Comparative analysis of morphological and biochemical properties of some Mulberry (Morus spp.) genotypes
Article Main
Abstract
Mulberry is a multipurpose tree in horticulture. Besides nutritional importance, it is used for raising silkworms, fodder and landscape. These is quite a wide genetic diversity among different mulberry genotypes. The present study was undertaken to evaluate certain morphological and biochemical properties of 20 genotypes of Morus alba, M. rubra, and M. nigra species distributed in Golestan Province, northern Iran. The highest leaf length (15.51 cm), petiole length (5.37 cm), vitamin C (4.34 mg/100 g) and phenol (31.89 mg/g) were recorded in M12 genotype. The highest fruit length (5.52 cm), pedicle length (17 mm), soluble solids (18.26%) and sucrose (31.64 mg/g) were recorded in M10 genotype. The amount of glucose (288.82 mg/g) and fructose (121.97 mg/g) were also dominant in M17 genotype. The utmost fruit fresh and dry weights (0.3-67.80 g), fruit diameter (1.99 cm), leaf width (11.94 cm) and flavonoids (24.67 mg/g) were also observed in the M20 genotype. The M1 and M2 genotypes had higher anthocyanin (1.13 µmol/g) and total antioxidant activity (66.71%) compared to other genotypes. Furthermore, fruit fresh and dry weights were positively correlated with fruit length and diameter, pedicle length, and leaf and petiole length. The highest positive correlation was observed among anthocyanin, vitamin C and phenols. The morphological and biochemical traits explained 99 % of the total variance of four and three main components. The results of cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into 3 main groups. Therefore, the highest heritability and genetic advance were found for fruit weight, petiole length, leaf width, antioxidant activity, fructose and flavonoids. The valuable pomological traits recorded for some genotypes may be useful for future breeding programs.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Biochemical, Cluster analysis, Morus spp., Morphology, Genotype
References
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Balik, A., Gecer, M. & Aslantas, R. (2019). Diversity of biochemical content in fruits of some indigenous mulberry genotypes. Turk. J. Agri. Forest. 43, 28-35. doi.org/10.3906/tar-1806-69.
Dirili, S., Hassanpour, H. & Farokhzad, A. (2017). Pomological characteristics of some hawthorn genotypes in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. J. Hort. Sci, 48(3), 689-700. doi.org/10.22059/ijhs.2017.209519.1027.
Eshghi, S., Salehi, L. & Karami, M. (2014). Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Compounds and Anthocyanin Contents in 35 Different Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Cultivars Grown in Fars Province. Inter. J. Hort. Sci. Tech, 1(2), 151-161. doi.org/10.22059/ijhst.2014.52787.
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Firooz Barandoozi, S. & Hassanpour, H. (2020). Investigation of Physicochemical Characteristics and Fruit Color of Some White Mulberry (Morus alba) Genotypes in West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. JCPP, 9 (4), 145-158. doi.org/10.47176/jcpp.9.4.34371.
Gul, R., H. Khan, M. Bibi, Q.U. & Imran, B. (2013). Genetic analysis and interrelationship of yield attributing traits in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J. Animal Plant Sci, 23: 521-526.
Gülser, F. & Cig, A. (2019). Nutrient contents of fruit in different mulberry (Morus spp.) Cultivars. International coference on agriculture, animal science and rural development. Dec. 20-22. Van, Turkey.
Gundogdu, M., Muradoglu, F., Gazioglu Sensoy, R.L. & Yilmaz, H. (2011). Determination of fruit chemical properties of Morus nigra L., Morus alba L. and Morus rubra L. by HPLC. Scientia Hort, 132, 37–41. doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.09.035.
Gunes, M. & Cekic, C. (2004). Some of chemical and physical properties of fruits of different mulberry species commonly grown in Anatolia. Asian J. Chem, 16, 1849-1855.
Hassanpour, H. & Alizadeh, S.H. (2017). Investigation of the morphological properties of some of wild barberry genotypes in west Azarbaijan province. Iran. J. Hort. Sci, 48, 27-37. doi.org/10.22059/ijhs.2017.129989.825.
Hosseini, A.S., Akramian, M., Khadivi, A. & Salehi-Arjmand, H. (2018). Phenotypic and chemical variation of black mulberry (Morus nigra) genotypes. Ind. Crops Prod, 117, 260–271. doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.007.
Jiang, Y. & Nie, W. (2015). Chemical properties in fruits of mulberry species from the xinjiang province of china. Food Chem, 174, 460–466. doi.org/10.1016/j. foodchem. 2014.11.083.
Khadivi-Khub, A., Ebrahimi, A., Mohammadi. & Kari, A. (2015). Characterization and selection of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from seedling origin trees. Tree Genet. Geno, 11(3), 1-10. doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0882-x.
Krishna, H. & Parashar, A. (2013). Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of some Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivars. J. Food Biochem, 37 (5), 571–577. doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12008.
Krishna, H., Singh, D., Shanker Singh, R., Kumar, L., Dutt Sharma, B. & Lal Saroj, P. (2018). Morphological and antioxidant characteristics of mulberry (Morus spp.) genotypes. J. Saudi Soc Agri. Sci, 19(2), 136-145.. doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2018.08.002.
Lotfi Aghmioni, M., Aghaei, M.J., Vaezi, Sh. & Majidi Heravan, E. (2015). Evaluation of genetic diversity, heritability and genetic progress in Kabuli type Chickpea genotypes. Iran. J. Pulses Res, 6, 100-107. doi.org/10.22067/ijpr.v1394i1.26517
Marinoni, D.T., Akkak, A., Beltramo, C. & Guaraldo, P. (2013). Genetic and morphological characterization of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) germplasm in Piedmont (north-western Italy). Tree Genet. Geno, 9, 1017–1030. doi.org/10.1007/s11295-013-0613-0.
Mekonnen, F., Mekbib, F., Kumar, S., Ahmed, S. & Sharma, T. (2014). Agromorphological traits variability of the Ethiopian lentil and exotic genotypes. Adv. Agri, 1-15. doi.org/10.1155/2014/870864
Mikulic-Petkovesk, M., Schmitzer, V., Slatnar, A., Stampar, F. & Veberic, R. (2012) Composition of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolics in 25 wild or cultivated berry species. J. Food Sci, 77(10), 1064- 1070. doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02896.x.
Molaie, M., Tabatabaei, S. & Sharafi, Y. (2018). The effect of foliar application of glucose and mono potassium phosphate (KH2PO4) on some characteristics of strawberry cultivar "Camarosa" in Hydroponic condition. Hort. Plants Nut, 1(2), 51-64.
Nzuve, F. (2014). Genetic Variability and Correlation Studies of Grain Yield and Related Agronomic Traits in Maize. J Agri. Sci, 6, 166-176. doi.org/10.5539/jas.v6n9p166.
Ogunniyan, D.J. & Olakojo, S.A. (2014). Genetic variation, heritability, genetic advance and agronomic character association of yellow elite inbred lines of maize (zea mays L.). Nig. J Genet, 28, 24-28. doi.org/10.1016/j.nigjg.2015.06.005.
Okatan, V. (2018). Phenolic compounds and phytochemicals in fruits of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes from the Aegean region in Turkey. Folia Hort, 30(1), 93-101. doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2018-0010.
Orhan, E. & Ercisli, S. (2010). Pomological characteristics of selected promising mulberry genotypes (Morus sp.) from Northeast Anatolia. J. Food Agric. Environ, 8, 898–901.
Peris, N.W., Gacheri, K.M., Theophillus, M.M. & Ngode, L. (2014). Morphological characterization of mulberry (Morus spp.) accessions grown in Kenya. Sustain. Agric. Res, 3 (1), 10-22. doi.org/10.5539/sar.v3n1p10.
Pham, P.P., Morales, N., Pitaksuteepong, Hemstapat, R. (2017). Antioxidant activity of mulberry stem extract: A potential used as supplement for oxidative stress-related diseases. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 39, 407-414. doi.org/10.14456/sjst-psu.2017.44.
Rahimkhani, R., Varasteh, F. & Seifi, E. (2017). Comparison of fruit biochemical and qualitative attributes of loquat genotypes (Eriobotrya japonica L.) of Gorgan, Iran. J. Hort. Sci, 48(2), 413-421. doi.org/10.22059/ijhs.2017.202399.961.
Rasouli, M. & Ershadi, B. (2018). Study on genetic diversity of 33 walnut genotypes (Juglans regia) using morphological and pomological markers for introducing of superior genotypes. Res. Pomol, 3(2), 27-39.
Sanchez, E.M., Calin-sanchez, A., Carbonell-barrachina, A.A., Melgarejo, P., Hernandez, F. & osé Martínez Nicolás , J. (2014). Physicochemical characterization of eight Spanish mulberry clones: Processing and fresh market aptitudes. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol, 49, 477-483. doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12325.
Sánchez-Salcedo, E., Mena, P, and García-Viguera, C., José Martínez, J. & Hernández, F. (2015) Phytochemical evaluation of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits, a starting point for the assessment of their beneficial properties. J. Functional Foods, 12, 399-480. doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.010.
Shahi, P., Abdossi, V. & Poornamdari, E. (2019). Investigating the effect of various forms of Zinc on pomegranate and pomegranate juice characteristics. J. Food Tech. Nut, 16(4), 81-90.
Shrestha, J. (2016). Cluster analysis of maize inbred lines. J. Nepal Agri. Res. Council, 2, 33-36. doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v2i0.16119
Singh, T.P., Raiger, H.L., Kumari, J., Singh, A. & Deshmukh, P. S. (2014). Evaluation of Chickpea genotypes for variability in seed protein content and yield components under restricted soil moisture condition. Ind. J. Plant Physiol, 19, 273-280. doi.org/10.1007/s40502-014-0109-4
Taiz, L. & Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant physiology. Fifth Edition. Sinauer Associates. Sunderland.
Talebi, S., Alizadeh, M., Ramezanpour, S. & Ghasemnajad, A. (2020). The antioxidant properties of some endemic barberry genotypes of Iran, Iran. J. Hort. Sci, 51(1), 91-107. doi.org/10.22059/ijhs.2019.266392.1514
Varasteh, F., Arzani, K. & Zamani, Z. (2008). Evaluation of physico-chemical seasonal changes in fruit of pomegranate ‘Malase torshe saveh’ cultivar. Iran. J. Hort. Sci, 39(1), 29-38. doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.769.36.
Venkatesh, K.P. & Chauhan, S. (2008). Mulberry: Life enhancer. J. Med. Plants Res, 2, 271-278. doi.org/10.5897/JMPR.9000005.
Yavarpanah, Z., Alizadeh, M. & Seifi, E. (2015). Effects of foliar and root applications of hydro-alcoholic solutions on physiological and biochemical attributes and fruit yield and weight of strawberry. J. Plant Physiol. Breed, 5(1), 47-54.
Yilmaz, K.U., Zengin, Y., Ercisli, S., Demirtas, M.N., Kan, T. & Nazli A.R. (2012). Morphological diversity on fruit characteristics among some selected mulberry genotypes from Turkey. J. Animal Plant Sci, 22, (211) e214.
Aljane, F. & Sdiri, N. (2016). Morphological, phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics of white (Morus alba L.), red (Morus rubra L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits grown in arid regions of Tunisia. J. New Sci. 35 (1), 1940–1947.
Balik, A., Gecer, M. & Aslantas, R. (2019). Diversity of biochemical content in fruits of some indigenous mulberry genotypes. Turk. J. Agri. Forest. 43, 28-35. doi.org/10.3906/tar-1806-69.
Dirili, S., Hassanpour, H. & Farokhzad, A. (2017). Pomological characteristics of some hawthorn genotypes in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. J. Hort. Sci, 48(3), 689-700. doi.org/10.22059/ijhs.2017.209519.1027.
Eshghi, S., Salehi, L. & Karami, M. (2014). Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Compounds and Anthocyanin Contents in 35 Different Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Cultivars Grown in Fars Province. Inter. J. Hort. Sci. Tech, 1(2), 151-161. doi.org/10.22059/ijhst.2014.52787.
Fahmideh, L., Mazaraie, A. & Tavakoli, M. (2019). Total phenol/flavonoid content, antibacterial and DPPH free radical scavenging activities of medicinal plants. JAST, 21 (6), 1459-1471. doi.org/20. 1001.1.16807073. 2019. 21.6.21.0.
Firooz Barandoozi, S. & Hassanpour, H. (2020). Investigation of Physicochemical Characteristics and Fruit Color of Some White Mulberry (Morus alba) Genotypes in West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. JCPP, 9 (4), 145-158. doi.org/10.47176/jcpp.9.4.34371.
Gul, R., H. Khan, M. Bibi, Q.U. & Imran, B. (2013). Genetic analysis and interrelationship of yield attributing traits in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J. Animal Plant Sci, 23: 521-526.
Gülser, F. & Cig, A. (2019). Nutrient contents of fruit in different mulberry (Morus spp.) Cultivars. International coference on agriculture, animal science and rural development. Dec. 20-22. Van, Turkey.
Gundogdu, M., Muradoglu, F., Gazioglu Sensoy, R.L. & Yilmaz, H. (2011). Determination of fruit chemical properties of Morus nigra L., Morus alba L. and Morus rubra L. by HPLC. Scientia Hort, 132, 37–41. doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.09.035.
Gunes, M. & Cekic, C. (2004). Some of chemical and physical properties of fruits of different mulberry species commonly grown in Anatolia. Asian J. Chem, 16, 1849-1855.
Hassanpour, H. & Alizadeh, S.H. (2017). Investigation of the morphological properties of some of wild barberry genotypes in west Azarbaijan province. Iran. J. Hort. Sci, 48, 27-37. doi.org/10.22059/ijhs.2017.129989.825.
Hosseini, A.S., Akramian, M., Khadivi, A. & Salehi-Arjmand, H. (2018). Phenotypic and chemical variation of black mulberry (Morus nigra) genotypes. Ind. Crops Prod, 117, 260–271. doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.007.
Jiang, Y. & Nie, W. (2015). Chemical properties in fruits of mulberry species from the xinjiang province of china. Food Chem, 174, 460–466. doi.org/10.1016/j. foodchem. 2014.11.083.
Khadivi-Khub, A., Ebrahimi, A., Mohammadi. & Kari, A. (2015). Characterization and selection of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from seedling origin trees. Tree Genet. Geno, 11(3), 1-10. doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0882-x.
Krishna, H. & Parashar, A. (2013). Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of some Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivars. J. Food Biochem, 37 (5), 571–577. doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12008.
Krishna, H., Singh, D., Shanker Singh, R., Kumar, L., Dutt Sharma, B. & Lal Saroj, P. (2018). Morphological and antioxidant characteristics of mulberry (Morus spp.) genotypes. J. Saudi Soc Agri. Sci, 19(2), 136-145.. doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2018.08.002.
Lotfi Aghmioni, M., Aghaei, M.J., Vaezi, Sh. & Majidi Heravan, E. (2015). Evaluation of genetic diversity, heritability and genetic progress in Kabuli type Chickpea genotypes. Iran. J. Pulses Res, 6, 100-107. doi.org/10.22067/ijpr.v1394i1.26517
Marinoni, D.T., Akkak, A., Beltramo, C. & Guaraldo, P. (2013). Genetic and morphological characterization of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) germplasm in Piedmont (north-western Italy). Tree Genet. Geno, 9, 1017–1030. doi.org/10.1007/s11295-013-0613-0.
Mekonnen, F., Mekbib, F., Kumar, S., Ahmed, S. & Sharma, T. (2014). Agromorphological traits variability of the Ethiopian lentil and exotic genotypes. Adv. Agri, 1-15. doi.org/10.1155/2014/870864
Mikulic-Petkovesk, M., Schmitzer, V., Slatnar, A., Stampar, F. & Veberic, R. (2012) Composition of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolics in 25 wild or cultivated berry species. J. Food Sci, 77(10), 1064- 1070. doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02896.x.
Molaie, M., Tabatabaei, S. & Sharafi, Y. (2018). The effect of foliar application of glucose and mono potassium phosphate (KH2PO4) on some characteristics of strawberry cultivar "Camarosa" in Hydroponic condition. Hort. Plants Nut, 1(2), 51-64.
Nzuve, F. (2014). Genetic Variability and Correlation Studies of Grain Yield and Related Agronomic Traits in Maize. J Agri. Sci, 6, 166-176. doi.org/10.5539/jas.v6n9p166.
Ogunniyan, D.J. & Olakojo, S.A. (2014). Genetic variation, heritability, genetic advance and agronomic character association of yellow elite inbred lines of maize (zea mays L.). Nig. J Genet, 28, 24-28. doi.org/10.1016/j.nigjg.2015.06.005.
Okatan, V. (2018). Phenolic compounds and phytochemicals in fruits of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes from the Aegean region in Turkey. Folia Hort, 30(1), 93-101. doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2018-0010.
Orhan, E. & Ercisli, S. (2010). Pomological characteristics of selected promising mulberry genotypes (Morus sp.) from Northeast Anatolia. J. Food Agric. Environ, 8, 898–901.
Peris, N.W., Gacheri, K.M., Theophillus, M.M. & Ngode, L. (2014). Morphological characterization of mulberry (Morus spp.) accessions grown in Kenya. Sustain. Agric. Res, 3 (1), 10-22. doi.org/10.5539/sar.v3n1p10.
Pham, P.P., Morales, N., Pitaksuteepong, Hemstapat, R. (2017). Antioxidant activity of mulberry stem extract: A potential used as supplement for oxidative stress-related diseases. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 39, 407-414. doi.org/10.14456/sjst-psu.2017.44.
Rahimkhani, R., Varasteh, F. & Seifi, E. (2017). Comparison of fruit biochemical and qualitative attributes of loquat genotypes (Eriobotrya japonica L.) of Gorgan, Iran. J. Hort. Sci, 48(2), 413-421. doi.org/10.22059/ijhs.2017.202399.961.
Rasouli, M. & Ershadi, B. (2018). Study on genetic diversity of 33 walnut genotypes (Juglans regia) using morphological and pomological markers for introducing of superior genotypes. Res. Pomol, 3(2), 27-39.
Sanchez, E.M., Calin-sanchez, A., Carbonell-barrachina, A.A., Melgarejo, P., Hernandez, F. & osé Martínez Nicolás , J. (2014). Physicochemical characterization of eight Spanish mulberry clones: Processing and fresh market aptitudes. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol, 49, 477-483. doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12325.
Sánchez-Salcedo, E., Mena, P, and García-Viguera, C., José Martínez, J. & Hernández, F. (2015) Phytochemical evaluation of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits, a starting point for the assessment of their beneficial properties. J. Functional Foods, 12, 399-480. doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.010.
Shahi, P., Abdossi, V. & Poornamdari, E. (2019). Investigating the effect of various forms of Zinc on pomegranate and pomegranate juice characteristics. J. Food Tech. Nut, 16(4), 81-90.
Shrestha, J. (2016). Cluster analysis of maize inbred lines. J. Nepal Agri. Res. Council, 2, 33-36. doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v2i0.16119
Singh, T.P., Raiger, H.L., Kumari, J., Singh, A. & Deshmukh, P. S. (2014). Evaluation of Chickpea genotypes for variability in seed protein content and yield components under restricted soil moisture condition. Ind. J. Plant Physiol, 19, 273-280. doi.org/10.1007/s40502-014-0109-4
Taiz, L. & Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant physiology. Fifth Edition. Sinauer Associates. Sunderland.
Talebi, S., Alizadeh, M., Ramezanpour, S. & Ghasemnajad, A. (2020). The antioxidant properties of some endemic barberry genotypes of Iran, Iran. J. Hort. Sci, 51(1), 91-107. doi.org/10.22059/ijhs.2019.266392.1514
Varasteh, F., Arzani, K. & Zamani, Z. (2008). Evaluation of physico-chemical seasonal changes in fruit of pomegranate ‘Malase torshe saveh’ cultivar. Iran. J. Hort. Sci, 39(1), 29-38. doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.769.36.
Venkatesh, K.P. & Chauhan, S. (2008). Mulberry: Life enhancer. J. Med. Plants Res, 2, 271-278. doi.org/10.5897/JMPR.9000005.
Yavarpanah, Z., Alizadeh, M. & Seifi, E. (2015). Effects of foliar and root applications of hydro-alcoholic solutions on physiological and biochemical attributes and fruit yield and weight of strawberry. J. Plant Physiol. Breed, 5(1), 47-54.
Yilmaz, K.U., Zengin, Y., Ercisli, S., Demirtas, M.N., Kan, T. & Nazli A.R. (2012). Morphological diversity on fruit characteristics among some selected mulberry genotypes from Turkey. J. Animal Plant Sci, 22, (211) e214.
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Comparative analysis of morphological and biochemical properties of some Mulberry (Morus spp.) genotypes. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(4), 1421-1433. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.4887
