Detection of some virulence genes (esp, agg, gelE, CylA) in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from different clinical cases at Baghdad
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
The virulent genes are the key players in the ability of the bacterium to cause disease. The products of such genes that facilitate the successful colonization and survival of the bacterium in or cause damage to the host are pathogenicity determinants. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of virulence factors (esp, agg, gelE, CylA) in E. faecalis isolated from diverse human clinical collected in Iraqi patient , as well as to assess their ability to form biofilm and to determine their haemolytic and gelatinase activities. Thirty-two isolates of bacteria Enterococcus faecalis were obtained, including 15 isolates (46.87%) of the urine, 6 isolates (18.75%) for each of the stool and uterine secretions, and 5 isolates (15.62%) of the wounds from various hospitals in Baghdad, including (Central Children's Hospital, Educational Laboratories, Ibn Al-Baladi Hospital).The isolates were confirmed to belong to the genus E.faecalis after performing morphological and biochemical microscopic examinations and for final diagnosis using the VITEC 2 system. The virulence genes viz. cylA, esp, gelE and agg were recognized in the E. faecalis, and the consequences appeared that the bacteria had eps gene in 32 isolates (100%). As for the agg gene, 32 isolates (100%) were carriers of this gene, which was responsible for these isolates' aptitude to form the biofilm. While for the gelE gene, 27 isolates (84.37%) of the isolates carried this gene, responsible for gelatinase activity whereas, the gene responsible for hemolysis cyl, there were 29 isolates (90.62%) of the total isolates. The presemce of genes in the isolates would be helpful to determine the colonization and survival of the bacterium in or causing damage to the host.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Biofilm, Enterococcus faecalis, Gelatinase, Hemolysin, Virulence genes
AL-saadi, S. A. A. (2013). Molecular Characterization of Some Virulence Factors of Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis.M.Sc.thesis.. College of Medicine. Babylon University, Iraq.
Anderson, A. C., Jonas, D., Huber, I., Karygianni, L., Wölber, J., Hellwig, E. & Al- Ahmad, A. (2016). Enterococcus faecalis from food, clinical specimens, and oral sites: prevalence of virulence factors in association with biofilm formation. Frontiers in Microbiology.,6,1534.
Biendo, M., Adjide, C., Castelain, S., Belmekki, M., Rousseau, F., Slama, M., Ganry, O., Schmit, J. & Eb, F. (2010). Molecular characterization of glycopeptide- resistant enterococci from hospitals of the picardy region(france). International Journal of Microbiology., 2010.
Cetinkaya Y. Falk P. & Mayhall C. G. (2000). vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 13 (4), pp:686–707.
Clewell, D. B. (2007). Properties of Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1, a member of a widely disseminated family of pheromone- responding, conjugative, virulence elements encoding ctolysin. Plasmid.,58(3)205-227.
Comerlato, C. B., Resende, M. C. C. D., Caierão, J. & d'Azevedo, P. A. (2013). Presence of virulence factors in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium susceptible and resistant to vancomycin. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.,108(5): 590-595.
Dahle´n, G. Blomqvist, S. Almsta hl, A. & Carle´ n A.( 2012). Virulence factors and antibiotic susceptibility in Enterococci isolated from oral mucosal and deep infections. J. Oral Microbiol. 4, pp:10855-10862.
El-Askary,S.A. & Zaher,E.M.(2022). Linezolid Susceptibility and Virulence Factors in Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium among Hospitalized Burn Patients. Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology.,31(4):71-82.
Faisal,Z.Gh.;Attawi,F.A.J.& Al-Bakiri,G.H.(2013). Identification of Bacterial Strains Isolated fromPatients with Urinary Tract Infection and the Role of Plasmids in their Antibiotic Resistance. Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci.,26(3):1- 8.
Ferguson, D. M., Talavera, G. N., Hernández, L. A. R., Weisberg, S. B., Ambrose, R. F. & Jay, J. A. (2016). Virulence genes among Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from coastal beaches and human and nonhuman sources in Southern California and Puerto Rico. Journal of pathogens., 2016.
Frazzon, A.P.G., Gama ,B.A., Hermes, V., Bierhals, C.G., Pereira Guedes, A.G., d’Azevedo, P.A. & Frazzon, J. (2009). Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of tetracycline resistance mediated by tet(M) and tet(L) genes in Enterococcus spp. isolated from food in Southern Brazil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol., 26, 365-370.
Georges,M., Odoyo,E., Matano,D.,Tiria,F., Kyanya,C., Mbwika,D., Mutai,W.C. & Musila,L.(2022). Determination of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors and their association with clinical and demographic factors in Kenya. Journal of Pathogens.,1-9.
Giraffa, G. (2006.) Enterococci in foods. FEMS Microbiol Rev., 2, 163171.
Gomez, J. A. L., Van Schaik, W., Freitas, A. R., Coque, T. M., Weaver, K. E., Francia, M. V. & Werner, G. (2011). A multiresistance megaplasmid pLG1 bearing a hylEfm genomic island in hospital Enterococcus faecium isolates. Medical. International Journal of Microbiology.,30(2), 165-175.
Hashem, Y. A., Abdelrahman, K. A, & Aziz, R. K. (2021). Phenotype– Genotype Correlations and Distribution of Key Virulence Factors in Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections. Infection and Drug Resistance.,14, 1713.
Hashem, Y. A.; Amin, H. M.; Essam, T. M., Yassin, A. S. & Aziz, R. K. (2017). Biofilm formation in enterococci: genotype-phenotype correlations and inhibition by vancomycin. Scientific reports.,7(1), 1-12.
Hasson,A.H. & Kadhem,S.A.(2015). Identification of Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Infected Human Tooth Root Canals Human by Using Polymerase Chain Reaction.Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci.,28(2), 246-253.
Heidari, H.;Emaneini, M.; Dabiri, H. & Jabalameli, F. (2016). Virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance pattern and molecular analysis of Enterococcal strains isolated from burn patients. Microbial pathogenesis., 90, 93-97.
Hussain, S. S. A. (2020). Detection of Virulence Genes of Enterococcus Faecalis Isolates In Hilla Ctiy.M.Sc.thesis. College of Medicine.University of Babylon, Iraq.
Kadhem,H.S. & Flayyih,M.T.(2014). Isolation and Identification of Vancomycin- Resistant Enterococcus Faecali . Iraqi Journal of Science.,55(4B),18811-1816.
Kadhum,W.N. & Zaidan,I.A.(2020) The Synergistic Effects of Chitosan-Alginate Nanoparticles Loaded with Doxycycline Antibiotic Against Multidrug Resistant Proteus Mirabilis, Escherichia Coli and Enterococcus Faecalis. Iraqi Journal of Science.,61(12), 3187-3199.
Kamel,R.M. & Yaaqoob,L.A.(2022). Evaluation of The Biological Effect Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles On Enterococcus Faecalis.Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences.,53(2), 440- 452.
Kandala,N.J.;Aziz,G.M. & Khanaka,H.H.(2010). Detection of Enterocin Production From Local isolates of Enterococcus Faecalis and Relationship With Some Virulence Factors and Resistance to Antibiotics. Iraqi Journal of Life Technologies.,9(3):656-642.
Khalid, H. M. (2016). Molecular Detection of Virulence Factors of Enterococcus Faecalis Isolated From Urine Samples in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region/Iraq. Science Journal of University of Zakho., 4(1), 63-72.
Kim,M.A.;Rosa,V. & Min,K.S.(2020). Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis in different culture conditions.nature research.,10, 21867.
Kiruthiga, A., Padmavathy, K., Shabana, P., Naveenkumar, V., Gnanadesikan, S., & Malaiyan, J. (2020). Improved detection of esp, hyl, asa1, gelE, cylA virulence genes among clinical isolates of Enterococci. BMC Research Notes., 13(1), 1-7.
Lee, P., & Tan, K. S. (2015). Effects of Epigallocatechin gallate against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and virulence. Archives of oral biology., 60(3),393-399.
Medeiros, A. W., Pereira, R. I., Oliveira, D. V. D., Martins, P. D., d'Azevedo, P. A., Van der Sand, S.& Frazzon, A. P. G. (2014). Molecular detection of virulence factors among food and clinical Enterococcus faecalis strains in South Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology.,45(1,:327-332.
Oleiwi,S.R. & Abid,H.K.(2014) Role of Extracted Genomic DNA on Biofilm Formationby Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia in vitro. Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci.,27(3):34-44.
Strateva, T., Atanasova, D., Savov, E., Petrova, G. & Mitov, I. (2016). Incidence of virulence determinants in clinical Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates collected in Bulgaria. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases., 20,127-133.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
