy of leaves extract of Moringa Oleifera and petals extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa. Pharmacognosy Journal. 11(6), 1342-6. DOI:10.5530/pj.2019.11.207.
Gopal, T. K., Harish, G., Chamundeeswari, D., & Umamaheswara, R. (2010). In-vitro antioxidant activity of roots of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Science. 1(4), 782-788.
Government of India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Department of ISM& H. (2007). The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. 1st ed. Vol. 3.
Gupta, A. K., & Tandon, N. (2011). Quality standards of Indian medicinal plants. 9, 59-71.
Gupta, J., & Ali, M. (1998). Chemical constituents of Boerhavia diffusa roots. Indian Journal of Chemistry. 37B, 912- 917.
Ignarro, L. J. (1999). Nitric oxide a unique endogenous signaling molecule in vascular biology. Bioscience Reports. 19, 51-71.
Jain, G. K., & Khanna, N. M. (1989). Punarnavoside A new anti-fibrinolytic agent from Boerhavia diffusa. Indian Journal of Chemistry. 28(B), 163-166.
Jomova, K., Vondrakova, D., Lawson, M., Valko, M., 2010. Metals, oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol. & Cell. Biochem. 345, 91-104.
Jordan, B. R. (2002). Molecular response of plant cells to UV-B stress. Functional Plant Biology. 29, 909-916.
Kadota, S., Lami, N., Tezuka, Y., & Kikuchi, T. (1989). Constituents of the roots of Boerhavia diffusa examination of sterols and structure of new rotenoids, boeravinones A and B. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 37, 3214-3220.
Kataria, M., & Singh, L. (1997). Hepatoprotective effect of Liv. 52 and Kumaryasava on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 35, 255-57.
Kaur, H. (2019). Boerhavia diffusa bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 12(4), 1675-82.
Khalid, M., Siddiqui, H. H., & Fareed, S. (2011). In-vitro estimation of the antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Boerhavia diffusa root extract. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicine. 6(6), 259-266.
Kriti, J., Rutusmita, M., Samrat, C., Sumeet, G., Partha, R., & Debabrata, S. (2020). Metabolite profiling and wound-healing activity of Boerhavia diffusa leaf extracts using in-vitro and in-vivo models. Journal of Traditional and Complimentary Medicine. 10: 52-59.
Lami, N., Kodota, S., & Kikuchi, T. (1992). Constituents of the roots of Boerhavia diffusa. Isolation and structure determination of boeravinones D, E and F. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 39, 1863-1865.
Lami, N., Kodota, S., Tezuka, Y., & Kikuchi, T. (1990). Constituents of the roots of Boerhavia diffusa. Structure and stereochemistry of a new rotenoid boeravinone C2. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 38, 1558-1562.
Lu, J. M., Lin, P. H., Yao, Q., & Chen, C. (2010). Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants experimental approaches and model systems. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 14, 840-6.
Mahesh, A. R., Kumar, H., Ranganath, M. K., & Devkar, R. A. (2012). Detail study on Boerhavia diffusa plant for its medicinal importance- a review. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 1: 28-36.
Mfengwana, P., Mashele, S., & Manduna, I. (2019). In-vitro antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa from Mohale’s Hoek, Lesotho. Pharmacognosy Journal. 11(4), 730-9.
Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. (2000). The effect of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells, implications for inflammation, heart disease and cancer. Pharmcological Reviews. 52(4), 673-751.
Mishra, S., Aeri, V., Gaur, P. V., & Jachak, S. M. (2014). Phytochemical, therapeutic, and ethnopharmacological overview for a traditionally important herb Boerhavia diffusa. BioMed Research Inernational. 1-19.
Mohammad, K., Hefazat, H. S., & Sheeba, F. (2011). In vitro estimation of the antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Boerhavia diffusa root extract. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicine. 6 (6).
Murad, F. (1999). Discovery of some of the biological effects of nitric oxide and its role in cell signalling. Bioscience Reports. 19, 133-154.
Njus, D., Kelley, P. M., Tu, Y. J., & Schlegel, H. B. (2020). Ascorbic Acid: The chemistry underlying its antioxidant properties. Available under the Elsevier user license https://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/.
Olajumoke, A. O., Ochuko, L., Erukainurea, Chika, I. Chukwumaa, B., Collins, U., Ibejic, Neil, A., & Koorbanallyd Shahidul, I. (2018). Boerhavia diffusa inhibits key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes in vitro and in silico; and modulates abdominal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake ex vivo. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 106,1116-1125.
Olaleye, M. T., Akinmoladun, A. C., Ogunboye, A. A., & Akindahunsi, A. A. (2010). Anti-oxidant activity and hepatoprotective property of leaf extracts of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 48(8-9), 2200-2205.
Oudhia, P. (2011). Traditional medicinal knowledge about useful herb Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa, family (Nyctaginaceae) in Chhattisgarh Plains, India. 138.
Pandeya, R., Maurya, R., Singh, G., Sathiamoorthy, B., & Naik, S. (2005). Immunosuppressive properties of flavonoids isolated from Boerhavia diffusa. International of Immunopharmacology. 5, 541-53.
Patel, M., Verma, R., & Srivastava, P. (2014). Antioxidant activity of Boerhavia diffusa extract. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 6, 3, 598-605.
Pathak, D., Alam, K., Rohilla, H., Rai, A. K., & Agarwal, A. (2012). Phytochemical investigation of Boerhavia diffusa and Andrographis paniculata a comparative study. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 4(4), 250-25.
Pereira, D. M., Faria, J., Gaspar, L., Valentao, P., de Pinho, P.G., & Andrade, P. B. (2009). Boerhaavia diffusa: metabolite profiling of a medicinal plant from Nyctaginaceae. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 47(8), 2142-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.033.
Piaru, S. P, Mahmud, R., Majid, A. M. S. A., & Nassar, Z. D. M. (2012). Antioxidant and antiangiogenic activities of the essential oils of Myristica fragrans and Morinda citrifolia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 5(2), 294-298.
Poongothai, K., Ponmurugan, P., Syed, K. Z. A., Senthil, B. K., & Sheriff, S. A. (2011). Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of Solanum xanthocarpum leaves (field grown & in vitro raised) extract on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 4(10), 778-785.
Rachh, P. R., Rachh, M. R., Modi, D. C., Shah, B. N, Bhargava, A. S., Patel, N. M., & Rupareliya, M. T. (2009). In-vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.) International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 1(1), 36-40.
Ravikumar, S., Gokulakrishnan, R., & Boomi, P. (2012). In vitro antibacterial activity of the metal oxide nanoparticles against urinary tract infectious bacterial pathogens. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Diseases. 2(2), 85-89.
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, N. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation depolarization assay Free Radica. Biology and Medicine. 26, 1231-1237.
Rice-Evans, C., Miller, N., & Paganga, G. (1997). Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends in Plant Science. 2(4), 152-9. 39.
Sahu, A. N., Damiki, L., Nilanjan, G., & Dubey, S. (2008). Phytopharmacological review of Boerhavia diffusa. Pharmacognosy Review. 2(4), 14-22.
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How to Cite
Analysis of polyphenols and anti-oxidant activity of Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa L.) from Himachal Pradesh-A North-Western State of India. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(4), 1760-1767. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.5204
