Palm oil formulation as 34 % mayonnaise and evaluation of its biological efficacy against citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri under laboratory and field conditions
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
The use of environmentally friendly pesticides using palm oil derivatives as palm oil methyl ester (PME) carrier solvents has been reported. PME-based glyphosate isopropylamine nanoemulsion in the water against weeds has been the subject of numerous studies as well as palm oil methyl ester molluscicidal against golden apple snails. This study's major goal was to formulate palm oil in an appropriate formulation form and assess its insecticidal effectiveness against citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri. Palm oil was formulated as 34% oil in water emulsion (O/W) (mayonnaise). The new mayonnaise formulation successfully passed all physical and chemical testing requirements set out by pesticide organizations for (O/W) emulsions. Under laboratory conditions, it was biologically evaluated against nymphs and adults of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, with serial concentrations. It had considerable insecticidal activity against all study stages, although the impact on nymphs was significantly greater than that on adults. This was evident from its LC50 values, which were 53.52 and 58.58 mg/ml for nymphs and adults, respectively. The citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, in its adult, nymphs, and gravid stages, was tested using the new palm oil 34% mayonnaise formulation in the field. The highest mortality percentages were seen in the nymphs, followed by adults and then the gravid stage. After additional research, the newly developed palm oil formula might be employed to combat the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Formulation, Mayonnaise, Palm oil, Planococcus citri
References
Abbot, W. S. A. (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide; J. Economic Entomology, 18 (2), 265-267. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/18.2.265a
Abd-Alla, H. I. & Hamouda, S. E. S. (2021). Study of potential activity of clove oil 10 % emulsifiable concentrate formulation on Two-spotted spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(4), 1414 - 1419. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i4.3124
Abd-Alla, H. I., Attia, S. A. & Hamouda, S. E. S. (2021) Evaluation of the Efficacy of the Newly Formulated Salt Mixture As 10 % Soluble Concentrate on Armored Scale Insect Hemiberlesia lataniae (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), International Journal of Modern Agriculture, 10(2), 4696-4705
AbdAllah, A. A., Gnedy, M. M. & Heikal, G. A. M. (2022). Tar Oil Formulation as 95 % Soluble Concentrate and Evaluation of Its Insecticidal Efficacy against Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera littoralis and Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 14(1), 259-269. DOI: 10.21608/EAJBSF.2022.270013
Aheer, G. M., Ahmad, R. & Ali. A. (2009). Efficacy of different insecticides against cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solani Ferris. Journal of Agricultural Research, 47, 47-52.
Ahmadi, M. & Amiri-Besheli, B. (2015) Comparison of the toxicity of three botanical extracts on the second nymph of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) under nursery and laboratory conditions, Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 33(1), 87- 92
Ahmed, N. & Abd-Rabou, S. (2010). Host plants, geographical distribution, natural enemies and biological studies of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(1), 39-47. DOI:10.21608/EAJBSA.2010.15207
Arshad, M., Majeed, M. Z., Ullah, M. I., Ahmad, K., Tayyab, M. & Yahya, M. (2015). Laboratory evaluation of some insecticides against citrus mealybug Planococcus citri, (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 3(6), 20-23
Asiedu, E., Afun, J. V. K. & Kwoseh, C. (2014). Biology of Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Five Yam Varieties in Storage , Advances in Entomology, 2, 167-175. DOI:10.4236/ae.2014.24025
ASTM (2001). American Society of Testing Materials Standard Test Method for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solution D-1331.
ASTM (2005). American Society of Testing Materials Standard Test Method for Rheological Properties of Non – Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield type) Viscometer, D-2196 Copyright ASTM, Bar Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19248-2959, United States.
Attia, S., Mansour, R., Abdennour, N., Sahraoui, H., Blel, A., Rahmouni, R., Grissa Lebdi, K. & Mazzeo, G. (2022). Toxicity of Mentha pulegium essential oil and chemical pesticides toward citrus pest scale insects and the coccinellid predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci., 42(5), 3513–3523. DOI:10.1007/s42690-022-00870-y [CrossRef]
Ben-Dov, Y. (2007). Family Pseudococcidae. Scale Net. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/ lifehist.htm.
CIPAC Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council CIPAC Vol. F (2007) MT 46 Physicochemical Methods for Technical and Formulated Pesticides, Printed in Great Britain by the Block Boar Press LTD. Kings Hedges Cambridge CB492, England.
CIPAC (2007). Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council CIPAC Vol. F (2007) MT 36, Physicochemical Methods for Technical and Formulated Pesticides, Printed in Great Britain by the Block Boar Press LTD. Kings Hedges Cambridge CB492, England.
Dobrat W. & Martijn A. (1995). CIPAC Hand Book, Vol. F, Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council Limited.
Elhefny, A. A., Attia, S. A., Hassan, R. A. & Salem, M. S. (2023). Evaluation of Three Plant Essential Oils against Striped Mealybug Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), J. of Plant Protection and Pathology, Mansoura Univ., 14 (3),74 – 82. DOI: 10.21608/jppp.2023.190029.1134
Elhefny, A. A., Attia, S. A., Helmy, S. M. Y. & El-Bradey. W. M. M. (2019). Insecticidal activity of citrus peel oil of navel orange against the striped mealybug Ferrisia virgata (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and the mango shield scale Milviscutulus mangiferae (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst., 2 (2): 291 – 300
Elkady, H. A. (2013). Host Preference and chemical control of Citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on citrus, Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, Mansoura Univ., 4 (4,: 385-396. DOI: 10.21608/JPPP.2013.87387
El-Sharkawy R. A., Hamouda, S. E. S. & Elmasry, S. N. (2020). Formulation of the newly synthesized arylidene derivative as 10 % flowable and evaluation of their insecticidal efficacy on cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute, 3 (1), 433 - 443.
El-Sisi A., El-Mageed A., El-Asawi T. F. & El-Sharkawy R. (2011). Improvement the physico-chemical properties and efficiency of some insecticides formulation by using adjuvants against cotton laefworm Spodoptera littoralis (BOISD.), Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 2 (8), 757-764.
Food and Agricultural Organization, World Health Organization (2002). Manual on Development and Use of Pesticides, prepared by FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Specifications (JMPS),1st Ed., Rom.
Griffin, W. C. J. (1954). Calculation of HLB Values of Nonionic Surfactants. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 5, 249-56.
Hamouda, S. E. S., Amal A. AbdAllah & El-Sharkawy, R. A. (2022). Synthesis, formulation, evaluation of insecticidal activity of chromen derivatives against cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and determination of their mode of action under laboratory conditions, J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 14(2), 310 – 319, 2022. DOI https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i2.3359
Henderson, C. F. & Tilton, E. W., (1955). Tests with acaricides against the brown wheat mite. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84(2), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/48.2.157
Jiang, L. C., Basri, M., Omar, D., Rahman, M. B. A., Salleh, A. B. & Rahman, R. N. Z. A. (2011) Self-assembly behaviour of alkylpolyglucosides (APG) in mixed surfactant-stabilized emulsions system Journal of Molecular Liquids, 158(3), 175 – 181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2010.11.015
Lo, P. L., Bell, V. A. & Walker, J. T. S. (2009). Maximizing the effectiveness of insecticides to control mealybugs in vineyards, New Zealand Plant Protection, 62: 296-301. DOI:10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4820
Lynch M. I. & Griffin W. C. (1974) Food Emulsions in: Emulsion Technology, by Lissant K. J., Marcell Decker, Inc., New York. Mukerjee, P. and K. J. Mysels (1971) Critical Micelle Concentration of Aqueous Surfactant Systems. National Bureau of Standards Washington DC, PP. 1-21.
Mansour, R., Belzunces, L.P., Suma, P., Zappalà, L., Mazzeo, G., Grissa-Lebdi, K., Russo, A. & Biondi, A. (2018). Vine and citrus mealybug pest control based on synthetic chemicals. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 38(4), 37. DOI:10.1007/s13593-018-0513-7 [CrossRef]
Massaguni, R. & Latip, S. N. H. (2015). Assessment the molluscicidal properties of azadirachtin against golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata), Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 19(4),781 – 789.
Mohan, M., Haider, S. Z., , Andola, H. C. & Purohit, V. K. (2011). Essential Oils as Green Pesticides: For Sustainable Agriculture, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2(4), 100-106
Mokhtar, A. H. M. (2022.) Biochemical and anatomical characteristics of some mango tree cultivars infested by two mealybugs, planococcus citri (risso) and icerya seychellarum (westood) in Egypt, Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 10 (4), 570-580. DOI:10.21608/EJAR.2022.129261.1220
Mruthunjayaswamy, P., Thiruvengadam, V. & Kumar, J. S. (2019). Detection of insecticide resistance in field populations of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 57, 435-442
Nelson, F. C., & Fiero, G. W. (1954). Pesticide formulations, a selected aromatic fraction naturally occurring in petroleum as a pesticide solvent. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2(14), 735-737. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60034a005
Osipow L. I. (1964). Surface Chemistry Theory and Application. Reinhold Publishing Crop, New York, pp. 4736-4739.
Pereira V. J., da Cunha, J. P. A. R., de Morais, T. P., de Oliveira, J. P. R., & de Morais, J. B. (2016). Physical-chemical properties of pesticides: concepts, applications, and interactions with the environment. Bioscience Journal, 32 (3), 627-641. https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v32n3a2016-31533
Raman, I. A., Farahna, N., Mahiran, B., Dzolkhifli, O. & Hazimah, A. H. (2014). Oil-in-water emulsion (EW) of mixed glyphosate isopropylamine (IPA) and triclopyr butoxyethylester (BEE) stablised by palm-based emulsifiers for weed control, Journal of Oil Palm Research, 26 (4), 366-374
Romero-Peña, M. F. (2021) Development of stable liquid Water-in-oil emulsions by modifying emulsifier-aqueous phase interactions, Ph. D Thesis, Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, 1-209
Satar, G., Ate¸S, H. F. & Satar, S. (2013). Effects of different insecticides on life stages of Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). IOBC-WPRS Bull. 95, 183–190.
Shaari, A., Ismail, R. Y. Raman, A. Dzolkhifli, O., Shahar, M. K., Biak, D. R. A. Kania, D. & Auliag, A. (2021). Field efficacy of palm oil-based nanoemulsion insecticides against Aedes aegypti in Malaysia, Acta Tropica, 224(1), 106-107 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106107
Silva, R. R. D., Oliveira, J. A. D. M., Silva, L. B., Silva4, C. S. B. D., Silva, J. G. D., Oliveira, A. C. & Souza, I. D. D. (2015). Development and longevity of Citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) (Insecta: Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) associated with grapevine, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(35), 3543-3547, DOI:10.5897/AJAR2015.9559
Spanoghe, P., De Schampheleire, M., Van der, M.P. & Steurbaut, W., (2007).Influence of agricultural adjuvants on droplet spectra. Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, 63 (1), 4-16. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ps.1321
Urlacher, E., Monchanin, C., Rivière, C., Richard, F.-J., Lombardi, C., Michelsen-Heath, S. Hageman, K. J. & Mercer, A. R. (2016) Measurements of chlorpyrifos levels in forager bees and comparison with levels that disrupt honey bee odor-mediated learning under laboratory conditions. J. Chem. Ecol. 42(2), 127–138. DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0672-4
Venkatesan , T., Jalali, S. K., Ramya, S. L. & Prathibha, M. (2016). Insecticide Resistance and Its Management in Mealybugs, Mealybugs and their management in Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (pp.223-229), DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2677-2
World Health Organization, WHO (1979). Specification of Pesticides Used in Public Health, 5th Ed. Geneva.
Abd-Alla, H. I. & Hamouda, S. E. S. (2021). Study of potential activity of clove oil 10 % emulsifiable concentrate formulation on Two-spotted spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(4), 1414 - 1419. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i4.3124
Abd-Alla, H. I., Attia, S. A. & Hamouda, S. E. S. (2021) Evaluation of the Efficacy of the Newly Formulated Salt Mixture As 10 % Soluble Concentrate on Armored Scale Insect Hemiberlesia lataniae (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), International Journal of Modern Agriculture, 10(2), 4696-4705
AbdAllah, A. A., Gnedy, M. M. & Heikal, G. A. M. (2022). Tar Oil Formulation as 95 % Soluble Concentrate and Evaluation of Its Insecticidal Efficacy against Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera littoralis and Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 14(1), 259-269. DOI: 10.21608/EAJBSF.2022.270013
Aheer, G. M., Ahmad, R. & Ali. A. (2009). Efficacy of different insecticides against cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solani Ferris. Journal of Agricultural Research, 47, 47-52.
Ahmadi, M. & Amiri-Besheli, B. (2015) Comparison of the toxicity of three botanical extracts on the second nymph of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) under nursery and laboratory conditions, Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 33(1), 87- 92
Ahmed, N. & Abd-Rabou, S. (2010). Host plants, geographical distribution, natural enemies and biological studies of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(1), 39-47. DOI:10.21608/EAJBSA.2010.15207
Arshad, M., Majeed, M. Z., Ullah, M. I., Ahmad, K., Tayyab, M. & Yahya, M. (2015). Laboratory evaluation of some insecticides against citrus mealybug Planococcus citri, (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 3(6), 20-23
Asiedu, E., Afun, J. V. K. & Kwoseh, C. (2014). Biology of Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Five Yam Varieties in Storage , Advances in Entomology, 2, 167-175. DOI:10.4236/ae.2014.24025
ASTM (2001). American Society of Testing Materials Standard Test Method for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solution D-1331.
ASTM (2005). American Society of Testing Materials Standard Test Method for Rheological Properties of Non – Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield type) Viscometer, D-2196 Copyright ASTM, Bar Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19248-2959, United States.
Attia, S., Mansour, R., Abdennour, N., Sahraoui, H., Blel, A., Rahmouni, R., Grissa Lebdi, K. & Mazzeo, G. (2022). Toxicity of Mentha pulegium essential oil and chemical pesticides toward citrus pest scale insects and the coccinellid predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci., 42(5), 3513–3523. DOI:10.1007/s42690-022-00870-y [CrossRef]
Ben-Dov, Y. (2007). Family Pseudococcidae. Scale Net. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/ lifehist.htm.
CIPAC Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council CIPAC Vol. F (2007) MT 46 Physicochemical Methods for Technical and Formulated Pesticides, Printed in Great Britain by the Block Boar Press LTD. Kings Hedges Cambridge CB492, England.
CIPAC (2007). Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council CIPAC Vol. F (2007) MT 36, Physicochemical Methods for Technical and Formulated Pesticides, Printed in Great Britain by the Block Boar Press LTD. Kings Hedges Cambridge CB492, England.
Dobrat W. & Martijn A. (1995). CIPAC Hand Book, Vol. F, Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council Limited.
Elhefny, A. A., Attia, S. A., Hassan, R. A. & Salem, M. S. (2023). Evaluation of Three Plant Essential Oils against Striped Mealybug Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), J. of Plant Protection and Pathology, Mansoura Univ., 14 (3),74 – 82. DOI: 10.21608/jppp.2023.190029.1134
Elhefny, A. A., Attia, S. A., Helmy, S. M. Y. & El-Bradey. W. M. M. (2019). Insecticidal activity of citrus peel oil of navel orange against the striped mealybug Ferrisia virgata (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and the mango shield scale Milviscutulus mangiferae (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst., 2 (2): 291 – 300
Elkady, H. A. (2013). Host Preference and chemical control of Citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on citrus, Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, Mansoura Univ., 4 (4,: 385-396. DOI: 10.21608/JPPP.2013.87387
El-Sharkawy R. A., Hamouda, S. E. S. & Elmasry, S. N. (2020). Formulation of the newly synthesized arylidene derivative as 10 % flowable and evaluation of their insecticidal efficacy on cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute, 3 (1), 433 - 443.
El-Sisi A., El-Mageed A., El-Asawi T. F. & El-Sharkawy R. (2011). Improvement the physico-chemical properties and efficiency of some insecticides formulation by using adjuvants against cotton laefworm Spodoptera littoralis (BOISD.), Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 2 (8), 757-764.
Food and Agricultural Organization, World Health Organization (2002). Manual on Development and Use of Pesticides, prepared by FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Specifications (JMPS),1st Ed., Rom.
Griffin, W. C. J. (1954). Calculation of HLB Values of Nonionic Surfactants. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 5, 249-56.
Hamouda, S. E. S., Amal A. AbdAllah & El-Sharkawy, R. A. (2022). Synthesis, formulation, evaluation of insecticidal activity of chromen derivatives against cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and determination of their mode of action under laboratory conditions, J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 14(2), 310 – 319, 2022. DOI https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i2.3359
Henderson, C. F. & Tilton, E. W., (1955). Tests with acaricides against the brown wheat mite. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84(2), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/48.2.157
Jiang, L. C., Basri, M., Omar, D., Rahman, M. B. A., Salleh, A. B. & Rahman, R. N. Z. A. (2011) Self-assembly behaviour of alkylpolyglucosides (APG) in mixed surfactant-stabilized emulsions system Journal of Molecular Liquids, 158(3), 175 – 181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2010.11.015
Lo, P. L., Bell, V. A. & Walker, J. T. S. (2009). Maximizing the effectiveness of insecticides to control mealybugs in vineyards, New Zealand Plant Protection, 62: 296-301. DOI:10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4820
Lynch M. I. & Griffin W. C. (1974) Food Emulsions in: Emulsion Technology, by Lissant K. J., Marcell Decker, Inc., New York. Mukerjee, P. and K. J. Mysels (1971) Critical Micelle Concentration of Aqueous Surfactant Systems. National Bureau of Standards Washington DC, PP. 1-21.
Mansour, R., Belzunces, L.P., Suma, P., Zappalà, L., Mazzeo, G., Grissa-Lebdi, K., Russo, A. & Biondi, A. (2018). Vine and citrus mealybug pest control based on synthetic chemicals. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 38(4), 37. DOI:10.1007/s13593-018-0513-7 [CrossRef]
Massaguni, R. & Latip, S. N. H. (2015). Assessment the molluscicidal properties of azadirachtin against golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata), Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 19(4),781 – 789.
Mohan, M., Haider, S. Z., , Andola, H. C. & Purohit, V. K. (2011). Essential Oils as Green Pesticides: For Sustainable Agriculture, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2(4), 100-106
Mokhtar, A. H. M. (2022.) Biochemical and anatomical characteristics of some mango tree cultivars infested by two mealybugs, planococcus citri (risso) and icerya seychellarum (westood) in Egypt, Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 10 (4), 570-580. DOI:10.21608/EJAR.2022.129261.1220
Mruthunjayaswamy, P., Thiruvengadam, V. & Kumar, J. S. (2019). Detection of insecticide resistance in field populations of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 57, 435-442
Nelson, F. C., & Fiero, G. W. (1954). Pesticide formulations, a selected aromatic fraction naturally occurring in petroleum as a pesticide solvent. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2(14), 735-737. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60034a005
Osipow L. I. (1964). Surface Chemistry Theory and Application. Reinhold Publishing Crop, New York, pp. 4736-4739.
Pereira V. J., da Cunha, J. P. A. R., de Morais, T. P., de Oliveira, J. P. R., & de Morais, J. B. (2016). Physical-chemical properties of pesticides: concepts, applications, and interactions with the environment. Bioscience Journal, 32 (3), 627-641. https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v32n3a2016-31533
Raman, I. A., Farahna, N., Mahiran, B., Dzolkhifli, O. & Hazimah, A. H. (2014). Oil-in-water emulsion (EW) of mixed glyphosate isopropylamine (IPA) and triclopyr butoxyethylester (BEE) stablised by palm-based emulsifiers for weed control, Journal of Oil Palm Research, 26 (4), 366-374
Romero-Peña, M. F. (2021) Development of stable liquid Water-in-oil emulsions by modifying emulsifier-aqueous phase interactions, Ph. D Thesis, Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, 1-209
Satar, G., Ate¸S, H. F. & Satar, S. (2013). Effects of different insecticides on life stages of Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). IOBC-WPRS Bull. 95, 183–190.
Shaari, A., Ismail, R. Y. Raman, A. Dzolkhifli, O., Shahar, M. K., Biak, D. R. A. Kania, D. & Auliag, A. (2021). Field efficacy of palm oil-based nanoemulsion insecticides against Aedes aegypti in Malaysia, Acta Tropica, 224(1), 106-107 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106107
Silva, R. R. D., Oliveira, J. A. D. M., Silva, L. B., Silva4, C. S. B. D., Silva, J. G. D., Oliveira, A. C. & Souza, I. D. D. (2015). Development and longevity of Citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) (Insecta: Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) associated with grapevine, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(35), 3543-3547, DOI:10.5897/AJAR2015.9559
Spanoghe, P., De Schampheleire, M., Van der, M.P. & Steurbaut, W., (2007).Influence of agricultural adjuvants on droplet spectra. Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, 63 (1), 4-16. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ps.1321
Urlacher, E., Monchanin, C., Rivière, C., Richard, F.-J., Lombardi, C., Michelsen-Heath, S. Hageman, K. J. & Mercer, A. R. (2016) Measurements of chlorpyrifos levels in forager bees and comparison with levels that disrupt honey bee odor-mediated learning under laboratory conditions. J. Chem. Ecol. 42(2), 127–138. DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0672-4
Venkatesan , T., Jalali, S. K., Ramya, S. L. & Prathibha, M. (2016). Insecticide Resistance and Its Management in Mealybugs, Mealybugs and their management in Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (pp.223-229), DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2677-2
World Health Organization, WHO (1979). Specification of Pesticides Used in Public Health, 5th Ed. Geneva.
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Palm oil formulation as 34 % mayonnaise and evaluation of its biological efficacy against citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri under laboratory and field conditions. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(2), 783-792. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.4577
