Assessment of physicochemical characteristics and identification of groundwater quality indicator parameters in Aizawl, Mizoram, Northeast India
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
The increase in population and rapid industrial development have resulted in surface water pollution that stresses groundwater resources to ensure sustainable consumption and human well-being. The present study was aimed to assess the physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentration of groundwater in Aizawl city. The study also seeks to determine the indicator parameters of water quality through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation coefficient in relation to physico-chemical properties. The results revealed that all physico-chemical parameters were within the regulatory standards, except turbidity (80.9 NTU) and phosphate (0.6365 mg/L). Trace amounts of Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) were also present; however, Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) slightly exceeded (Fe: 1.162 mg/L; Mn: 0.6892 mg/L) the permissible limit. Statistically, two-way ANOVA revealed that temperature, chloride, total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), calcium, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were significant (p<0.001) both between sites and seasons. Further, TH showed positive and significant correlation with total dissolved solid (TDS) (R2=0.792), chloride (R2=0.52), TA (R2=0.62), calcium (R2=0.88), and Zn (R2=0.61). Conversely, DO demonstrated negative and significant correlation with turbidity (R2=-0.73), chloride (R2=-0.52), phosphates (R2=-0.70), ammonia (R2=-0.81), and Mn (R2=-0.58). These results indicate that the analysis of TH and DO can serve function as proxies for indirectly indicating the presence and concentrations of the other correlated water quality parameters. Thus, TH and DO act as indicator parameters for water quality in holistic groundwater monitoring in Aizawl. The identification of water quality indicator parameters can play a key role in future research for cost-effective, rapid, and seasonal groundwater monitoring to ensure the sustainable management of this resource.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Arsenic, groundwater, Heavy metals, Human health, Physico-chemical parameters, Water quality indicator
References
Abd Aziz, N.I. (2019). Optimization of pH and contact time of media in removing calcium and magnesium from groundwater. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 11(9), 063-072.
Ahouansou, D.M.M., Agodzo, S.K., Awoye, O.H.R., Balle, R.G.A. & Sintondji, L.O.C. (2018). Analysis of the Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in a Highly Cultivated Catchment, Northern Benin. American Journal of Water Resources, 6(6), 224-234.
APHA (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: 21st Edition as prescribed by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, Washington, D.C.
Boyd, C.E., Tucker, C.S. & Somridhivej, B. (2016). Alkalinity and hardness: critical but elusive concepts in aquaculture. J. of the Worl. Aquacul. So. 47(1), 0.6-41.
Chakraborty, B., Roy, S., Bera, B., Adhikary, P.P., Bhattacharjee, S., Sengupta, D. and Shit, P.K. (2022). Evaluation of groundwater quality and its impact on human health: a case study from Chotanagpur plateau fringe region in India. Applied Water Science, 12(3), 25.
Das, A., Joardar, M., De, A., Mridha, D., Chowdhury, N.R., Khan, M.T.B.K., Chakrabartty, P. & Roychowdhury, T. (2021). Pollution index and health risk assessment of arsenic through different groundwater sources and its load on soil-paddy-rice system in a part of Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 15, 100652.
Gao, Y., Qian, H., Ren, W., Wang, H., Liu, F. & Yang, F. (2020). Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater based on integrated-weight water quality index in a concentrated urban area. Journal of Cleaner Production, 260, 121006.
Gao, Y., Yu, G., Luo, C., & Zhou, P. (2012). Groundwater nitrogen pollution and assessment of its health risks: a case study of a typical village in rural-urban continuum, China. PloS one, 7(4), e33982.
Giri, A., Bharti, V.K., Kalia, S., Arora, A., Balaje, S.S.& Chaurasia, O.P. (2020). A review on water quality and dairy cattle health: a special emphasis on high-altitude region. Applied Water Science, 10(3), 1-16.
Gupta, V., Kumar, D., Dwivedi, A. et al. (2023). Heavy metal contamination in river water, sediment, groundwater and human blood, from Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ Geochem Health 45, 1807–1818.
Gyimah, R. A. A., Gyamfi, C., Anornu, G. K., Karikari, A. Y., & Tsyawo, F. W. (2021). Multivariate statistical analysis of water quality of the Densu River, Ghana. International Journal of River Basin Management, 19(2), 189-199.
International Association of Hydrogeologists (2020) Groundwater— more about the hidden resource. https://iah.org/education/general-public/groundwater-hidden-resource
IS10500, B.I.S., 2012. Indian standard drinking water specification (second revision). Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi.
Kanmani, S., & Gandhimathi, R. (2013) Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil due to leachate migration from an open dumping site. Appl Water Sci 3,193–205.
Kapesa, L., & Raju, D.S.N. (2007). Langhian (early MiddleMiocene) Foraminiferal Assemplage from Bhuban Formation, Mizoram, NE India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 70, 933–938.
Kumar, K. S., Bharani, R., Magesh, N.S., Prince Godson, S., & Chandrasekar, N. (2014) Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality appraisal of part of south Chennai coastal aquifers, Tamil Nadu, India using WQI and fuzzy logic method. Appl Water Sci 4(4),341–350
Kumar, V., Bharti, P.K., Talwar, M., Tyagi, A.K. & Kumar, P. (2017). Studies on high iron content in water resources of Moradabad district (UP), India. Water Science, 31(1), 44-51.
Laishram, P. & Kshetrimayum, K. S. (2019). Evaluation of hydrochemical data using multivariate statistical methods to elucidate heavy metal contamination in shallow aquifers of the Manipur valley in Indo-Myanmar Range. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12, 1-10.
Lahkar, M. & Bhattacharyya, K. G. (2019). Heavy metal contamination of groundwater in Guwahati city, Assam, India. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 6, 1520-1525.
Lalawmpuii, & Rai, P.K., (2023). Role of Water- Energy- Food Nexus in Environmental Management and Climate Action. Energy Nexus 11, 100230.
Li P, Tian R, Xue C. & Wu J. (2017). Progress, opportunities and key fields for groundwater quality research under the impacts of human activities in China with a special focus on western China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 13224–13234
Liu, Y., Wang, P., Ruan, H., Wang, T., Yu, J., Cheng, Y. & Kulmatov, R. (2020). Sustainable use of groundwater resources in the transboundary aquifers of the five Central Asian countries: challenges and perspectives. Water, 12(8), 2101.
Liu, Z., Du, Y., Deng, Y., Huang, Y., Zhao, X. & Li, Q., (2023). Enrichment of geogenic phosphorus in a coastal groundwater system: New insights from dissolved organic matter characterization. Chemosphere, 322, 138214.
MacAdam, J. & Jarvis, P. (2015). Water-Formed Scales and Deposits: Types, Characteristics, and Relevant Industries. In. Min. Scal. and Dep. 6, 3-23.
Mamun, M., Kim, J. Y., & An, K. G. (2021). Multivariate statistical analysis of water quality and trophic state in an artificial dam reservoir. Water, 13(2), 186.
Neidhardt, H., Schoeckle, D., Schleinitz, A., Eiche, E., Berner, Z., Tram, P.T.K., Lan, V.M., Viet, P.H., Biswas, A., Majumder, S., Chatterjee, D., Oelmann, Y., & Berg, M., (2018). Biogeochemical phosphorus cycling in groundwater ecosystems - insights from southand southeast Asian floodplain and delta aquifers. Sci. Total Environ. 644, 1357–1370.
Popoola, L. T., Yusuff, A. S., & Aderibigbe, T. A. (2019). Assessment of natural groundwater physico-chemical properties in major industrial and residential locations of Lagos metropolis. Applied Water Science, 9(8), 191.
Qureshi, S. S., Channa, A., Memon, S. A., Khan, Q., Jamali, G. A., Panhwar, A., & Saleh, T. A. (2021). Assessment of physicochemical characteristics in groundwater quality parameters. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 24, 101877.
Rai, P. K., Lee, J., Kailasa, S. K., Kwon, E. E., Tsang, Y. F., Ok, Y. S., & Kim, K. H. (2018). A critical review of ferrate (VI)- based remediation of soil and groundwater. Environmental research, 160, 420-448.
Rai, P.K., et al. (2019). Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment International 125, 365-385.
Rai, P.K., (2021). Heavy metals and arsenic phytoremediation potential of invasive alien wetland plants Phragmites karka and Arundo donax: Water- Energy-Food (W-E-F) Nexus linked sustainability implications. Bioresource Technology Reports 15, 100741.
Rai, P.K. (2012). Assessment of Multifaceted Environmental Issues and Model Development of an Indo- Burma Hot Spot Region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184,113–131
Rai, P. K., (2010). Seasonal Monitoring of Heavy metals and Physico-chemical characteristics in a Lentic ecosystem of Sub- tropical Industrial Region, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 165, 407-433,
Rai, P.K., Sonne, C., Song, H., & Kim, J.H. (2022). The effects of COVID-19 transmission on environmental sustainability and human health: Paving the way to ensure its sustainable management. Science of the Total Environment 838(2), 156039.
Rai, P.K., Sonne, C., Song, H., & Kim, J.H. (2023). Plastic wastes in the time of COVID-19: Their Environmental Hazards and implications. Science of the Total Environment 858, 159880.
Ravindra, K., & Mor, S. (2019). Distribution and health risk assessment of arsenic and selected heavy metals in Groundwater of Chandigarh, India. Environmental pollution, 250, 820-830.
Saad, A.S., Massoud, M.A., Amer, R.A., Ghorab, M.A. (2017) Assessment of the Physico-chemical Characteristics and Water Quality Analysis of Mariout Lake, Southern of Alexandria, Egypt. J Environ Anal Toxicol 7: 421.
Saleh, H. N., Panahande, M., Yousefi, M., Asghari, F. B., Oliveri Conti, G., Talaee, E., & Mohammadi, A. A. (2018). Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater Wells in Neyshabur Plain, Iran. Biological Trace Element Research. doi:10.1007/s12011-018-1516-6
Sarath Prasanth, S.V., Magesh, N.S., Jitheshlal, K.V., Chandrasekar, N. (2012) Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in the coastal stretch of Alappuzha District, Kerala, India. Appl Water Sci 2(3),165–175
Shaji, S., Santosh, M., Sarath, K.V., et al. (2021). Arsenic contamination of groundwater: A global synopsis with focus on the Indian Peninsula. Geoscience Frontiers 12(3), 101079.
Shrivastava N., Mishra D.D. & Thakre G. (2010). Water quality assessment with reference to Machna river, Betul (M.P) India. Poll. Res. 29(2), 371-374,
Singh, A.K. (2004). Arsenic contamination in groundwater of Northeastern India. In Proceedings of 11th na-tional symposium on hydrology with focal theme on water quality, 255–262. Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology.
Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Mohan, D. & Sinha, S. (2004). Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India)—a case study. Water research, 38(18), 3980-3992.
Singh, M.M. & Rai, P.K. (2016). Microcosm investigation of Fe (iron) removal using macrophytes of ramsar lake: A phytoremediation approach International Journal of Phytoremediation 18(12), 1231-1236.
Somers, L. D., McKenzie, J. M., Mark, B. G., Lagos, P., Ng, G. C., Wickert, A. D., Yarleque, C., Baraër, M., & Silva, Y. (2019). Groundwater buffers decreasing glaciermelt in an Andean watershed—But not forever. Geophysical Research Letters,46, 13016–13026.
Somers, L.D. & McKenzie, J.M., (2020). A review of groundwater in high mountain environments. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 7(6), e1475.
Sudarshan, P., Mahesh M. K. & Ramachandra T. V. (2019). Assessment of Seasonal Variation in Water Quality and Water Quality Index (WQI) of Hebbal Lake, Bangalore, India. Environment and Ecology, 37 (1B), 309-317.
Thambidurai, P., Chandrasekharam, D., & Chandrashekhar, A.K., (2012). Arsenic contamination in groundwater of Surma basin of Assamand Mizoram, North Eastern India. In: Understanding the Geological and Medical Interface of Arsenic – Ng, Noller,Naidu, Bundschuh & Bhattacharya (eds) Taylor & Francis Group, London, U.K.
Therdkiattikul, N., Ratpukdi, T., Kidkhunthod, P., Chanlek, N., &Ratpukdi, S.S. (2020). Manganese-contaminated groundwater treatment by novel bacterial isolates: kinetic study and mechanism analysis using synchrotron-based techniques. Scientific Reports, 10, 13391.
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (1999). Global environment outlook 2000. UK: Earthscan.
USPH., “Drinking Water Standards”, P.H.S. Pub. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, pp, 965-978, 1962.
Zhang J, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Zeng Y, Ji Y, Sun, Y., & Lei M. (2021). Hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater quality assessment in the plain area of Yarkant River Basin in Xinjiang, PR China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28, 31704-16.
Zonunthari, Nongtri ES, Lalnuntluanga & Rai PK. (2023a). Spatio-Temporal Variations of Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Heavy Metals in Groundwater of an Indo Burma Hotspot Region. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 16(30): 2325-2332. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v16i30.1418
Zonunthari, Nongtri, E. S., Syngkli, R. B., Lalnuntluanga & Rai, P. K. (2023b). Seasonal monitoring of groundwater quality in Aizawl, Mizoram, Northeast India. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 11(3) : 71-78. doi: 10.12691/aees-11-3-1.
Zonunthari, Lalawmpuii & Rai, P.K. (2023c). Groundwater quality monitoring and assessment in socioeconomically distinct Aizawl district, Mizoram, North-East India. Indian Journal of Environment Protection 43(9), 850-857.
Ahouansou, D.M.M., Agodzo, S.K., Awoye, O.H.R., Balle, R.G.A. & Sintondji, L.O.C. (2018). Analysis of the Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in a Highly Cultivated Catchment, Northern Benin. American Journal of Water Resources, 6(6), 224-234.
APHA (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: 21st Edition as prescribed by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, Washington, D.C.
Boyd, C.E., Tucker, C.S. & Somridhivej, B. (2016). Alkalinity and hardness: critical but elusive concepts in aquaculture. J. of the Worl. Aquacul. So. 47(1), 0.6-41.
Chakraborty, B., Roy, S., Bera, B., Adhikary, P.P., Bhattacharjee, S., Sengupta, D. and Shit, P.K. (2022). Evaluation of groundwater quality and its impact on human health: a case study from Chotanagpur plateau fringe region in India. Applied Water Science, 12(3), 25.
Das, A., Joardar, M., De, A., Mridha, D., Chowdhury, N.R., Khan, M.T.B.K., Chakrabartty, P. & Roychowdhury, T. (2021). Pollution index and health risk assessment of arsenic through different groundwater sources and its load on soil-paddy-rice system in a part of Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 15, 100652.
Gao, Y., Qian, H., Ren, W., Wang, H., Liu, F. & Yang, F. (2020). Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater based on integrated-weight water quality index in a concentrated urban area. Journal of Cleaner Production, 260, 121006.
Gao, Y., Yu, G., Luo, C., & Zhou, P. (2012). Groundwater nitrogen pollution and assessment of its health risks: a case study of a typical village in rural-urban continuum, China. PloS one, 7(4), e33982.
Giri, A., Bharti, V.K., Kalia, S., Arora, A., Balaje, S.S.& Chaurasia, O.P. (2020). A review on water quality and dairy cattle health: a special emphasis on high-altitude region. Applied Water Science, 10(3), 1-16.
Gupta, V., Kumar, D., Dwivedi, A. et al. (2023). Heavy metal contamination in river water, sediment, groundwater and human blood, from Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ Geochem Health 45, 1807–1818.
Gyimah, R. A. A., Gyamfi, C., Anornu, G. K., Karikari, A. Y., & Tsyawo, F. W. (2021). Multivariate statistical analysis of water quality of the Densu River, Ghana. International Journal of River Basin Management, 19(2), 189-199.
International Association of Hydrogeologists (2020) Groundwater— more about the hidden resource. https://iah.org/education/general-public/groundwater-hidden-resource
IS10500, B.I.S., 2012. Indian standard drinking water specification (second revision). Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi.
Kanmani, S., & Gandhimathi, R. (2013) Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil due to leachate migration from an open dumping site. Appl Water Sci 3,193–205.
Kapesa, L., & Raju, D.S.N. (2007). Langhian (early MiddleMiocene) Foraminiferal Assemplage from Bhuban Formation, Mizoram, NE India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 70, 933–938.
Kumar, K. S., Bharani, R., Magesh, N.S., Prince Godson, S., & Chandrasekar, N. (2014) Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality appraisal of part of south Chennai coastal aquifers, Tamil Nadu, India using WQI and fuzzy logic method. Appl Water Sci 4(4),341–350
Kumar, V., Bharti, P.K., Talwar, M., Tyagi, A.K. & Kumar, P. (2017). Studies on high iron content in water resources of Moradabad district (UP), India. Water Science, 31(1), 44-51.
Laishram, P. & Kshetrimayum, K. S. (2019). Evaluation of hydrochemical data using multivariate statistical methods to elucidate heavy metal contamination in shallow aquifers of the Manipur valley in Indo-Myanmar Range. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12, 1-10.
Lahkar, M. & Bhattacharyya, K. G. (2019). Heavy metal contamination of groundwater in Guwahati city, Assam, India. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 6, 1520-1525.
Lalawmpuii, & Rai, P.K., (2023). Role of Water- Energy- Food Nexus in Environmental Management and Climate Action. Energy Nexus 11, 100230.
Li P, Tian R, Xue C. & Wu J. (2017). Progress, opportunities and key fields for groundwater quality research under the impacts of human activities in China with a special focus on western China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 13224–13234
Liu, Y., Wang, P., Ruan, H., Wang, T., Yu, J., Cheng, Y. & Kulmatov, R. (2020). Sustainable use of groundwater resources in the transboundary aquifers of the five Central Asian countries: challenges and perspectives. Water, 12(8), 2101.
Liu, Z., Du, Y., Deng, Y., Huang, Y., Zhao, X. & Li, Q., (2023). Enrichment of geogenic phosphorus in a coastal groundwater system: New insights from dissolved organic matter characterization. Chemosphere, 322, 138214.
MacAdam, J. & Jarvis, P. (2015). Water-Formed Scales and Deposits: Types, Characteristics, and Relevant Industries. In. Min. Scal. and Dep. 6, 3-23.
Mamun, M., Kim, J. Y., & An, K. G. (2021). Multivariate statistical analysis of water quality and trophic state in an artificial dam reservoir. Water, 13(2), 186.
Neidhardt, H., Schoeckle, D., Schleinitz, A., Eiche, E., Berner, Z., Tram, P.T.K., Lan, V.M., Viet, P.H., Biswas, A., Majumder, S., Chatterjee, D., Oelmann, Y., & Berg, M., (2018). Biogeochemical phosphorus cycling in groundwater ecosystems - insights from southand southeast Asian floodplain and delta aquifers. Sci. Total Environ. 644, 1357–1370.
Popoola, L. T., Yusuff, A. S., & Aderibigbe, T. A. (2019). Assessment of natural groundwater physico-chemical properties in major industrial and residential locations of Lagos metropolis. Applied Water Science, 9(8), 191.
Qureshi, S. S., Channa, A., Memon, S. A., Khan, Q., Jamali, G. A., Panhwar, A., & Saleh, T. A. (2021). Assessment of physicochemical characteristics in groundwater quality parameters. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 24, 101877.
Rai, P. K., Lee, J., Kailasa, S. K., Kwon, E. E., Tsang, Y. F., Ok, Y. S., & Kim, K. H. (2018). A critical review of ferrate (VI)- based remediation of soil and groundwater. Environmental research, 160, 420-448.
Rai, P.K., et al. (2019). Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment International 125, 365-385.
Rai, P.K., (2021). Heavy metals and arsenic phytoremediation potential of invasive alien wetland plants Phragmites karka and Arundo donax: Water- Energy-Food (W-E-F) Nexus linked sustainability implications. Bioresource Technology Reports 15, 100741.
Rai, P.K. (2012). Assessment of Multifaceted Environmental Issues and Model Development of an Indo- Burma Hot Spot Region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184,113–131
Rai, P. K., (2010). Seasonal Monitoring of Heavy metals and Physico-chemical characteristics in a Lentic ecosystem of Sub- tropical Industrial Region, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 165, 407-433,
Rai, P.K., Sonne, C., Song, H., & Kim, J.H. (2022). The effects of COVID-19 transmission on environmental sustainability and human health: Paving the way to ensure its sustainable management. Science of the Total Environment 838(2), 156039.
Rai, P.K., Sonne, C., Song, H., & Kim, J.H. (2023). Plastic wastes in the time of COVID-19: Their Environmental Hazards and implications. Science of the Total Environment 858, 159880.
Ravindra, K., & Mor, S. (2019). Distribution and health risk assessment of arsenic and selected heavy metals in Groundwater of Chandigarh, India. Environmental pollution, 250, 820-830.
Saad, A.S., Massoud, M.A., Amer, R.A., Ghorab, M.A. (2017) Assessment of the Physico-chemical Characteristics and Water Quality Analysis of Mariout Lake, Southern of Alexandria, Egypt. J Environ Anal Toxicol 7: 421.
Saleh, H. N., Panahande, M., Yousefi, M., Asghari, F. B., Oliveri Conti, G., Talaee, E., & Mohammadi, A. A. (2018). Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater Wells in Neyshabur Plain, Iran. Biological Trace Element Research. doi:10.1007/s12011-018-1516-6
Sarath Prasanth, S.V., Magesh, N.S., Jitheshlal, K.V., Chandrasekar, N. (2012) Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in the coastal stretch of Alappuzha District, Kerala, India. Appl Water Sci 2(3),165–175
Shaji, S., Santosh, M., Sarath, K.V., et al. (2021). Arsenic contamination of groundwater: A global synopsis with focus on the Indian Peninsula. Geoscience Frontiers 12(3), 101079.
Shrivastava N., Mishra D.D. & Thakre G. (2010). Water quality assessment with reference to Machna river, Betul (M.P) India. Poll. Res. 29(2), 371-374,
Singh, A.K. (2004). Arsenic contamination in groundwater of Northeastern India. In Proceedings of 11th na-tional symposium on hydrology with focal theme on water quality, 255–262. Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology.
Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Mohan, D. & Sinha, S. (2004). Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India)—a case study. Water research, 38(18), 3980-3992.
Singh, M.M. & Rai, P.K. (2016). Microcosm investigation of Fe (iron) removal using macrophytes of ramsar lake: A phytoremediation approach International Journal of Phytoremediation 18(12), 1231-1236.
Somers, L. D., McKenzie, J. M., Mark, B. G., Lagos, P., Ng, G. C., Wickert, A. D., Yarleque, C., Baraër, M., & Silva, Y. (2019). Groundwater buffers decreasing glaciermelt in an Andean watershed—But not forever. Geophysical Research Letters,46, 13016–13026.
Somers, L.D. & McKenzie, J.M., (2020). A review of groundwater in high mountain environments. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 7(6), e1475.
Sudarshan, P., Mahesh M. K. & Ramachandra T. V. (2019). Assessment of Seasonal Variation in Water Quality and Water Quality Index (WQI) of Hebbal Lake, Bangalore, India. Environment and Ecology, 37 (1B), 309-317.
Thambidurai, P., Chandrasekharam, D., & Chandrashekhar, A.K., (2012). Arsenic contamination in groundwater of Surma basin of Assamand Mizoram, North Eastern India. In: Understanding the Geological and Medical Interface of Arsenic – Ng, Noller,Naidu, Bundschuh & Bhattacharya (eds) Taylor & Francis Group, London, U.K.
Therdkiattikul, N., Ratpukdi, T., Kidkhunthod, P., Chanlek, N., &Ratpukdi, S.S. (2020). Manganese-contaminated groundwater treatment by novel bacterial isolates: kinetic study and mechanism analysis using synchrotron-based techniques. Scientific Reports, 10, 13391.
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (1999). Global environment outlook 2000. UK: Earthscan.
USPH., “Drinking Water Standards”, P.H.S. Pub. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, pp, 965-978, 1962.
Zhang J, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Zeng Y, Ji Y, Sun, Y., & Lei M. (2021). Hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater quality assessment in the plain area of Yarkant River Basin in Xinjiang, PR China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28, 31704-16.
Zonunthari, Nongtri ES, Lalnuntluanga & Rai PK. (2023a). Spatio-Temporal Variations of Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Heavy Metals in Groundwater of an Indo Burma Hotspot Region. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 16(30): 2325-2332. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v16i30.1418
Zonunthari, Nongtri, E. S., Syngkli, R. B., Lalnuntluanga & Rai, P. K. (2023b). Seasonal monitoring of groundwater quality in Aizawl, Mizoram, Northeast India. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 11(3) : 71-78. doi: 10.12691/aees-11-3-1.
Zonunthari, Lalawmpuii & Rai, P.K. (2023c). Groundwater quality monitoring and assessment in socioeconomically distinct Aizawl district, Mizoram, North-East India. Indian Journal of Environment Protection 43(9), 850-857.
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Assessment of physicochemical characteristics and identification of groundwater quality indicator parameters in Aizawl, Mizoram, Northeast India. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(4), 1572-1581. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.5113
