Estimation of phenyl alanine ammonialyase (PAL) and some phytoalexins in Vicia faba plants infected with spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata
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Abstract
Biological agents are an important approach to controlling many fungal phytopathogens; plants produce phytoalexins such as phenol, alkaloids and tannins as a response to the biotic stresses. The results showed that the addition of the biological control of Trichoderma harzianum to Alternaria alternata caused an increase in the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) after 20 days from the start of the greenhouse experiment, which was 6.21 mmol/min in the Spinal variety, compared with the enzyme activity in the treatment with A. alternata alone, which was 5.51 mmol/min. The variety Netherland mulch recorded a lower phenolic content in all treatments, and the treatment with biological control T. harzianum in addition to A. alternata had the highest content as it reached 4.50 mg/g on day 20, Netherland mulch variety showed the most amount of alkaloids and tannins than others during different periods. The plants treated with the biological control of T. harzianum contained the most alkaloids on day 20, which was 5.15% It decreased to 3.65% on day 30. The most tannins in Netherland mulch variety were in the plants treated with biological control T. harzianum alone, which was 3.93% on day 20, compared to the plants treated with A. alternata alone, which was 0.71%. The addition of biological control of T. harzianum to A. alternata increased the plant amount of tannins, which was 2.01%. The study would help to understand the role of T. harzianum as a biological control to the response of the varieties to the formation of plant defenses, including phytoalexins.
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Keywords
Alkaloid, Alternaria alternata, PAL, phenol, Trichoderma harzianum, Tannins, Vicia faba
References
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Beavdoin-Eagan, L. D. & Thorpe, T. A. (1985). Tyrosine and phenyl alanine ammonialysea activities during shoot initiation in tobacco callus, Plant Physiol., 78, 438 – 441.
Boham, B. A. & Kocipai-Abyazan, R. (1994).Flavonoids and condensed tannin from leaves of Hawaiian Vccinium vaticulatum and V. calycinium. Pacific Sci. 48, 458-463.
Cass, C.L., Antoine, P., Patrick, F.D., Yaseen, S., Nicholas, D.K., Steven, V.B., Yury, E.F.& Cliff & John, C.S. (2015). Effects of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)knockdown on cell wall composition, biomass digestibility,and biotic and abiotic stress responses in Brachypodium. Journal of Experimental Botany. 66(14), 4317-4335.
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Hahlborck, K. & Sheel, D. (1989). Physiology and molecular biology oh phenyl propanoid metsbolism, Plant Mol. Biol. , 40, 347 – 369.
Juroszek, P. A., Tiedemann, V.& Juroszek, P. (2011). Climate change will probably influence the occurrence, prevalence and sevariety of plant diseases. Plant Patholog., 60 (1), 100–112.
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Mhlongo, M. I., Piater, L.A., Madala, N.E., Labuschagne, N. & Dubery, I.A. (2018). The chemistry of plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere and the potential for metabolomics to reveal signaling related to defense priming and induced systemic resistance. Frontiers in Plant Science. 9(112), 1-17.
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Reis, R. F., Almeida, T. F., Stuchi, E. S. & de Goes, A. (2007). Susceptibility of citrus species to Alternaia alternata the causal agent of the Alternaria brown spot. Scientia Horticulturae, 113 ׃336-342.
Reshma, P., Naik, M.K., Aiyaze, M., Niranjana, S.R., Chennappa, G., Shaikh, S.S. & Sayyed, R.Z. (2018). Induced systemic resistance by 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol positive fluorescent Pseudomonas strains against rice sheath blight. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 56(03), 207-212.
Rishi, K. M., Vidya, P. & Nehra, D.K. (2008). Study on phenolic and their Oxidative Enzyme in Capsicum annuum L. Infected with Geminivirus. Asian J. Exp. Sci. 22(3), 307-310.
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Saydam, C., Copeu, M.& sezgin, E. (1973). Studies on the inoculation techniques of cotton wilt caused by Verticillium dehliae Kleb. Investigation on the laboratory inoculation techniques. J. Turk. Phytopatho., 2, 69 – 75.
Sen, S. (2017). Role of Phytoalexins in Plant-Microbe Interactions and Human Health. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management. 5(07), 6215-6225.
Sharma, C. K., Vishnoi, V. K., Dubey, R.C. & Maheshwari, D. K. (2018). A twin rhizospheric bacterial consortium induces systemic resistance to a phytopathogen Macrophomina phaseolina in mung bean. Rhizosphere. 5:71-75.
Singh, R. & Chandrawat, K. S. (2017). Role of Phytoalexins in Plant Disease Resistance. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(1), 125-129.
Wang, D. , Li, Y. , Yuan, Y. , Chu, D. , Cao, J. , Sun, G. , Ai, Y. ,Cui, Z. , Zhang, Y. , Wang, F. & Wang, X. (2022).Identification of non-volatile and volatile organic compounds produced by Bacillus siamensis LZ88 and their antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata, Biological Control, V. 169, 104901.
Zhang, X. and Chang-Jun, L. (2015). Multifaceted Regulations of Gateway Enzyme Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase in the Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids. Molecular Plant. 8, 17-27.
Al-Ameri, H. A. & Rammadan, N. A. (2022). Biological control mechanisms of Trichoderma species to induce resistance in Leguminous plants, Int. J. Adv. Multidisc. Res. Stud., 2(3),144-150.
Barnett, H.L. & Hunter, B.B. (2006). Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. 4th Edition, The American Phytopatological Society, St. Paul Minnesota.
Basım, H. , Basım, E. , Baki, D. , Abdulai, M., Öztürk, N. & Balkic, R. (2018). Identification and characterization of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler causing Ceratonia Blight disease of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in Turkey, European Journal of Plant Pathology, v. 151, 73–86.
Beavdoin-Eagan, L. D. & Thorpe, T. A. (1985). Tyrosine and phenyl alanine ammonialysea activities during shoot initiation in tobacco callus, Plant Physiol., 78, 438 – 441.
Boham, B. A. & Kocipai-Abyazan, R. (1994).Flavonoids and condensed tannin from leaves of Hawaiian Vccinium vaticulatum and V. calycinium. Pacific Sci. 48, 458-463.
Cass, C.L., Antoine, P., Patrick, F.D., Yaseen, S., Nicholas, D.K., Steven, V.B., Yury, E.F.& Cliff & John, C.S. (2015). Effects of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)knockdown on cell wall composition, biomass digestibility,and biotic and abiotic stress responses in Brachypodium. Journal of Experimental Botany. 66(14), 4317-4335.
Chen, Y., Fengjiao, L.i., Tian, L.u., Mingchao, H., Rufang, D. , Xueliu, L. , Wei, C., Pingzhi, W., Meiru, L., Huawu, J. & Guojiang, W. (2017). The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene LjPAL1 is involved 1 in plant defense responses to pathogens and plays diverse roles in Lotus japonicus-rhizobium symbioses. Molecular Plant Microbe Interact. 30(9), 739-753.
Crépon, K., Marget, P., Peyronnet, C., Carrouée, B., Arese, P.& Duc, G. (2010). Nutritional value of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds for food and feed. Field Crops Res., 115, 329–339. [CrossRef]
Ellis, M.B. (1971) Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Common wealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 608.
Gveroska. B. & P. Jovancev, (2011). Some alternative biological ways for control of pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata on tobacco. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 22, 15-152.
Hahlborck, K. & Sheel, D. (1989). Physiology and molecular biology oh phenyl propanoid metsbolism, Plant Mol. Biol. , 40, 347 – 369.
Juroszek, P. A., Tiedemann, V.& Juroszek, P. (2011). Climate change will probably influence the occurrence, prevalence and sevariety of plant diseases. Plant Patholog., 60 (1), 100–112.
Kamble, P.U.,. Ramiah, M. & Patil. D. V. (2000). Efficacy of fungicides in controlling leaf spot disease of tomato caused by Alternaria alternata (F.) Kessiler. J. Soils and Crops, 10, 36-38.
Khazaei, H. & Vandenberg, A. (2020).Seed Mineral Composition and Protein Content of Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.) with Contrasting Tannin Contents, agronomy, 10, 511, p1-10, doi:10.3390/agronomy10040511.
Khazaei, H., Subedi, M., Nickerson, M., Martínez-Villaluenga, C., Frias, J.& Vandenberg, A. (2019). Seed protein of lentils: Current status, progress, and food applications. Foods, 8, 391. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Kumar, P., Singh, S. K., Kumar, K., Kumar, A., Singh, A. & Kumar, A. (2020). Strategy on Management of Alternaria Leaf Spot of Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.) , Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) Special Issue-11, 3181-3189.
Lattanzio, V. (2013). Phenolic Compounds: Introduction. Natural Products., 1543-1580.
Małolepsza , U., Nawrocka, J. & Szczech, M. (2017). Trichoderma virens 106 inoculation stimulates defense enzyme activities and enhances phenolic levels in tomato plants leading to lowered Rhizoctonia solani infection. Biocontrol Science Technology. 27(2), 180-199.
Mhlongo, M. I., Piater, L.A., Madala, N.E., Labuschagne, N. & Dubery, I.A. (2018). The chemistry of plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere and the potential for metabolomics to reveal signaling related to defense priming and induced systemic resistance. Frontiers in Plant Science. 9(112), 1-17.
Mssillou,I. , Bakour, M. , Slighoua, M. , Laaroussi, H. , Saghrouchni, H. , Amrati, F. , Lyoussi, B. & Derwich, E. (2022). Investigation on wound healing effect of Mediterranean medicinal plants and some related phenolic compounds: A review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, V. 298, 15 November, 115663.
Reis, R. F., Almeida, T. F., Stuchi, E. S. & de Goes, A. (2007). Susceptibility of citrus species to Alternaia alternata the causal agent of the Alternaria brown spot. Scientia Horticulturae, 113 ׃336-342.
Reshma, P., Naik, M.K., Aiyaze, M., Niranjana, S.R., Chennappa, G., Shaikh, S.S. & Sayyed, R.Z. (2018). Induced systemic resistance by 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol positive fluorescent Pseudomonas strains against rice sheath blight. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 56(03), 207-212.
Rishi, K. M., Vidya, P. & Nehra, D.K. (2008). Study on phenolic and their Oxidative Enzyme in Capsicum annuum L. Infected with Geminivirus. Asian J. Exp. Sci. 22(3), 307-310.
Robinson, G.H.J., Balk, J., Domoney, C. (2019). Improving pulse crops as a source of protein, starch and micronutrients. Nutr. Bull., 44, 202–215. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Saydam, C., Copeu, M.& sezgin, E. (1973). Studies on the inoculation techniques of cotton wilt caused by Verticillium dehliae Kleb. Investigation on the laboratory inoculation techniques. J. Turk. Phytopatho., 2, 69 – 75.
Sen, S. (2017). Role of Phytoalexins in Plant-Microbe Interactions and Human Health. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management. 5(07), 6215-6225.
Sharma, C. K., Vishnoi, V. K., Dubey, R.C. & Maheshwari, D. K. (2018). A twin rhizospheric bacterial consortium induces systemic resistance to a phytopathogen Macrophomina phaseolina in mung bean. Rhizosphere. 5:71-75.
Singh, R. & Chandrawat, K. S. (2017). Role of Phytoalexins in Plant Disease Resistance. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(1), 125-129.
Wang, D. , Li, Y. , Yuan, Y. , Chu, D. , Cao, J. , Sun, G. , Ai, Y. ,Cui, Z. , Zhang, Y. , Wang, F. & Wang, X. (2022).Identification of non-volatile and volatile organic compounds produced by Bacillus siamensis LZ88 and their antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata, Biological Control, V. 169, 104901.
Zhang, X. and Chang-Jun, L. (2015). Multifaceted Regulations of Gateway Enzyme Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase in the Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids. Molecular Plant. 8, 17-27.
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Estimation of phenyl alanine ammonialyase (PAL) and some phytoalexins in Vicia faba plants infected with spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(4), 1499-1504. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.4811
