A controlled experiment to verify the effect of magnesium fertilizers on soil pH and available soil nutrients in acid soil of Nilgiris, India
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Abstract
An incubation experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions for 60 days to observe the impact of different Magnesium fertilizers on soil chemical properties, i.e. pH, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and DTPA extractable micronutrient cations. A complete factorial complete randomized block design (FCRD)with two replications and six levels was selected as the experimental layout. The levels included were (L0) Absolute control (L1) soil + Mg @ 10 kg ha-1, (L2) soil + Mg @ 20 kg ha-1, (L3) soil + 30 kg ha-1, (L4) soil + 40 kg ha-1, (L5) soil + 50 kg ha-1. Findings revealed that applying magnesium fertilizers to soil significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affects soil parameters. The impacts of magnesium fertilization on soil pH altered with sources and incubation period. The application of CaMg(CO3)2 @ 50 kg ha-1 recorded significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher soil pH (5.67) as compared to MgCO3 @ 50 kg ha-1 that increased the pH up to 5.57 due to the impact of carbonate ion whereas MgSO4.7H2O decreased the soil up to 4.80 because of dissolution of SO42- ions to the soil solution. Applying CaMg(CO3)2 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) influenced soil available N, P, K, Fe, Mn, and Cu content which is due to the decrease in acidity, which indirectly enhanced the nutrient availability. The positive effects persisted throughout the experimental duration, indicating the potential long-term benefits of magnesium fertilization in acid soil management. This study contributes to the current body of knowledge by providing novel insights into applying magnesium fertilizers as an effective strategy for addressing soil acidity and improving nutrient availability in acid soil.
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Keywords
Acid soil, Agricultural productivity, Magnesium fertilizers, Nutrient availability, Soil pH, Sustainable soil management
References
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Barman, M., Shukla, L. M., Datta, S. P. & Rattan, R. K. (2014). Effect of applied lime and boron on the availability of nutrients in an acid soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 37(3), 357–373.
Bergmann, W. (1992). Nutritional disorders of plants: visual and analytical diagnosis (English, French, Spanish).
Bian, M., Zhou, M., Sun, D. & Li, C. (2013). Molecular approaches unravel the mechanism of acid soil tolerance in plants. The Crop Journal, 1(2), 91–104.
Blake, G. R. (1965). Bulk density. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Properties, Including Statistics of Measurement and Sampling, 9, 374–390.
Bose, P., Sanyal, D., Majumdar, K., Bose, M. & Roy, M. (2008). Balancing sulfur and magnesium nutrition for turmeric and carrot grown on red lateritic soil. Better Crops, 92(1), 23–25.
Bray, R. H. and L. T. K. (1945). Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science, 59, 39–45.
Cakmak, I. (2013). Magnesium in crop production, food quality and human health. Plant and Soil, 368(1–2), 1–4.
Cakmak, I. & Yazici, A. M. (2010). Magnesium: a forgotten element in crop production. Better Crops, 94(2), 23–25.
Cremer, M. & Prietzel, J. (2017). Soil acidity and exchangeable base cation stocks under pure and mixed stands of European beech, Douglas fir and Norway spruce. Plant and Soil, 415, 393–405.
Disch, G., Glassen, H. G. & Haubold, W. (n.d.). Spatling. L. 1994. Interaction between Mg and Fe. J. Plant Nutr, 44(5), 647–650.
Goss, M. J., Carvalho, M., Cosimini, V. & Fearnhead, M. L. (1992). An approach to the identification of potentially toxic concentrations of manganese in soils. Soil Use and Management, 8(1), 40–43.
Gransee, A. & Führs, H. (2013). Magnesium mobility in soils as a challenge for soil and plant analysis, magnesium fertilization and root uptake under adverse growth conditions. Plant and Soil, 368, 5–21.
Grzebisz, W. (2011). Magnesium–food and human health. Journal of Elementology, 16(2).
Härdter, R., Rex, M. & Orlovius, K. (2005). Effects of different Mg fertilizer sources on the magnesium availability in soils. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 70, 249–259.
Havlin, J. L., Westfall, D. G. & Olsen, S. R. (1985). Mathematical models for potassium release kinetics in calcareous soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49(2), 371–376.
Heenan, D. P. & Campbell, L. C. (1981). Influence of potassium and manganese on growth and uptake of magnesium by soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Bragg). Plant and Soil, 61, 447-456.
Hirzel, J., Undurraga, P. & Walter, I. (2010). Nitrogen mineralization and released nutrients in a volcanic soil amended with poultry litter. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 70(1), 113–121.
Huang, Y., Kang, R., Ma, X., Qi, Y., Mulder, J. & Duan, L. (2014). Effects of calcite and magnesite application to a declining Masson pine forest on strongly acidified soil in Southwestern China. Science of the Total Environment, 481, 469–478.
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis,(2nd Indian Print) Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 38, 336.
Klug, B. & Horst, W. J. (2010). Spatial characteristics of aluminum uptake and translocation in roots of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Physiologia Plantarum, 139(2), 181–191.
Lindsay, W. L. & Norvell, Wa. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42(3), 421–428.
Loganathan, P., Hanly, J. A. & Currie, L. D. (2005). Effect of serpentine rock and its acidulated products as magnesium fertilisers for pasture, compared with magnesium oxide and Epsom salts, on a Pumice Soil. 2. Dissolution and estimated leaching loss of fertiliser magnesium. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 48(4), 461–471.
Marschner, H. (2011). Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press.
Marschner, P. (2012). Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants, 3rd edn Academic Press. London.[Google Scholar].
Peng, W. T., Zhang, L. D., Zhou, Z., Fu, C., Chen, Z. C. & Liao, H. (2018). Magnesium promotes root nodulation through facilitation of carbohydrate allocation in soybean. Physiologia Plantarum, 163(3), 372–385.
Piper, C. S. (1966). Soil and plant analysis. In Hans publishers, Bombay .
Salmon, R. C. (1963). Magnesium relationships in soils and plants. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 14(9), 605-610.
Schwarzenbech, G., Biedermann, W. & Bangerter, F. . H. C. A. (1946). No Title. Helv. Chin. Acta., 29, 811.
Senbayram, M., Gransee, A., Wahle, V. & Thiel, H. (2015). Role of magnesium fertilisers in agriculture: plant–soil continuum. Crop and Pasture Science, 66(12), 1219–1229.
Shaaban, M., Peng, Q., Hu, R., Wu, Y., Lin, S. & Zhao, J. (2015). Dolomite application to acidic soils: a promising option for mitigating N 2 O emissions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 19961–19970.
Subbiah, B. V. (1956). A rapid procedure for the determination of available nitrogen in soils. Curr Sci, 25, 259–260.
Sun, X., Chen, J., Liu, L., Rosanoff, A., Xiong, X., Zhang, Y. & Pei, T. (2018). Effects of magnesium fertilizer on the forage crude protein content depend upon available soil nitrogen. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(8), 1743–1750.
Sun, Y., Lim, Y. J. & Sinn, D. H. (2006). Effect of magnesium on phosphorus content in different soils. J. Soil Sci, 101, 2726–2730.
Thomas, G. W. (1996). Soil pH and soil acidity. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3 Chemical Methods, 5, 475–490.
Tisdale, S. L., & Nelson, W. L. (1966). Soil fertility and fertilizers. Soil Science, 101(4), 346.
Verbruggen, N. & Hermans, C. (2013). Physiological and molecular responses to magnesium nutritional imbalance in plants. Plant and Soil, 368, 87–99.
Walkley, A. & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
Wei, Q. L., Liu, G., Zhang, X. W., Shao, L. J., Wang, W. & Cai, Y. X. (2018). Effects of different magnesium fertilizers on contents of medium and trace elements and yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Ecol. Sci, 37, 49-54.
Wu, H., Hao, X., Xu, P., Hu, J., Jiang, M., Shaaban, M., Zhao, J., Wu, Y. & Hu, R. (2020). CO2 and N2O emissions in response to dolomite application are moisture dependent in an acidic paddy soil. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 20, 3136–3147.
Yang, G.-H., Yang, L.-T., Jiang, H.-X., Li, Y., Wang, P. & Chen, L.-S. (2012). Physiological impacts of magnesium-deficiency in Citrus seedlings: photosynthesis, antioxidant system and carbohydrates. Trees, 26, 1237–1250.
Yang, W., Zhang, X., Wu, L., Rensing, C., & Xing, S. (2021). Short-term application of magnesium fertilizer affected soil microbial biomass, activity, and community structure. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 21, 675-689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00392-x
Zhang, W., Liu, Y., Muneer, M. A., Jin, D., Zhang, H., Cai, Y., Ma, C., Wang, C., Chen, X. & Huang, C. (2022). Characterization of Different Magnesium Fertilizers and Their Effect on Yield and Quality of Soybean and Pomelo. Agronomy, 12(11), 2693.
Barber, S. A. (1995). Soil nutrient bioavailability: a mechanistic approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Barman, M., Shukla, L. M., Datta, S. P. & Rattan, R. K. (2014). Effect of applied lime and boron on the availability of nutrients in an acid soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 37(3), 357–373.
Bergmann, W. (1992). Nutritional disorders of plants: visual and analytical diagnosis (English, French, Spanish).
Bian, M., Zhou, M., Sun, D. & Li, C. (2013). Molecular approaches unravel the mechanism of acid soil tolerance in plants. The Crop Journal, 1(2), 91–104.
Blake, G. R. (1965). Bulk density. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Properties, Including Statistics of Measurement and Sampling, 9, 374–390.
Bose, P., Sanyal, D., Majumdar, K., Bose, M. & Roy, M. (2008). Balancing sulfur and magnesium nutrition for turmeric and carrot grown on red lateritic soil. Better Crops, 92(1), 23–25.
Bray, R. H. and L. T. K. (1945). Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science, 59, 39–45.
Cakmak, I. (2013). Magnesium in crop production, food quality and human health. Plant and Soil, 368(1–2), 1–4.
Cakmak, I. & Yazici, A. M. (2010). Magnesium: a forgotten element in crop production. Better Crops, 94(2), 23–25.
Cremer, M. & Prietzel, J. (2017). Soil acidity and exchangeable base cation stocks under pure and mixed stands of European beech, Douglas fir and Norway spruce. Plant and Soil, 415, 393–405.
Disch, G., Glassen, H. G. & Haubold, W. (n.d.). Spatling. L. 1994. Interaction between Mg and Fe. J. Plant Nutr, 44(5), 647–650.
Goss, M. J., Carvalho, M., Cosimini, V. & Fearnhead, M. L. (1992). An approach to the identification of potentially toxic concentrations of manganese in soils. Soil Use and Management, 8(1), 40–43.
Gransee, A. & Führs, H. (2013). Magnesium mobility in soils as a challenge for soil and plant analysis, magnesium fertilization and root uptake under adverse growth conditions. Plant and Soil, 368, 5–21.
Grzebisz, W. (2011). Magnesium–food and human health. Journal of Elementology, 16(2).
Härdter, R., Rex, M. & Orlovius, K. (2005). Effects of different Mg fertilizer sources on the magnesium availability in soils. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 70, 249–259.
Havlin, J. L., Westfall, D. G. & Olsen, S. R. (1985). Mathematical models for potassium release kinetics in calcareous soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49(2), 371–376.
Heenan, D. P. & Campbell, L. C. (1981). Influence of potassium and manganese on growth and uptake of magnesium by soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Bragg). Plant and Soil, 61, 447-456.
Hirzel, J., Undurraga, P. & Walter, I. (2010). Nitrogen mineralization and released nutrients in a volcanic soil amended with poultry litter. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 70(1), 113–121.
Huang, Y., Kang, R., Ma, X., Qi, Y., Mulder, J. & Duan, L. (2014). Effects of calcite and magnesite application to a declining Masson pine forest on strongly acidified soil in Southwestern China. Science of the Total Environment, 481, 469–478.
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis,(2nd Indian Print) Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 38, 336.
Klug, B. & Horst, W. J. (2010). Spatial characteristics of aluminum uptake and translocation in roots of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Physiologia Plantarum, 139(2), 181–191.
Lindsay, W. L. & Norvell, Wa. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42(3), 421–428.
Loganathan, P., Hanly, J. A. & Currie, L. D. (2005). Effect of serpentine rock and its acidulated products as magnesium fertilisers for pasture, compared with magnesium oxide and Epsom salts, on a Pumice Soil. 2. Dissolution and estimated leaching loss of fertiliser magnesium. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 48(4), 461–471.
Marschner, H. (2011). Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press.
Marschner, P. (2012). Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants, 3rd edn Academic Press. London.[Google Scholar].
Peng, W. T., Zhang, L. D., Zhou, Z., Fu, C., Chen, Z. C. & Liao, H. (2018). Magnesium promotes root nodulation through facilitation of carbohydrate allocation in soybean. Physiologia Plantarum, 163(3), 372–385.
Piper, C. S. (1966). Soil and plant analysis. In Hans publishers, Bombay .
Salmon, R. C. (1963). Magnesium relationships in soils and plants. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 14(9), 605-610.
Schwarzenbech, G., Biedermann, W. & Bangerter, F. . H. C. A. (1946). No Title. Helv. Chin. Acta., 29, 811.
Senbayram, M., Gransee, A., Wahle, V. & Thiel, H. (2015). Role of magnesium fertilisers in agriculture: plant–soil continuum. Crop and Pasture Science, 66(12), 1219–1229.
Shaaban, M., Peng, Q., Hu, R., Wu, Y., Lin, S. & Zhao, J. (2015). Dolomite application to acidic soils: a promising option for mitigating N 2 O emissions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 19961–19970.
Subbiah, B. V. (1956). A rapid procedure for the determination of available nitrogen in soils. Curr Sci, 25, 259–260.
Sun, X., Chen, J., Liu, L., Rosanoff, A., Xiong, X., Zhang, Y. & Pei, T. (2018). Effects of magnesium fertilizer on the forage crude protein content depend upon available soil nitrogen. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(8), 1743–1750.
Sun, Y., Lim, Y. J. & Sinn, D. H. (2006). Effect of magnesium on phosphorus content in different soils. J. Soil Sci, 101, 2726–2730.
Thomas, G. W. (1996). Soil pH and soil acidity. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3 Chemical Methods, 5, 475–490.
Tisdale, S. L., & Nelson, W. L. (1966). Soil fertility and fertilizers. Soil Science, 101(4), 346.
Verbruggen, N. & Hermans, C. (2013). Physiological and molecular responses to magnesium nutritional imbalance in plants. Plant and Soil, 368, 87–99.
Walkley, A. & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
Wei, Q. L., Liu, G., Zhang, X. W., Shao, L. J., Wang, W. & Cai, Y. X. (2018). Effects of different magnesium fertilizers on contents of medium and trace elements and yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Ecol. Sci, 37, 49-54.
Wu, H., Hao, X., Xu, P., Hu, J., Jiang, M., Shaaban, M., Zhao, J., Wu, Y. & Hu, R. (2020). CO2 and N2O emissions in response to dolomite application are moisture dependent in an acidic paddy soil. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 20, 3136–3147.
Yang, G.-H., Yang, L.-T., Jiang, H.-X., Li, Y., Wang, P. & Chen, L.-S. (2012). Physiological impacts of magnesium-deficiency in Citrus seedlings: photosynthesis, antioxidant system and carbohydrates. Trees, 26, 1237–1250.
Yang, W., Zhang, X., Wu, L., Rensing, C., & Xing, S. (2021). Short-term application of magnesium fertilizer affected soil microbial biomass, activity, and community structure. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 21, 675-689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00392-x
Zhang, W., Liu, Y., Muneer, M. A., Jin, D., Zhang, H., Cai, Y., Ma, C., Wang, C., Chen, X. & Huang, C. (2022). Characterization of Different Magnesium Fertilizers and Their Effect on Yield and Quality of Soybean and Pomelo. Agronomy, 12(11), 2693.
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A controlled experiment to verify the effect of magnesium fertilizers on soil pH and available soil nutrients in acid soil of Nilgiris, India. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(3), 1119-1126. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i3.4741
