Assessment of On-going tectonic deformation in the Goriganga River Basin, Eastern Kumaon Himalaya Using Geospatial Technology
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Abstract
The Goriganga river basin lies in the Northeast Kumaon Himalaya and is found suitable for assessing active tectonics at different scales. In addition, this study focuses on the assessment of ongoing tectonic activity through morphotectonic measurement of the Goriganga river basin, which is an ideal location for such analysis and Goriganga river basin transects with three major domains of Himalaya’s lithotectonic structures viz., Tethys, Vaikrita, and Lesser Himalayan Domain. To realize this task, the ASTER Digital Elevation Model was used and found suitable to extract different morphotectonic indices such as Stream Length Gradient (SL), Hypsometric Integral (HI), Length of Overland Flow (Lg), Drainage Density (Dd) and Channel Sinuosity (Cs). Results of these important indices, including SL (18- 4737) HI (0.26- 0.57), and Lg (0.08- 0.19) depict greater variability in the tectonics activity while these values are correspondingly high in the close proximity of lithotectonic units, showing strong tectonic activity. In the extreme south, the Rauntis Gad basin strongly influences tectonism due to transecting syncline and anticline as well as unknown active faults.
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Keywords
Active Tectonics, ASTER, Digital Elevation Model, Morphotectonics
References
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Bull W. & L.D. McFadden. (1977). Tectonic Geomorphology North and South of the Garlock fault. California, Journal of Geomorphology, 1, 15-32.
Burbank, D.W. & Anderson, R.S. (2011). Tectonic Geomorphology, 2nd Edition, Malden USA, Blackwell Publishing, 274 pp.
Dowling, T.I., Richardson, D.P., O'Sullivan, A., Summerell, G.K. & Walker, J. (1998). Applications of the hypsometric integral and other terrain based metrices as indicators of catchment health: A preliminary analysis. CSIRO Land and Water, (Canberra). Technical Report 20/98, 49 p.
Farooq, S. & Khan, M.N. (2017). Basin Asymmetry Index is an Indicator of Active Tectonics in Goriganga River Basin, Eastern Kumaon Himalaya, IJAEES, 8(1).
Farooq, S. Khan, M.N. & Sharma, I. (2015). Assessment of Active Tectonics in Eastern Kumaon Himalaya on the Basis of Morphometric Parameters of Goriganga River Basin, IJAEES, 3(1), 14-21.
Ghosh, S. (2011). Quantitative and Spatial Analysis of Fluvial Erosion in Relation to Morphometric Attributes of Sarujharna Basin, east Singhbhum, Jharkhand. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 2(1), 71-90.
Goldsworthy, M. & Jackson, J. (2000). Active normal fault evolution in Greece revealed by geomorphology and drainage patterns. Journal of the Geological Society, 157(5), 967–981.
Hack, J.T. (1973). Stream profile analysis and stream-gradient index, J. Res. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1,421-429.
Horton, R.E. (1932). Drainage basin characteristics, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 13, 350-361.
Horton, R.E. (1945). Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: Hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 56, 275-370. http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.turner/research/interests/geomorphometrics/Developing%20and%20Using%20Geomorphometrics0.3.1.doc.
Joshi, L.M. & Kotlia, B.S. (2015). Neotectonically triggered instability around the palaeolake regime in Central Kumaun Himalaya, India. Quaternary International, 371, 219–231.
Gaurani, K. Kothyari, G.C. & Kotlia, B.S. (2023). Morphotectonic assessment of the Gaula river basin, Kumaun lesser Himalaya, Uttarakhand, Quaternary Science Advances, 12, 100-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2023.100115.
Keller, E.A. and Pinter, N. (2002). Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift and Landforms (2nd Edition). Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 362 pp. ISBN: 0130882305.
Khan, M.N., Khudoyarova S.S., Juraev J., Mamajanov R.I., (2023). Field-based Tectonic Assessment and Spatial Correlation with Land Use and Land Cover in the Goriganga River Basin, Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences-Geology, 42 (1), 32-45. https://doi.org/10.48165/bpas.2023.42F.1.4
Khaerudin, D. N., Suharyanto, A., & Harisuseno, D. (2017). Infiltration Rate for Rainfall and Runoff Process with Bulk Density Soil and Slope Variation in Laboratory Experiment. Nature Environment & Pollution Technology, 16(1).
Kothyari, G. C., Kandregula, R. S., & Luirei, K. (2017). Morphotectonic records of neotectonic activity in the vicinity of North Almora Thrust Zone Central Kumaun Himalaya. Geomorphology, 285, 272–286.
Kothyari, G.C. & Pant, P. D. (2008). Evidences of active deformation in the northwestern part of Almora in Kumaun Lesser Himalaya: A geomorphic perspective. Geological Society of India, 7.
Kothyari, G.C., Shukla, A.D. & Juyal, N. (2017). Reconstruction of late Quaternary climate and seismicity using fluvial landforms in Pindar River Valley Central Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Quaternary International, 443, 248–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/jquaint201606001
Kothyari, Girish C., Kotlia, Bahadur S., Talukdar, Riyanka, Pant, Charu C., Joshi, M. (2020). Evidences of neotectonic activity along Goriganga River, Higher Central Kumaun Himalaya, India, Geological Journal, 55 (9), 0072- 1050.
Kotlia, B. S., Sanwal, J., Phartiyal, B., Joshi, L. M., Trivedi, A. & Sharma, C. (2010). Late Quaternary climatic changes in the eastern Kumaun Himalaya India as deduced from multi-proxy studies. Quaternary International, 213(1–2), 44–55.
Kotlia, B.S. & Joshi, L. M. (2013). Neotectonic and climatic impressions in the zone of Trans Himadri Fault (THF) Kumaun Tethys Himalaya India: A case study from palaeolake deposits. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 57(3), 289–303.
Kotlia, B.S., & Rawat, K.S. (2004). Soft sediment deformation structures in the Garbyang palaeolake: Evidence for the past shaking events in the Kumaun Tethys Himalaya. Current Science, 87(3), 377–379.
Langbein, W.B. (1947). Topographic characteristics of drainage basins. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 986 (C), 157-159.
Larson, K.P & Godin, L. (2009). Kinematics of the Greater Himalayan sequence, Dhaulagiri Himal: Implications for the structural framework of central Nepal. Journal of the Geological Society, 166(1), 25-43.
Leopold, L.B., Wolman, M.G. and Miller, J.P. (1964). Fluvial processes in geomorphology, Dover Publications, New York. 531 pp.
Mahmood, S.A. and Gloaguen, R. (2012). Appraisal of active tectonics in Hindu Kush: Insights from DEM derived geomorphic indices and drainage analysis. Geoscience Frontiers, 3(4), 407-428.
Mohammad S. (2014). Morphometric Analysis of Umred Watershed of Wainganga River Basin: Using Cartosat DEM and GIS Techniques, Excellence International Journal of Education and Research, 2(9), 255-269. ISSN: 2322-0147.
Montgomery, D.R. & Stolar, D.B. (2006). Reconsidering Himalayan river anticlines, Geomorphology, 82, 4-15.
Moussi, A., Rebaï, N., Chaieb, A. & Saâdi, A. (2018). GIS-based analysis of the Stream Length-Gradient Index for evaluating effects of active tectonics: a case study of Enfidha (North-East of Tunisia). Arab J Geosci 11, 123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3466-x
Mueller, J.E. (1968). An introduction to the hydraulic and topographic sinuosity indices. Annals Association of American Geographers, 58(2), 371-385.
Nag, S.K. (1998). Morphometric analysis using remote sensing techniques in the Chaka sub-basin Purulia district, West Bengal, J. Indian Soc. Remote Sensing, 26, 69-76. DOI: 10.1007/BF03007341.
Omar M.A. Radaideh, Jon, M. (2019). Tectonics controls on fluvial landscapes and drainage development in the westernmost part of Switzerland: Insights from DEM derived geomorphic indices, Tectonophysics 768.
Pathak, V., Pant, C.C., Darmwal, G.S. (2013). Geomorphological and seismological investigations in a part of western Kumaun Himalaya Uttarakhand, India. Geomorphology, 193, 81–90.
Pazzaglia, F.J. (2013). Fluvial terraces chapter 923. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University: Elsevier
PérezPena, J.V., Azor, A., Azanón, J. M. & Keller, E. A. (2010). Active tectonics in the Sierra Nevada (Betic Cordillera Se Spain): Insights from geomorphic indexes and drainage pattern analysis. Geomorphology, 119, 74–87.
Pidwirny, M. (2006). "Stream Morphometry". Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition [Online]. Available online: http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10 ab.html. Accessed: 26 June 2012.
Schumm, S.A. (1963). Sinuosity of alluvial rivers on the Great Plains. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 74(9), 1089-1100.
Schumm, S.A., Dumont, J.F. & Holbrook, J.M. (2002). Active tectonics and alluvial rivers: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 276 pp. ISBN: 0 521 66110 2.
Strahler, A.N. (1964). Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks, Section 4 Part II. In: Chow, V. T. (Ed.), Handbook of Applied Hydrology. New York, McGraw Hill Book Company. 39-76.
Taib, H., Hadji, R., Hamed, Y. (2023). Exploring neotectonic activity in a semiarid basin: a case study of the Ain Zerga watershed. Journal Umm Al-Qura Univ. Applied. Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-023-00
072-3
Tricart, J. (1974). Structural geomorphology. London: Longman. p. 305
Turner, A. (2006). Geomorphometrics: Ideas for Generation and Use. CCG Working Paper, Version 0.3.1. Centre for Computational Geography, University of Leeds, UK.
Twidale, C. R. (1971). Structural landforms: Landforms associated with granitic rocks faults and folded strata (pp. 97–138). Canberra: ACT: Australian National University Press.
Valdiya, K. S. (1980). Geology of Kumaun lesser Himalaya (Vol. 280). Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology. Rajpur Road Dehradun: Himachal times press.
Valdiya, K.S. (1976). Himalayan transverse faults and folds and their parallelism with subsurface structures of North Indian plains. Tectonophysics, 32(3/4), 353–386.
Valdiya, K.S. (1992). Active Himalayan Frontal Fault Main Boundary Thrust and Ramgarh Thrust in Southern Kumaun. Journal of Geological Society of India, 40(6), 509–528.
Valdiya, K.S. (1993). Uplift and geomorphic rejuvenation of the Himalaya in the Quaternary period. Current Science, 64(11/12), 873–885.
Valdiya, K.S. (1993). Uplift and geomorphic rejuvenation of the Himalaya in the Quaternary period. Current Science, 64(11/12), 873–885.
Valdiya, K.S. (2001). Reactivation of terrane-defining boundary thrusts in central sector of the Himalaya: Implications. Current Science, 81(11), 1418–1431.
Valdiya, K.S. (2010). The Making of India: Geodynamic Evolution. New Delhi, Macmillan Publishers India Ltd. 816 pp. ISBN: 0230-32833-4.
Wallace, R.E. (1990). The San Andreas Fault System, California: US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 283 pp.
Willett, S.D., Hovius, N., Brandon, M.T., and Fisher, D.M. (2006). Introduction, in Willett, S.D., Hovius, N., Brandon, M.T., and Fisher, D.M. (Eds). Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution. Geological Society of America Special Paper 398, Penrose Conference Series, vii-xi. DOI: 10.1130/2006.2398(00).
Bull W. & L.D. McFadden. (1977). Tectonic Geomorphology North and South of the Garlock fault. California, Journal of Geomorphology, 1, 15-32.
Burbank, D.W. & Anderson, R.S. (2011). Tectonic Geomorphology, 2nd Edition, Malden USA, Blackwell Publishing, 274 pp.
Dowling, T.I., Richardson, D.P., O'Sullivan, A., Summerell, G.K. & Walker, J. (1998). Applications of the hypsometric integral and other terrain based metrices as indicators of catchment health: A preliminary analysis. CSIRO Land and Water, (Canberra). Technical Report 20/98, 49 p.
Farooq, S. & Khan, M.N. (2017). Basin Asymmetry Index is an Indicator of Active Tectonics in Goriganga River Basin, Eastern Kumaon Himalaya, IJAEES, 8(1).
Farooq, S. Khan, M.N. & Sharma, I. (2015). Assessment of Active Tectonics in Eastern Kumaon Himalaya on the Basis of Morphometric Parameters of Goriganga River Basin, IJAEES, 3(1), 14-21.
Ghosh, S. (2011). Quantitative and Spatial Analysis of Fluvial Erosion in Relation to Morphometric Attributes of Sarujharna Basin, east Singhbhum, Jharkhand. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 2(1), 71-90.
Goldsworthy, M. & Jackson, J. (2000). Active normal fault evolution in Greece revealed by geomorphology and drainage patterns. Journal of the Geological Society, 157(5), 967–981.
Hack, J.T. (1973). Stream profile analysis and stream-gradient index, J. Res. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1,421-429.
Horton, R.E. (1932). Drainage basin characteristics, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 13, 350-361.
Horton, R.E. (1945). Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: Hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 56, 275-370. http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.turner/research/interests/geomorphometrics/Developing%20and%20Using%20Geomorphometrics0.3.1.doc.
Joshi, L.M. & Kotlia, B.S. (2015). Neotectonically triggered instability around the palaeolake regime in Central Kumaun Himalaya, India. Quaternary International, 371, 219–231.
Gaurani, K. Kothyari, G.C. & Kotlia, B.S. (2023). Morphotectonic assessment of the Gaula river basin, Kumaun lesser Himalaya, Uttarakhand, Quaternary Science Advances, 12, 100-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2023.100115.
Keller, E.A. and Pinter, N. (2002). Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift and Landforms (2nd Edition). Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 362 pp. ISBN: 0130882305.
Khan, M.N., Khudoyarova S.S., Juraev J., Mamajanov R.I., (2023). Field-based Tectonic Assessment and Spatial Correlation with Land Use and Land Cover in the Goriganga River Basin, Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences-Geology, 42 (1), 32-45. https://doi.org/10.48165/bpas.2023.42F.1.4
Khaerudin, D. N., Suharyanto, A., & Harisuseno, D. (2017). Infiltration Rate for Rainfall and Runoff Process with Bulk Density Soil and Slope Variation in Laboratory Experiment. Nature Environment & Pollution Technology, 16(1).
Kothyari, G. C., Kandregula, R. S., & Luirei, K. (2017). Morphotectonic records of neotectonic activity in the vicinity of North Almora Thrust Zone Central Kumaun Himalaya. Geomorphology, 285, 272–286.
Kothyari, G.C. & Pant, P. D. (2008). Evidences of active deformation in the northwestern part of Almora in Kumaun Lesser Himalaya: A geomorphic perspective. Geological Society of India, 7.
Kothyari, G.C., Shukla, A.D. & Juyal, N. (2017). Reconstruction of late Quaternary climate and seismicity using fluvial landforms in Pindar River Valley Central Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Quaternary International, 443, 248–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/jquaint201606001
Kothyari, Girish C., Kotlia, Bahadur S., Talukdar, Riyanka, Pant, Charu C., Joshi, M. (2020). Evidences of neotectonic activity along Goriganga River, Higher Central Kumaun Himalaya, India, Geological Journal, 55 (9), 0072- 1050.
Kotlia, B. S., Sanwal, J., Phartiyal, B., Joshi, L. M., Trivedi, A. & Sharma, C. (2010). Late Quaternary climatic changes in the eastern Kumaun Himalaya India as deduced from multi-proxy studies. Quaternary International, 213(1–2), 44–55.
Kotlia, B.S. & Joshi, L. M. (2013). Neotectonic and climatic impressions in the zone of Trans Himadri Fault (THF) Kumaun Tethys Himalaya India: A case study from palaeolake deposits. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 57(3), 289–303.
Kotlia, B.S., & Rawat, K.S. (2004). Soft sediment deformation structures in the Garbyang palaeolake: Evidence for the past shaking events in the Kumaun Tethys Himalaya. Current Science, 87(3), 377–379.
Langbein, W.B. (1947). Topographic characteristics of drainage basins. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 986 (C), 157-159.
Larson, K.P & Godin, L. (2009). Kinematics of the Greater Himalayan sequence, Dhaulagiri Himal: Implications for the structural framework of central Nepal. Journal of the Geological Society, 166(1), 25-43.
Leopold, L.B., Wolman, M.G. and Miller, J.P. (1964). Fluvial processes in geomorphology, Dover Publications, New York. 531 pp.
Mahmood, S.A. and Gloaguen, R. (2012). Appraisal of active tectonics in Hindu Kush: Insights from DEM derived geomorphic indices and drainage analysis. Geoscience Frontiers, 3(4), 407-428.
Mohammad S. (2014). Morphometric Analysis of Umred Watershed of Wainganga River Basin: Using Cartosat DEM and GIS Techniques, Excellence International Journal of Education and Research, 2(9), 255-269. ISSN: 2322-0147.
Montgomery, D.R. & Stolar, D.B. (2006). Reconsidering Himalayan river anticlines, Geomorphology, 82, 4-15.
Moussi, A., Rebaï, N., Chaieb, A. & Saâdi, A. (2018). GIS-based analysis of the Stream Length-Gradient Index for evaluating effects of active tectonics: a case study of Enfidha (North-East of Tunisia). Arab J Geosci 11, 123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3466-x
Mueller, J.E. (1968). An introduction to the hydraulic and topographic sinuosity indices. Annals Association of American Geographers, 58(2), 371-385.
Nag, S.K. (1998). Morphometric analysis using remote sensing techniques in the Chaka sub-basin Purulia district, West Bengal, J. Indian Soc. Remote Sensing, 26, 69-76. DOI: 10.1007/BF03007341.
Omar M.A. Radaideh, Jon, M. (2019). Tectonics controls on fluvial landscapes and drainage development in the westernmost part of Switzerland: Insights from DEM derived geomorphic indices, Tectonophysics 768.
Pathak, V., Pant, C.C., Darmwal, G.S. (2013). Geomorphological and seismological investigations in a part of western Kumaun Himalaya Uttarakhand, India. Geomorphology, 193, 81–90.
Pazzaglia, F.J. (2013). Fluvial terraces chapter 923. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University: Elsevier
PérezPena, J.V., Azor, A., Azanón, J. M. & Keller, E. A. (2010). Active tectonics in the Sierra Nevada (Betic Cordillera Se Spain): Insights from geomorphic indexes and drainage pattern analysis. Geomorphology, 119, 74–87.
Pidwirny, M. (2006). "Stream Morphometry". Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition [Online]. Available online: http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10 ab.html. Accessed: 26 June 2012.
Schumm, S.A. (1963). Sinuosity of alluvial rivers on the Great Plains. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 74(9), 1089-1100.
Schumm, S.A., Dumont, J.F. & Holbrook, J.M. (2002). Active tectonics and alluvial rivers: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 276 pp. ISBN: 0 521 66110 2.
Strahler, A.N. (1964). Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks, Section 4 Part II. In: Chow, V. T. (Ed.), Handbook of Applied Hydrology. New York, McGraw Hill Book Company. 39-76.
Taib, H., Hadji, R., Hamed, Y. (2023). Exploring neotectonic activity in a semiarid basin: a case study of the Ain Zerga watershed. Journal Umm Al-Qura Univ. Applied. Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-023-00
072-3
Tricart, J. (1974). Structural geomorphology. London: Longman. p. 305
Turner, A. (2006). Geomorphometrics: Ideas for Generation and Use. CCG Working Paper, Version 0.3.1. Centre for Computational Geography, University of Leeds, UK.
Twidale, C. R. (1971). Structural landforms: Landforms associated with granitic rocks faults and folded strata (pp. 97–138). Canberra: ACT: Australian National University Press.
Valdiya, K. S. (1980). Geology of Kumaun lesser Himalaya (Vol. 280). Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology. Rajpur Road Dehradun: Himachal times press.
Valdiya, K.S. (1976). Himalayan transverse faults and folds and their parallelism with subsurface structures of North Indian plains. Tectonophysics, 32(3/4), 353–386.
Valdiya, K.S. (1992). Active Himalayan Frontal Fault Main Boundary Thrust and Ramgarh Thrust in Southern Kumaun. Journal of Geological Society of India, 40(6), 509–528.
Valdiya, K.S. (1993). Uplift and geomorphic rejuvenation of the Himalaya in the Quaternary period. Current Science, 64(11/12), 873–885.
Valdiya, K.S. (1993). Uplift and geomorphic rejuvenation of the Himalaya in the Quaternary period. Current Science, 64(11/12), 873–885.
Valdiya, K.S. (2001). Reactivation of terrane-defining boundary thrusts in central sector of the Himalaya: Implications. Current Science, 81(11), 1418–1431.
Valdiya, K.S. (2010). The Making of India: Geodynamic Evolution. New Delhi, Macmillan Publishers India Ltd. 816 pp. ISBN: 0230-32833-4.
Wallace, R.E. (1990). The San Andreas Fault System, California: US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 283 pp.
Willett, S.D., Hovius, N., Brandon, M.T., and Fisher, D.M. (2006). Introduction, in Willett, S.D., Hovius, N., Brandon, M.T., and Fisher, D.M. (Eds). Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution. Geological Society of America Special Paper 398, Penrose Conference Series, vii-xi. DOI: 10.1130/2006.2398(00).
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Assessment of On-going tectonic deformation in the Goriganga River Basin, Eastern Kumaon Himalaya Using Geospatial Technology. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(4), 1679-1690. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.5068
